10 research outputs found
Cryo-EM structure of a helicase loading intermediate containing ORC-Cdc6-Cdt1-MCM2-7 bound to DNA
Get PDF26.03.14 KB. Ok to accepted version to spiral, 6 months embargo expired
Organising Chemical Reaction Networks in Space and Time with Microfluidics
No full textInformation processing is essential for any lifeform to maintain its organisation despite continuous entropic disturbance. Macromolecules provide the ubiquitous underlying substrate on which nature implements information processing and have also come into focus for technical applications. There are two distinct approaches to the use of molecules for computing. Molecules can be employed to mimic the logic switches of conventional computers or they can be used in a way that exploits the complex functionality offered by a molecular computing substrate. Prerequisite to the latter is a mapping of the versatile means to achieve this. In the present paper we review microfluidic technology as a versatile means to achieve this, show how we use it, and provide proven recipes for its application
Allergic rhinitis and its impact on asthma (ARIA): achievements in 10 years and future needs
Get PDFAllergic rhinitis (AR) and asthma represent global health problems for all age groups. Asthma and rhinitis frequently coexist in the same subjects. Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact on Asthma (ARIA) was initiated during a World Health Organization workshop in 1999 (published in 2001). ARIA has reclassified AR as mild/moderate-severe and intermittent/persistent. This classification closely reflects patients' needs and underlines the close relationship between rhinitis and asthma. Patients, clinicians, and other health care professionals are confronted with various treatment choices for the management of AR. This contributes to considerable variation in clinical practice, and worldwide, patients, clinicians, and other health care professionals are faced with uncertainty about the relative merits and downsides of the various treatment options. In its 2010 Revision, ARIA developed clinical practice guidelines for the management of AR and asthma comorbidities based on the Grading of Recommendation, Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) system. ARIA is disseminated and implemented in more than 50 countries of the world. Ten years after the publication of the ARIA World Health Organization workshop report, it is important to make a summary of its achievements and identify the still unmet clinical, research, and implementation needs to strengthen the 2011 European Union Priority on allergy and asthma in children
Helicase binding to DnaI exposes a cryptic DNA-binding site during helicase loading in Bacillus subtilis
Get PDFThe Bacillus subtilis DnaI, DnaB and DnaD proteins load the replicative ring helicase DnaC onto DNA during priming of DNA replication. Here we show that DnaI consists of a C-terminal domain (Cd) with ATPase and DNA-binding activities and an N-terminal domain (Nd) that interacts with the replicative ring helicase. A Zn2+-binding module mediates the interaction with the helicase and C67, C70 and H84 are involved in the coordination of the Zn2+. DnaI binds ATP and exhibits ATPase activity that is not stimulated by ssDNA, because the DNA-binding site on Cd is masked by Nd. The ATPase activity resides on the Cd domain and when detached from the Nd domain, it becomes sensitive to stimulation by ssDNA because its cryptic DNA-binding site is exposed. Therefore, Nd acts as a molecular 'switch' regulating access to the ssDNA binding site on Cd, in response to binding of the helicase. DnaI is sufficient to load the replicative helicase from a complex with six DnaI molecules, so there is no requirement for a dual helicase loader system
0002
No full textDAILY PALO ALTO TIMES. .V..p.w*KS...\V* J.\N io- 10.1.1
PAGE THREE
NOTICE OP COMMISSIONER'S
■UUaB OP HEAL ESTATE
1-oieFn.OM'Hi: OF MORTOAOK.
la Ibe Sur-ertor Court of. the St-svte
of CahfornU. In and for tbe Ootta-
iy of SanU Clara.
P. II. McBvoy, PUInUff, ts. J. B.
Daky. Kate Daley. r*"*> Alto Con-
alractlon Company, a Corporation.
John Doe, Richard Roe and Jane
do*. Defendant*-. No. 1>TSS.
Under and by virtus of an order
of sal* and decree of foreclosurs
and skis Issued oat of ths Superior
Court of the State ot California, la
Bad for th* County of Saata Clara,
on tb* It-th day of Decetuber, ltll.
In Ih* abov* entitled action, wherein P. H. McEvoy, the above named
plalntllf, obtained Judgment and
decree agalast J. B. Daley, Kate
Daisy aad Palo Alto Const ructioa
HA\T, THIS UBKL
Tss Tit**. <aa*a_*Pj%Ts **** '**''* "**
ON TOUR raiNTING
SMITH'S STABLES
LIVERY. Fl.KD AND hALB
BOARDDTG A HPI-CIA IVrT.
Carrlsges. Calls promptly aa
swered OentlB •addlshorse*.
Stat High Street. Pb-SShB 7SJ
1912
RKSOLVED, That 1 will put il
nn longer, bnt will bay nn *ppleor-
chard tbl* re*r Sl'RELY from
Company, a corporation, tb* above
na-iied defendants on the 15th day
or December, ltll. which said
Judgment aad decree was oa tha
18th day uf December l.ll, entered
and recorded In Judgment Book 11.
oT said Court, at psg* 20«. et ***,.,
to which judgment and deer** reference Is hereby mad* for tb* terms,
conditions aad manner of gala and
tb* amount* due, I am coKeanded.
to sell at public auction, all tb* following described premises sltasted
lo the County of Santa Clara, Stat*
vouchers, wllh four (4) months after th* Brat publication of thl* nolle* to Wlllard. Swart. Ferrtdl and
McGovern. the Attorneys of said
Administratrix with Will annexed
at Nq. BOl Waverley street. City of
Palo Alto. County of SanU Clara.
State of California, the same belng
the place adopted by the under-
signed for the transaction of tb*
business of said Estate with Will
annexed, lo the County of SsnU
Clara, State of California.
WINNIE UK!.I.AM,
Date of first publication, December IS, ltll. *
Wlllard. Swart. FerreR * McGov-
em. Attorneys for Administratrix of
ORDINANCK NO. t».
In in.lu,.,i..,. Itr-gtalutlta-g Ihe In-
-i..Hi.it- ot tisa l'i[-- and PI It Ing*
In lbe i .i.v of Palo Alio, and Pro-
stskag for Use In-i**-. t|.»n 1li*r*t.f.
TUB COI'NCIL OF THE CITY
TO DO ORDAIN AS
of California, to wit:
All tbat certain parcel ol laod lo-jsaid Estate with Will annexed.
catsd In tbe Town or Pslo Alto;
(formerly known ss University!
Park). County of SaaU Clara. But*
of California, described as follows:
COMMENCING at a point on tbe
Sooth Easterly line of Channlng
Avenue, distant South Westerly:
One Hundred Fifty (ISO) feet from;
the point of Intersection of said.
South Easterly line or Channlng'or i-.M.t
A senile With lbs South Wsstsrlj Ki ll.1.1 iV.
Una of Mlddlcfleid Road: musing Section 1. *Th.* Board of Public
tbenre South Westerly along said: Works shall hsve supervision of tb
South EssUrly ineof Chsaniog Ave.I Installation of all gaa rutins* sm
nriv (SO) fast; thsae* at a right, gss ronnecttona lu or sbout sny
angle South Esstsrly and parallel- bonding In the City or Palo Alto. It
wltb atlddlsfletd Road Two Hundred shall be unlawful for aay persoa.
