NTNU Open (Norwegian University of Science and Technology)
Not a member yet
92030 research outputs found
Sort by
Low Frequency Alternating Current (LFAC) Transmission Systems for Offshore Wind Farms - Case Studies on the Use of LFAC, Based on Horns Rev 3 Offshore Wind Farm
No full textThis thesis investigates the use of low frequency alternating current (LFAC) for the longdistance transmission of the power extracted from offshore wind farms. It is based on the measurement of power flow in different nodes in the system simulating an offshore wind farm being built outside the coast of Denmark, Horns Rev 3 (HR3). The results for scenarios simulating different lengths of the offshore cable and the operating frequency of the system are compared. Reactive power compensation is used to improve the power flow of the system and to counteract the reactive current from the capacitance in the long offshore cable.
Power flow, voltage- and current limitations of the offshore cable, and varying the reactive power compensation in the different nodes are used to assess if the different scenarios described are feasible or not. Considerations related to size and operation at reduced frequency on the different power system components are mentioned and discussed briefly. The thesis does not include any detailed analysis with regards to a possible increase in cost for the different components operating at reduced frequency.
The thesis concludes that the use of LFAC gives reductions regarding power losses, improving the power system efficiency. For the real