(200) fast; thence st a right sagl* firm or corporation, except for ser-
Nortb Easterly aad parallel with! vice pl.ic*. meter and meter
Channlng Avenue fifty (GO) fast, .Hob*, to place or •■■.■.:..:: In any
thence at a right angle North! building say ga* pipe or go* fitting.
Westerly aad parallel with Middle- or to wake aoy alteration* or
fietd Road Two Hundred (300) feat change* in or additions lo any
to the point of beginning, the samel pipe or gas filling Installed In
.being part of lot number four (4) building, or lo do sny gas fitting
lohn F. ByXP6C of D,0*-k 0'*Dh*r levecty-four (74) work wlibout first notlfslng
•e ; of said town, reference being h*r*- Hoard ot Public Works In writing
iai Litton Avcnoe, Palo Alto, Cal. *,j- mB>je for a raoro complete da- and obtaining from ssld Hoard i
Iacrlpllon of said premises to thai written i*ermit to do such wbrk
j Map of University Park (now known'Such permit shall stale the kind of
as-Psle, Alto) of record la Ihe of- work, to be done, aad shall author*;
i flee of tbe County Recorder of aald lie raty the kind of-work Biased and
I County of SaaU Clara, tn Book "D"| designated therein. Said permit
Pboae 321. SS3 Call welly As.*
Palo Alto Market
l.in-n a .-t-tetrto.
Our Meats are the Best.
OUR PRICf IS RIGHT
shall Include the application of an
air pressure test by which ibe pipes
shall be subjected to a pressnrs of
ten pounds lo the square Inch. Dp
lo the Urn* of th* Orsl- inspection,
ork must be uncovered sod
coo-.e_l.-_t for nam I nation All inspections shall be made by thr
Board of Public Work* after receipt
notice herein before men-1 leakage,
the necessary tools. Is- ing wax
finish of ceiling or wail lines more
thso one Inch.
<d l All pipe rnusl be srelt secured snd must grade or incline
toward tho meter In all cases. There
most nol be any traps or depres
sion s
main.
with
here condensation would re-
Plping must not be filled
walcr for the detection of;
Oas-fltters' cement, seals-all not be used for
tloaed. , _ ,_. _M, ,„_ sss» i
bor snd as-l.jsiK*- for the reoul.ljei ,he stopping of leaks. t'nion Joints
tests in such Inspection shall be fur-'
tii-li.-i! by the |.**wui. firm or cur-
porstion bsvlpg control of the work
P. C. Wilbur
Kxperg I'rj Goods Man.
-asn Fmnclaco Metssejsgsrr.
Theater tickets a sp*t-ci**Jty.
311 Aim* Street.
PHON K M.K,
FOR JULF. OR I^-ISK.
1 have one of the very . nicest.
homes In Palo Alio for sal* or Isaac.;
House Is new, has-seven rooms.1
bath, pamry. large closet, flv* Ore*
piste*, out.Ids laundry and servant
. room, and garage. Choicest residence section. Lot ■..".___:, Every-
" thing new snd up to date. Will
sell, or lease to responsible party.
very reasonably.
A. W. MILLS - ^
Phon, ,liii\. Mi* 1'nlveraity Are.!
of Maps, st page It. [shall also state the location by "tree!
Public Notice Is hereby glees that'and number*of the building where
ob Monday, ths iStb day of Janu- aucta work is to he done, and shall
■iy, ltll1, at 1 o'clock P. U. of thai'be salld only for the location so
day, at (he front door of Ihe Cout^t'staled. •
llous* of tho County of Santa Clara, , g*c. 3. All gas filling work done
Id the City of Saa Jose. In said;under permit shall be subject lo the
County and State, I wilt, in obedl- j Inspections anil testa hereinafter-pre-
enc-e to said order of sal* and decree: -scribed, snd nolle**", must be given to
of foreclosure and sale, sell lb*'the Hoard'of Public Works by (h*
_^} above described property, or so much' person, firm or corporation doing
« | thereof as may b* aeccaaary to raise ,,,,-h _,,.*, ,.r causing tbe same to be
f (sufficient money to • satisfy ssld done. Immediately after said work
♦ Judgment, with Inlerest and costs, [a ready for Inspection. Such no-
♦ to the highest and beat bidder, for [tiro must be in writing, and no In-
gold coin of th* United Slate*. [apsjStsH stall be majje hy Ihe Board
Dated at Saa Jose. California. De-|of Public Works until such notice
comber It. ltll. *yu been ffled In their offlre with
J. C. KENNEDY, ' said permlj number attached.
Commissioner appointed by said, The iii.]..i*ilop* or ga* fitting wofk
Superior Court.
Edward F. FlUpatrick, Attorney.
laMl-ltt.
to be Inspected.
I. When upon examination
by'the Board of Public Worka it i
pears thst any g*N fitting work
defective, either In conatrurtlon
-aierlal. the same shall be altered
r repaired to conform lo tbe reg.
Istlons set forth In this Ordlnstiee.
When sny gss piping or gss fitting for th*. installation or altera
tiim ol whi* ti a i-rrmlt has been Is-
med shall be found on Inspection to
•conform (o the rules ahd regtili
tlona urovlded by this Ordinance,
the Hoard or Public Works shall i*-
sue a certificate ol iin—.ii,.» certi.
fylng that such piping or fillings
hsvo been Inspected and. found to
comply with the terms of tbls.Or*
dlnsnce. bat no such certiflcslr
shall be granted untU aurh piping
of fittingti reapvctlvely *r« fdund to
conform to said rule* and reguls
tlons. it shall be uEhiwfnl for any
l-t-.ua. firm or con-oratldn to u»e
sny gas through or by means of any
I-Iplng or iiMiii.:- m ;,„, building, or
lo furnish or snpply gas to >*> used
througn" or by i-neang, of such pipes
or finings, until the same shall fas.*,
bsjesj itih|n, ted and approved by the
Hoard or Public Works and tho certificate herti"id»efere prodded *h>lt
hast* been Issued Hjrj. for
Sec. 4. Tne fallowIt**^!*** *n'd
tegulstlons grn hereby prescribed
ror the construction of gas fining
work In the City of Palo Alto, and
sit *urh work must be constrncted
in conformity therewith before. Ihe
Hoard of Public* Works shall arant
a r..rtlflcuie of Instieellon therefor
*» herein provided, and |t shall he
unlawful for any ->er*on. firm or cor-
poratlon to do any g** mtlng ot
gss titling work in a-yh manner
that the ■ .it,:.- „■__,.! „„_ ,,,,,-„,.„_ ,„
all of said rule* and rfgulailons. and
all other prosiflons.of ,Shis Ordl-
uoder permit shall be
lit A first Inspection and a final
inspection: except on unconcealed
work, such as stove run or fuel run
of pipe, then same shall he made at
one Inspection, first snd final. The
NOTIC1-: TO CREDITOR--.
In Ilic Superior Coarl of the Stati- of
CaJifurnla, In and for the County fir*-1 Inspection shsll be msde aftei
of Santa tiara, ; *1| ■.<■. piplnr*a_ilthorlxed (o tie In
In the Matter of the Estate of MARY; * tailed under ibe permit shall hsve
A H.\!tn.AY. Deceased. , been Installed, and before any of
Notice Is hereby given by the such piping has been covered
undersigned Administratrix or the: concealed, or any fixtures hsve been; ■"•
attached thereto. The final Imtpe.
tion shall bo made after the piping; allow
authorised to be installed under the >'• •'•
sre prohibited. Ail pipe laid ii
ground which is used as an exten-
ion of the, riser or risers shall not
■*> less In site than ibe riser or
riser, in Ihe building, snd the mint-
slxe shall be one Inch. No gss
pipes shall be plsced within . Inches
wires carry lag electrical car-
ante** said wire* are lasn-
lated In a manner satisfactory to
the Hoard, or Public Works.
All gaa piping must be test-
ted under an air pressure of at least
ten pound), lo the squsre Inch. Oss
fixtures Bias-ill not be hung^or
tacned lief ore this test Is mads
Sec. I, No gas grate, gas log or
oth-r appliance using gss for producing best, except ss otherwise
dnlned shsll be placed In a fire place
or recess unless such fireplsce
ce*s shall have the sides, back and
top lined wllh brickwork not te*.
than eight (8) inches thick: al
pipes supplying gaa thereto shall be
of Iron and enter only at the side*
or fireplaces or recesats. through
brickwork. Osa grates, or gas logs
or other appliances using gai
prodbelng heat not placed In a firo
ptgVe or recess shsll have a clear
and nm-itrloM-d space of not less
:en llfl) inches between them
and tin- uiiprotf*oted ./woodwork
wimri I.*Mi and* plaster or other'onra
bustlhJ* material: or ***{fn.1'tar'spaV<a
of four (.41 .laches 'between thr*ta
and any wotidVark.
Mary A. Barclay, de-
censed, with Will anaexed. to ■!.-
i*>sa*ill 111III v 1 ti 1 tl 1 TXTlaTrtHflfa oft end all persons having
t Jj claims agalaat the t*ald d*i>cea_e>d, to' permit I* In place and has been cov-
i 4 j exhibit them, wllh tbe necsssary crod or concealed. This li*jp*>.iitm
I t- :—.._ _;__^l_
t WOMAN'S CI-CB CALENDAR 11
'*) The
also
of the
g*» pip*
used must s
II
with tbt
length of
the pipe and
the
number of burner*
supplied the
rtvbr
In conformiiy to
the follow Inr
(sb
e to W|i
dfsjgti
at. number
ot ',-!!:,- I ■
Slit- 0PM
lit -t
li-tigth
t..r :, <u ri
Vertical only
PMl,
Iter hourt.
1*1 inch
. . 1,'.
2
I--.' inch
3.*.
'3-4 loch*
1*.
1 iuch ,
1" (-1 Inch
100
i.ii
1 1-3 inch
I."
-' s 100
_ Inch
j„„
_(UI
■ In tstlmi
lUj-Jj
the' number id
burner* fur 1
II urn
lusting |
iiii|i."-i -. ii
delermliio ih
a* ah
:.. of th.
ri-ser pip.*,
mder them * hearth of ill* gad
cement not leas than two ll) laches
thick-
All steam or hot 'water radiators
shall be of cast metal and shall
stand a hydraulic pressure of st
least one hundred flOO, pounds to
Ihe square inrb. and shall bs
equipped with sn sutomattc safely
of a standard pattern, snd set
to blow off st :*' pounds pressurs or
Ie**,
»e. fl. U the Board of Public
ka shall find any part or any
gas pipe or gss fittings la or about
building In the City of p*i..
Alia to be In s condition dsngerou*
to life or property, they ahall nor -
ry tbe owner, lanant or occupant of
th« building In which such gas pipe
or gas titling* ar* located to have
delect repaired Immediately,
and to refrain- from, using gas by
means of said defective pipe or fitting* uniil same hsve been repaired.
and rendered safe. The Board of
Public Works shall have Ihe right
and power to cause the supply of
gas to be shut oB until the a**>r*s-
sary repairs hsve been made. The
Bosrd of Public Works shsll give
wrllien notice to the person, firm
or corporation supplying gas to any
such defective pipes or fillings, to
et-a.e the supply until tbe necessary
repair* have been made, and It shall
lie uulawful ror any pcraou. firm or
corporation ta rurnlsh gas for use In
or by iiirini of sny defective gas
pipe or fitting* after receiving such
notice until the necessary repair*
have been made. Before msklng
any connection In supply gss to sny
building ibsl .hss not -already been
supplied .wltb'gas prior to the taking .of isffect .of this (fctdlnance. the
p.'r.oti, Bjpror i-or*-iir»^uii sboul to "'
4-iriil.li ge* thereto*' ahall asscsrlala
'hsiher a lertin.at... Or-- -Uajteftlon
.-..eS-n.-..- oZm *r„* aa-M.
^w'ood 1t*-t alldNv t,*,♦', }W*9ri*t' *ia» «Sj fiiilrtg
plaale'r. or other roirrbtutible nmi..- j «'r gss piping lo be sitrViH.-.i. and
rial protected wllh terra cotia- or. f"'' 1,,i*1 purpo*e\'m*y ilemand
til*- one tl i Inch thick, or with met-* Pradnrtlon an.i exhibition of
al wltb one inch clear air space !■,■- * *-n in* at.- by Ihe oWner. tenant
Iween thu metal and woodwork..•u<'r"l,Bn( of the btlildinjc lu which
wood lath and planter, or other' roi.i' I •u-,h gss piping or gss flltjng Is. lo-
biistlble materlsi. caled before supplying gaa^he'refor.
No gaa range or gas water heater! ****• ->- The Bosrd oft Public
shall be. plartSd nearer thai. Iwcltej Works shall charge and collect front
i I:11 . Iliehi-H Its. Ah)'
suo.lt.urk. w.ood" lath
or other combustible mat,
uesref: than si* .IC| inrhea
.1 i "i
I..! |il.|w|*r.
nsterlsl or
tan
ir aurh woodwork, wood lnth and
ploal.-r, or other coitihustliilc material Is protecteil wllh metal wiih
one (ll Inch clear air space between the metal and the woodwork,
wood lath nnd plnsier. or other com-
bnitlbl* m.sls.rlal. No gas range or
gss water heater shall Ih* placed In
any recewa unless Ihe front of the r-*-
Mtag U either open .it ft.-.-lv s.-nt.,t
at lop.and botlOtQi*
(-:*.*n Instfiniaiiet-xua g** - water
heat-r shall be prosid.-l »llh a s.nt
r not less than three t*> Inihi-*
IIutn.-ter. etH'mllng 'clear ihruitR)i
I- nl least 'twelsr IqcbM (if)
Ht* ih** rtiof.
firm or corporation.
»•! any itermlt fur doing any gaa
fitting work, or certificate of tnsp**tv
tion lor such work Is. Issued, under
the terms of this Ordinance- the following fees, lo Wit:
For Issuing permit snd msklng
Inspection of work, for ten outlet-
or under., fl Oft; for each additional
outlvt .*. cents; for each •additional
Inspection, other than first or fltn-l
Inspection. iO cents: fotj cac.b dupll-
UtN
.1...
the
;i!I
cale ccrtfflcale, 10 cents*.
Sec. IB. All Ordinances m..I parts s
or Ordinance* lu ronfilcl With (fad
provisions of this Ordinance an*
ri-r-..i> rttrMsaSsJ; provided, that suth
re|«-*l ahall not affect or prevent
id,, pion i-utloii and punlahment of
any |»tr>*on for stiv set done in vio-
idikm of nin ordinace of ssld Clty
ud around e-reryj *^*b n**,r *** "-**1**1 1-y thl* Or*.
larrs nol expotsedl d'BBnce, and shall not *u"ect any
Jan
Board meeting.
n. 17—Address—Dr. David
Starr Jordan: topic. "The |
Prospects of World Peaee."* ;
!
Moved From
101 Circle
to
108 Circle
The Same
Prompt and
Polite Service
The Same
Careful and
Courteous
Drivers
Palo Alto
Transfer Co.
.-HONE TAUO ALTO S*.
Royal Standard
Typewriter
Model No. 5
A 100 Features
Two-color ribbon attachment
tabulator, back-spacer, tilting
paper table, hinged paper table,
hinged paper fingers, etc., etc.
The HOVAI, ha* alwsj* been* abn-s.t with tbe best—tset*
hi n new inodr. wblcb p*a%ee_ It far In the lead,. All we oak I*
on opportnnily to give this machine * sere-re test In yonr own
(.(nee on yonr own work.
San Jose Typewriter Co.
24 nsjVTH lUKOXD BTRCBT.
T>
for i
om. burnt-
i h kitchen, i...th
. hall, pantry or
!-..,
it!. '
n estimating ihe mtiuli-'r or burn
fur heating or eookliig puri-o****
determine the alie of the rla-tr
i*. allow three borners for each
grate or healing Hose. USB liirn-
foresrh inaiantanooua heater otH-
Dessr llesier outlet, rooking
stove nutlet or so-cslb-d Hot Plate
let. Outlets for automatic la-
Stantani-nua heater* mint tie al
leaat one slxe larger than the Inlet
I'll ■ of heater, and run dlrrct from
meter wha*>Bfflf pr*etlcsl so to do.
MO AH borlaontsl pli-c must be
it'lean one-half Inch In diameter,
xrupt that In exposed work, three-
IghttiB Iruh horlxonisl pipe for a
Ingle light may be run a distance
•ot exceeding twenty feel. No riser
iljie ahall be of em slier diameter
bsn Ihrei-nusrler inch The em:
if tbe riser pl|ie must be lurjte.i a1
i point designated by tbe Board of
■ublir Work*, and no Inaitectlon or
eat inn-: he made until the riser Is
extended to such designated points,
ici In concealed work where prar-
Ural, all center outlet* or drops
ahaM be bent. In preference to drop
pipe* with atrspa soldered (hereto,
No center light or drop shall be
used of smaller diameter than one-
half Inch. ** Bracket outlets must be
bent and have sn ntTset or hav*
brBcket elbows to prevent removal
Fire plscp and stove outlets shall befitted In the same manner. Where
drip* sn> ne***--**ars*, tb* end of the
drip pipe niuat lie exposed and be
t>m*r of scces*.
be st least twit Inehett clear ol fin
ish snd bottom of fire basket. Nc
pip*, smaller than 3-1 inrh wltt be
allowed for cook stoves, hot plates
and Instantaneous heaters. Drop
pipes for centers sad bracket
lets shall not project throtrgh the
shall In* a gnltsulroil In
Mtandlnjj tha full length
Wltb S Cle
e ibneeeled port",
r »pace of not |e*t_ than one Im h I
rroundlng the vent lu every]
Om rttieil -alii, .„ Inslautsiieousi
gas water healer Ih-re shall lie pru-
hIkI an air Inlet Independent of,
BOSS or. windows.
AH low. i-orlnble gss «tov»*. gaa
piales. or hen ter* ahall Ire pl.iced on
Iron atsnda or other Ineombuatlbte
i*-v*. or the burners sbsil b* at
i*aat six i'". i Inches shove tbe tisse
r the stove and metsl guard pistes
plnied lour HI Inches 'below the
.ers: nil woodwork under them
•hall o*> cosered with meiat or olh-
Incombustllile, material. All
|-<iri_li|.- i-js ln-aU'd stoves' range*,
kettle*, gas plates or other .gss
bested device*, -hall tie connected
rect to their g*a supply main only
Iron im'" or flexible melsl tubing.
See. fl. Portable ateam or hut
iter radiators wherein gas Is used
(or producing hesl. when Instslled
In fireplaces or n-c-r***e* In any building, shall llw* Installed ua t.-ijitlr.-'l
for pas grates or gsa'logs In section
r this Ordinance,
ortable .Lam or hoi water radi-
« wherein gaa ia used for producing heat when not installed In
fireplace* or rec*-***** ahall have
brick wall* not less tbsa eight- ISl
1nr-.es thick behind and extending st
lessl Hgbl Mil Imlie* stiove and oh
esch. aide or them and between them
and sny woodwork, wood lath snd
taster, or other combustible material: and shall hsve under them s
hearth of ill,, and cement not less
I two (2i Inrhe* thick: or shall
have a clear aad unencloned sir
apace of not lew than four (4)
Inches between tfaem and-any woodwork, wood lath and plaster or other combustible material protected by
metal with one fnrh
between the metal and Said combustible material, ar shall have a clear,
and unenclosed air --pare of not leas
than ***gbt OH iBcfaee between them
and any woodwork. Wood lath and
plaster or other cnmbnstlbt« material nol *n proteclcd' snd shall have
'•-(-sled by
lion or .nilun which may bo,
pending In any court for the viola-
lion of any of il-j-jifovlslon* of any
Ordinance of said CtTy i
this Ordinance
Sec. it. Any person. Arm of cor-
iHirallun who ahall violate any of
the provisions of tbl* Ordlnsn
The study on the goals 2000: educate America act
No full text碩士美國對於教育成就的重視可以從教育改革的發展過程中看出端倪。最早由於受到蘇俄在科技上強大的衝擊，進而反思到國內學生基礎學業成就的低落，導致國家的競爭力降低。而六○年代的平權主義揭示了族群的教育機會應相等與教育成就應相同。後來七○年代推動績效主義運動，更說明學校應創造高效率及高學習成果。直到八○年代的回歸基礎教育運動，體認到教育中基本能力的重要性，若未注意教育成就的低落，國家將會陷入危機的狀態。1994年，柯林頓總統向國會提出「目標二千年」的教育計劃，其希望重振美國公立教育的成就。從而得知美國對教育成就的重視著實不遺餘力。
本論文之主旨乃探討柯林頓政府所提出之「目標兩千年美國教育法案」。教育改革是一項全球性的運動，雖然因全球各國之國情不同而各有其推動與發展重點，論文內容主要將針對柯林頓政府所提出之「目標兩千年美國教育法案」進行個案研究，以及簡述美國自雷根時代到柯林頓主政時期，前後三任總統任內美國教育改革的發展歷程，並對「目標兩千年美國教育法」及美國教改運動進行評析。
本論文之研究架構分為五章。第一張為緒論，闡明本論文之研究動機與目的、研究方法與範圍、研究限制及簡述各章節之安排。第二章闡述柯林頓政府推動中小學教育改革之背景。第三章介紹分析「目標兩千年美國教育法案」之內涵與目的。第四章評析美國教改政策及「目標兩千年美國教育法案」。第五章結論與建議。This research analyses the Goals 2000: Educate America Act. This act was signed into law on March 31, 1994. The purpose of the Goals 2000 is to improve learning and teaching by providing a national framework for education reform; to promote the research, consensus building, and systemic changes needed to ensure equitable educational opportunities and high levels of educational achievement for all students; to provide a framework for reauthorization of all Federal education programs.
Education reform is a global movement, however, it differs form different countries and different period of time. In the1970s, it promoted accountability that regards effectiveness. But in the 1980s, it backed to the basis of education. The Goals 2000 signed in 1990s promoted the high levels and educational achievement for all students. As we can see, the United States makes great efforts to the educational achievement and education reform.
There are five chapters in this thesis. Chapter one is the introduction and Chapter Two covers the background of the educational reform from the President Regon, George W. Bush and President Bill Clinton in the United States. Chapter Three analyzes the major purpose of Goals 2000: Educate America Act. Chapter Four is the case study of 2001 Gonzaga Summer Language Camp. Chapter Five is the conclusion and suggestions.第一章 緒論 1
第一節 論文主題與研究目的 1
第二節 研究方法及論文結構 5
第二章 柯林頓政府之中小學教育改革背景 10
第一節 一九八三年雷根總統發表之「國家在危機中」 10
第二節 一九九一年布希總統之「邁向公元二千年美國教育策略」18
第三節 一九九四年柯林頓政府之教改發展 30
第三章 「目標兩千年美國教育法案」 39
第一節「目標兩千年美國教育法案」之內涵與目的 39
第二節 標準本位與績效責任之教育政策導向 53 第四章 評析美國教改政策及「目標兩千年美國教育法案」 75
第一節 美國教改政策之特色及其利弊 75
第二節「目標兩千年美國教育法案」內涵之評析 87
第三節「目標兩千年美國教育法案」與州及地方教改之關係 95
第五章 結論 102
Appendix
Goals 2000: Educate America Act 110
參考書目
英文部分 124
中文部分 126學號: 689220167, 學年度: 9
A Study on the Aspects and Strategies of Publications of Japanese-Korean Translated Works
No full textTranslation is to produce a receptive target language from a meaning of starting language between two languages-regarding many definitions of translation. On this progress, it needs some intervention to negotiate the differences from two different language and cultural background.
Korean and Japanese are very close in language and culture, but those languages and cultures are so different that there is need to intervene in translation process.
Therefore, this study tried to find better strategy and solution for Japanese-Korean translation by considering translator&apos;s intervention during its process. For this, I defined translator&apos;s intervention as &quot;translation shift&quot; in influence of Catford(2000) and categorized those translation shifts. Then I studied the reason and aspects of those types of translation shifts in each textual level. First, I divided translation shifts into &apos;obligatory shift&apos; and &apos;optional shift&apos; according to its occurrence, and divided into &apos;substitution&apos;, &apos;insertion&apos;, &apos;ellipsis&apos; and &apos;word order transition&apos; according to its shape. And I rebuild and used the categorization that consists of &apos;word level&apos;, &apos;grammatical level&apos;, &apos;textual level&apos; and &apos;pragmatic level&apos; in influence of Baker(1992).
The text for analysis were Japanese-Korean translation works-10 of literary works and 10 of nonliterary works. I built a corpus for content and quantitative analysis- Starting Text(ST), Target Text(TT) and Direct-Target Text(DTT); which is well translated following its original shape for comparing to target text.
For content analysis, I did more specific research on where, how and why the translation shift occurs by comparing ST, DTT and TT. Furthermore, I researched the strategic effect of translation shift into three-&apos;explicitation&apos;, &apos;generalization&apos; and &apos;simplification&apos; by using concept of &apos;universals of translation&apos;. Then I did quantitative analysis on the relationship between translation shift and quantitative elements of text.
Here is the result of content analysis;
1) From analysing types of translation shift according to textual level, I found that &apos;substitution&apos; type is found over all level.
2) &apos;insertion&apos;, &apos;ellipsis&apos; and &apos;word order transition&apos; types have the effect on higher textual level even they occurred on lower textual level. For example, when &apos;word order transition&apos; occurs, that translation shift belongs to grammatical level. However, word order has strong relationship with topic structure and stream of information so that the actual effect of this translation shift tends to be found on textual level.
3) I found the negative effect of translation shift as the translation strategy besides its original intention. For example, too much &apos;explicitation&apos; could disturb readers since too long translated text(TT) and too much &apos;generalization&apos; could harm author&apos;s original intention in use of marked expression and structure.
Following are the results of quantitative analysis on the relationship between each element of translation shift types and quantitative elements of text.
1) The number of characters and length has relationship with three types of substitutions-&apos;substitution&apos;, &apos;insertion&apos;, and &apos;ellipsis&apos;- and in Japanese-Korean translation, TT has less number of characters and shorter sentence than ST.
2) In the number of phrase, it has small differences between Japanese ST and Korean TT very little around one on each sentence. The translation shifts related to the number of phrase, &apos;insertion&apos;, &apos;ellipsis&apos; occurred in relatively similar ratio then conclusionally the number of phrase doesn&apos;t have big change.
3) In comparison between DTT and TT, I analyzed the types of word of two since TT has sino-Korean word and loanword, like ST has but TT has different types of words. As a result, TT has less sino-Korean word and loanword than DTT. It shows the change of type of word during &apos;substitution&apos; among the translation shift and tends to be fond upon literary works. I found that there are more translator&apos;s intervention into literary translation than nonliterary translation.
4) For finding the diversity of vocabulary upon literary, nonliterary text and ST, DTT, TT, I analyzed a ratio of &apos;type versus token&apos;. As a result, literary text has more vocabulary diversity than nonliterary text and ST has more than TT. It has samel result with the former studies about universals of translation. However, considering the analysis the ratio of &apos;type versus token&apos; from ST, DTT and TT, the difference between ST and DTT shows the &apos;possibility of intervention&apos; and the difference between DTT and TT shows a degree of intervention. Then I found that literary text has more possibility of intervention than nonliterary text,
From above content analysis and the relationship with quantitative elements, I have a conclusion like following.
1) From the analysis of types of translation shifts to each text type, when translation shift is needed, translator should consider the textual level of occurrence and actual effect.
2) There is a possibility to lose author&apos;s intention from ST, as side effect, when translator makes translation shift for &apos;explicitation&apos;, &apos;generalization and &apos;simplification&apos;. Then translator needs to consider which is better way in conflict between effect and loss of translation shift for minimizing the loss of ST.
This study has limit of sample number on analysis, however it has value on quantitative assessment on effect of translation shift on texts by quantitative analysis with content analysis to categorize types of translation shift. Also, this study has value on systematic describing the reasons and aspects of intervention occurring on progress of translation by analyzing very closely those types of translation shift in viewpoint of contrastive linguistics and text linguistics, I hope that the finding of this study can be helpful resource on actual work and education of translation. and be useful primary data for future research and study about the aspects and quantitative analysis of Japanese-Korean translation.;&amp;#32763;&amp;#35379;に&amp;#38306;する&amp;#27096;&amp;#12293;な定義において共通して述べられていることは、&amp;#32763;&amp;#35379;とは、起点言語のメッセ&amp;#12540;ジを受容側の言語のニ&amp;#12540;ズや文化的期待に合せて、自然な表現で再産出する行&amp;#28858;であり、そのためには、言語や文化の相違への介入が必要であるという点である。韓&amp;#22269;語と日本語は言語的&amp;#12539;文化的に近い&amp;#38306;係にあるが、決して同一の言語や文化ではないため、&amp;#32763;&amp;#35379;の過程において他の言語と同じく介入の必要性がある。本&amp;#30740;究では、日韓の&amp;#32763;&amp;#35379;における&amp;#32763;&amp;#35379;者の介入を考察することにより、&amp;#32763;&amp;#35379;の&amp;#27096;相&amp;#12539;&amp;#25126;略を&amp;#26908;討し、よりよい&amp;#32763;&amp;#35379;への示唆点を模索しようとするものである。
&amp;#32763;&amp;#35379;者の介入を「トランスレ&amp;#12540;ション&amp;#12539;シフト(translation shift)」と定義し、その類型をいくつかに分類し、テキストをなす各レベルにおいてトランスレ&amp;#12540;ション&amp;#12539;シフトが現れる&amp;#27096;相と原因の考察を行った。トランスレ&amp;#12540;ション&amp;#12539;シフトは、その&amp;#30330;生的側面からは、「義務的シフト」と「選&amp;#25246;的シフト」に分け、そのシフトを「代替」、「&amp;#25407;入」、「省略」、「語順の交替」に分類し分析を行った。なお、このトランスレ&amp;#12540;ション&amp;#12539;シフトをテキストを&amp;#23550;象に各レベルによって分析するには、べ-カ&amp;#12540;(Baker 2005)のテキストレベルから&amp;#27010;念を借りて再構成した、「語彙レベル」「文法的レベル」「テキスト的レベル」「語用論的レベル」の&amp;#21306;別を用いた。
分析テキストは、出版された日韓&amp;#32763;&amp;#35379;書であり、具&amp;#20307;的には文&amp;#23398;テキスト10冊と非文&amp;#23398;テキスト10冊の原文(以下、「ST」と&amp;#31216;する)、&amp;#32763;&amp;#35379;文(以下、「TT&amp;#32763;」と&amp;#31216;する)、それに&amp;#32763;&amp;#35379;文との比較のためにSTの形式を忠&amp;#23455;に移した直&amp;#35379;文(以下、「TT直」と&amp;#31216;する)をコ&amp;#12540;パスとして構築し、&amp;#20869;容分析や計量的分析を行った。
&amp;#20869;容分析においては、ST&amp;#12539;TT直&amp;#12539;TT&amp;#32763;の比較により、トランスレ&amp;#12540;ション&amp;#12539;シフトが生じる部分や&amp;#27096;相、原因について具&amp;#20307;的な考察を行った。なお、「&amp;#32763;&amp;#35379;の普遍的な特&amp;#24500;(universals of translation)」に基づいて再定義した「明示化」、「一般化」、「簡潔化」の側面からトランスレ&amp;#12540;ション&amp;#12539;シフトが&amp;#32763;&amp;#35379;&amp;#25126;略としてもたらす&amp;#21177;果を分析し、トランスレ&amp;#12540;ション&amp;#12539;シフトとテキストの&amp;#25968;量的要素との&amp;#38306;係を探るため、計量分析を行った。
以上の手&amp;#32154;きにより分析を行ったが、まず&amp;#20869;容分析の結果をまとめると、以下のようになる。
1)トランスレ&amp;#12540;ション&amp;#12539;シフトの類型をテキストのレベルに基づいて分析した結果、「代替」類型はテキストのすべてのレベルにおいて多く分布している。
2)「&amp;#25407;入」、「省略」、「語順の交替」類型のトランスレ&amp;#12540;ション&amp;#12539;シフトは、それが生じるレベルがテキストの下位レベルの場合でも、テキストの上位レベルにまでその影響が及ぶ事&amp;#23455;が確認された。
3)&amp;#32763;&amp;#35379;&amp;#25126;略としてのトランスレ&amp;#12540;ション&amp;#12539;シフトは、意&amp;#22259;した&amp;#21177;果以外にマイナス&amp;#21177;果まで&amp;#30330;生する場合も確認された。例えば、過度な「明示化」はとりとめのない文章になり、&amp;#35501;みやすさに影響を及ぼす場合がある。また、過度な「一般化」は有標的表現&amp;#12539;構造を使った著者の意&amp;#22259;を生かせることができない場合がある。
次は、それぞれのトランスレ&amp;#12540;ション&amp;#12539;シフトとテキストの量的要素との&amp;#38306;係を分析した結果である。
1)文字&amp;#25968;と文章の長さは「代替」、「&amp;#25407;入」、「省略」と&amp;#38306;係しており、日韓&amp;#32763;&amp;#35379;の場合、STよりTTの文字&amp;#25968;が少なくなり、文章が短くなっている。
2)文節&amp;#25968;は、STとTTの間で一つ前後というわずかな差を見せている。この文節と&amp;#38306;係する「&amp;#25407;入」や「省略」がほとんど同じような割合で生じていることから、その結果である文節&amp;#25968;にはわずかな格差しか&amp;#35251;察されなかった。
3)TT直とTT&amp;#32763;の比較により、TT直ではSTで使われた漢語や外&amp;#26469;語をそのまま移しているが、TT&amp;#32763;ではそれとは違う語種に&amp;#22793;えていることから、その結果を&amp;#25968;字の面から確認するため、語種分析を行った。その結果、TT直よりTT&amp;#32763;には漢語と外&amp;#26469;語が少なく現れた。特に、文&amp;#23398;テキストにおいてこのような傾向が目立っている。このことは、非文&amp;#23398;テキストより文&amp;#23398;テキストの方が語彙面における&amp;#32763;&amp;#35379;者の介入が活&amp;#30330;であることを示している。
4)文&amp;#23398;テキストと非文&amp;#23398;テキスト、そしてそれぞれのST&amp;#12539;TT直&amp;#12539;TT&amp;#32763;の語彙の多&amp;#27096;性の&amp;#26908;討のため、「ト&amp;#12540;クンとタイプ」の割合を分析した。その結果、文&amp;#23398;テキストが非文&amp;#23398;テキストより、STがTT&amp;#32763;より、語彙の多&amp;#27096;性が高いことがわかり、これはこれまでの&amp;#32763;&amp;#35379;&amp;#23398;での&amp;#30740;究結果から報告された&amp;#20869;容とも一致している。ただ、STとTT直、TT&amp;#32763;の「タイプとト&amp;#12540;クン」の割合を比較&amp;#12539;分析した結果、STとTT直の格差は「介入の余地」を示すものであり、TT直とTT&amp;#32763;の格差は介入が行われた程度を示すものであることを考えると、それぞれの格差が示す&amp;#25968;字から文&amp;#23398;テキストは非文&amp;#23398;テキストより介入の余地が多いといえる。
上記のトランスレ&amp;#12540;ション&amp;#12539;シフトに&amp;#38306;する&amp;#20869;容分析および計量的要素との&amp;#38306;係を中心とした結果に基づいて、本稿では以下のような結論を導き出すことができた。
1)トランスレ&amp;#12540;ション&amp;#12539;シフト類型のテキストタイプ別の分析により、&amp;#32763;&amp;#35379;の過程においてトランスレ&amp;#12540;ション&amp;#12539;シフトが求められる場合は、&amp;#23455;際そのシフトが生じるレベルだけでなく、&amp;#23455;際に&amp;#21177;果の及ぼす範&amp;#22258;まで考慮するひ必要がある。
2)トランスレ&amp;#12540;ション&amp;#12539;シフトにより、「明示化」、「一般化」、「簡潔化」の&amp;#21177;果を得ようとする際、&amp;#24403;該の&amp;#21177;果以外にSTの著者の意&amp;#22259;したことを損ねる場合もある。このように&amp;#21177;果と損失が&amp;#23550;立する場合、どこに&amp;#20385;値を置くのか、損失を最少化する方法は何かということまで考慮する必要がある。
本&amp;#30740;究は限られたテキストを&amp;#23550;象に分析を行ったという制限を持っているが、トランスレ&amp;#12540;ション&amp;#12539;シフトを類型化し、&amp;#20869;容考察したことともに計量的分析を行うことにより、トランスレ&amp;#12540;ション&amp;#12539;シフトがテキストの量的側面に及ぼす&amp;#21177;果を計量化した点は初の試みであり、&amp;#30740;究の意義の一つといえる。なお、トランスレ&amp;#12540;ション&amp;#12539;シフトの類型を&amp;#23550;照言語&amp;#23398;やテキスト言語&amp;#23398;の視点から詳細な分析を行い、&amp;#32763;&amp;#35379;の過程における介入の&amp;#27096;相と原因を&amp;#20307;系的に記述したことからも&amp;#30740;究の意義を見出すことができる。本&amp;#30740;究の結果が、&amp;#32763;&amp;#35379;の過程や&amp;#32763;&amp;#35379;&amp;#25945;育に役立つこと、今後、日韓&amp;#32763;&amp;#35379;の&amp;#27096;相や計量的&amp;#30740;究の基礎資料として一つの土台になることを期待してやまない。;번역에 대한 다양한 정의를 통하여 번역은 두 언어 사이에서 출발 텍스트의 의미를 수용성 있는 도착텍스트로 산출하기 위한 행위이며, 그 과정에서 서로 다른 언어와 문화에 따른 차이를 중재하기 위한 개입이 필요하다. 한국어와 일본어의 경우는 언어적, 문화적으로 매우 근접한 관계에 있으나 동일한 언어, 문화를 가지고 있는 것은 아니기 때문에 번역 과정에서 개입이 일어날 수밖에 없다. 이에 본 연구에서는 일한 번역 과정에서 일어나는 번역자의 개입에 대한 고찰을 통하여 번역 양상 및 번역전략을 살펴보고 더 나은 번역을 위한 시사점을 얻고자하였다. 이를 위하여 번역자의 개입을 번역변이로 정의하여 번역변이 유형을 나누고 텍스트의 각 층위에서 번역변이 유형이 나타나는 양상과 원인을 고찰하였다. 번역변이는 그 발생적 측면에서는 ‘의무적 변이’와 ‘선택적 변이’로 나누었고, 형태에 따라서는 ‘대체’, ‘삽입’, ‘생략’, ‘어순 교체’로 나누었다. 또한 이러한 번역변이를 텍스트 층위별로 살펴보기 위하여 베이커(Baker 2005)의 텍스트 층위를 참조로 재구성한 ‘어휘 층위’, ‘문법 층위’, ‘텍스트 층위’, ‘화용적 층위’의 구분을 사용하였다.
분석 텍스트는 일한 출판 번역물 중 문학 텍스트 10권과 비문학 텍스트 10권이며. 이에 대하여 출발 텍스트(이하 ST로 칭함), 도착 텍스트(이하 TT번으로 칭함), 도착 텍스트와의 비교를 위하여 형태에 충실하게 번역한 직역본(이하 TT직)을 코퍼스로 구축하여 내용적 분석과 계량적 분석을 실시하였다. 내용적 분석에 있어서는 ST와 TT직, TT번의 비교를 통해 번역변이가 일어나는 부분과 양상, 원인에 대하여 구체적인 고찰을 실시하였다. 또한 번역변이가 번역전략으로서 가지는 효과를 번역 보편소의 개념을 참조로 하여 재정의한 ‘명시화’, ‘일반화’, ‘간결화’로 나누어 살펴보고, 이러한 번역변이와 텍스트의 수량적 요소와의 관계에 대하여 계량적인 분석을 실시하였다. 그 결과에 대하여 먼저 내용적 분석의 결과를 기술하면 다음과 같다.
1) 번역변이 유형을 텍스트 층위에 따라 분석한 결과, ‘대체’유형은 텍스트의 모든 층위에 고른 분포를 보였다.
2) ‘삽입’, ‘생략’ ‘어순 교체’ 유형의 변이는 번역변이가 일어나는 층위가 텍스트의 하위 층위인 경우라도 그 영향이 텍스트의 상위 층위까지 미치는 사실이 확인되었다. 예를 들어 ‘어순 교체’가 일어난 경우, 해당 변이가 일어난 층위는 문법 층위이지만, 어순은 주제 구조와 정보의 흐름과 밀접한 관계가 있기 때문에 실제적인 효과는 텍스트 층위에서 일어나는 경향을 통해 알 수 있다.
3) 번역전략으로서의 번역변이는 의도한 효과 이외에 부정적인 효과가 발생하는 경우도 있음이 확인되었다. 예를 들어 ‘명시화’가 지나치면 번역문이 장황해져 가독성을 저해할 수도 있으며, ‘일반화’에 치중하다 보면 유표적인 표현이나 구조를 사용한 저자의 의도가 상실되는 사례의 확인을 통해 알 수 있다.
다음은 번역변이 유형의 각 요소와 텍스트의 양적 요소와의 관련성에 대한 분석 결과를 종합하여 정리한 결과이다.
1) 문자수와 문장길이는 대체 유형 중 ‘대체’, ‘삽입’, ‘생략’과 관련이 있으며 일한 번역의 경우 ST보다 TT의 문자수가 적어지고 문장길이가 짧아지는 경향을 보인다.
2) 어절수는 일본어 ST와 한국어 TT간에 한 문장 당 1개 전후의 작은 차이를 보였다. 어절수와 관련되는 번역변이인 ‘삽입’, ‘생략’이 비교적 비슷한 비율로 일어나기 때문에 그 결과인 어절수에는 큰 변화를 초래하지 않는 것으로 볼 수 있다.
3) TT직과 TT번의 비교를 통해 TT직에서는 ST에서 사용된 어종과 같이 한자어와 외래어가 사용되었는데 TT번에서 다른 어종으로 바뀐 사례가 확인되어 텍스트 전체의 어종 분석을 실시하였다. 그 결과 TT직보다 TT번에서 한자어와 외래어가 적게 나타났다. 이는 대체 유형의 변이에서 어종이 바뀐 결과라 볼 수 있는데 위와 같은 경향은 특히 문학 텍스트에서 두드러지게 나타났다. 이는 어휘의 면에서 비문학 텍스트보다 문학 텍스트가 번역자의 개입이 더 많이 이뤄진 결과라고 볼 수 있다.
4) 문학 텍스트와 비문학 텍스트, 그리고 각 텍스트의 ST, TT직, TT번의 어휘 다양성을 살펴보기 위하여 ‘타입 대 토큰’의 비율을 분석하였다. 그 결과 문학 텍스트가 비문학 텍스트보다 어휘 다양성이 높고, ST가 TT번보다 어휘 다양성이 높게 나타났으며 이는 번역 보편소 등에서 이루어진 선행연구를 통해 보고된 결과와도 일치한다. 단, ST와 TT직, TT번의 ‘타입 대 토큰’의 비율을 비교·분석한 결과, ST와 TT직 사이의 수치 차이는 ‘개입의 여지’를 보여주는 것이고 TT직과 TT번의 차이는 개입이 이뤄진 정도를 나타내는 것임을 생각할 때, 문학 텍스트는 비문학 텍스트에 비해 개입의 여지가 많다는 결과를 얻을 수 있었다.
상기의 번역변이에 관한 내용적 분석, 그리고 계량적 요소와의 관련성을 중심으로 한 결과를 바탕으로 본고에서는 다음과 같이 결론을 정리하고자 한다.
1) 번역변이 유형의 텍스트 타입별 분석을 통하여 번역 과정에서 번역변이가 필요한 경우, 번역변이가 일어나는 층위와 실제적으로 그 효과가 미치는 층위까지 고려해야 한다.
2) 번역변이를 통해 ‘명시화’, ‘일반화’, ‘간결화’의 효과를 얻고자 할 때 의도한 효과 이외에 ST에서의 저자의 의도 등이 손실될 수도 있다. 이처럼 효과와 손실이 상충되는 경우, 어디에 더 가치를 둘 것인가, 손실을 최소화할 수 있는 방법은 무엇인가에 대해서까지 고찰할 필요가 있다.
본고에서는 한정된 분석 텍스트를 대상으로 하였다는 제한점을 가지고 있으나, 번역변이를 유형화하여 내용적 고찰과 더불어 계량적 분석을 통해 번역변이가 텍스트의 양적 측면에 미치는 효과를 계량화하였다는 점을 본고의 의의로 들 수 있다. 또한 번역변이 유형을 대조언어학과 텍스트언어학의 시점에서 상세히 분석하여 번역 과정에서 일어나는 개입의 양상과 원인을 체계적으로 기술하였다는 점에서도 의의를 찾아볼 수 있다. 본 연구의 결과가 번역 과정 및 번역 교육에 참고가 될 수 있기를 기대하며, 또한 향후 일한 번역의 양상과 계량적 연구의 기초자료로서 활용되기를 바란다.Ⅰ. 서론 1
A. 연구의 목적 및 필요성 1
1. 연구의 목적 1
2. 연구의 필요성 2
B. 연구 범위와 방법 7
Ⅱ. 선행연구 10
A. 일한,한일 번역에 관한 선행연구 10
B. 번역 보편소 13
1. 번역 보편소와 &apos;충실성&apos;, &apos;가독성&apos; 13
2. 번역 보편소 관련 선행연구 17
가. 명시화 18
나. 규범화 23
다. 단순화 25
Ⅲ. 분석 자료 및 분석 방법 29
A. 분석 자료 29
1. 분석 자료 선정기준 29
2. 분석 자료 목록 31
가. 분석 텍스트 31
나. 분석 텍스트와의 비교를 위한 자료 33
B. 분석 방법 36
1. 분석 텍스트의 내용 분석 36
가. 번역변이의 개념 및 유형 36
나. 번역변이 유형의 내용 분석 40
다. 번역전략 중심의 번역변이 분석 41
2. 분석 텍스트의 계량적 분석 44
가. 문자수, 문장길이 44
나. 품사 구성비 분석 48
다. 어종 분석 59
라. 타입 대 토큰 비율 분석 60
Ⅳ. 번역변이 유형 및 번역전략 분석 61
A. 번역 변이 유형의 분석 61
1. &apos;대체&apos; 유형의 번역 변이 61
가. 어휘 층위 61
나. 문법 층위 71
다. 텍스트 층위 76
라. 화용적 층위 80
2. &apos;삽입&apos; 유형의 번역 변이 84
가. 어휘 층위 84
나. 문법 층위 84
다. 텍스트 층위 87
라. 화용적 층위 90
3. &apos;생략&apos; 유형의 번역 변이 91
가. 어휘 층위 91
나. 문법 층위 93
다. 텍스트 층위 94
라. 화용적 층위 94
4. &apos;어순 교체&apos; 유형의 번역변이 97
가. 어휘 층위 98
나. 문법 층위 98
다. 텍스트 층위 99
라. 화용적 층위 103
5. 소결 104
B. 번역전략으로서의 번역변이 분석 104
1. 명시화 105
2. 일반화 114
3. 간결화 120
4. 소결 127
Ⅴ. 분석 텍스트의 계량적 분석 129
A. 문자수, 문장길이 분석 129
1. 분석 텍스트의 문장길이 변화 129
2. 문장길이 선행연구와의 비교 136
3. 동일 ST에 대한 일본어 TT와 한국어 TT의 문장길이와의 비교 139
B. 어절수 분석 143
1. 분석 텍스트의 어절수 변화 143
2. 어절수에 대한 분석 결과 146
C. 품사 구성비 분석 147
1. 분석 텍스트의 품사 구성비 분석 147
2.ST-TT번의 품사 사용 양상의 차이 분석 154
3. 품사 구성비에 대한 분석 결과 158
D. 어종 비교 분석 160
E. 토큰 대 타입 비율 분석 165
F. 번역변이 유형의 출현 회수를 중심으로 한 분석 168
Ⅵ. 결론 171
A. 결론 171
B. 연구 의의 및 제한점 175
1. 연구 의의 175
2. 제한점 177
참고문헌 179
부록1. 번역 출판 현황 관련 자료 194
부록2. 번역변이 유형별 사례 196
부록3. 『주말』텍스트의 실제 내용 분석 사례 208
부록4. 전체 텍스트 어종 분석표 237
Abstract 241
要旨 24
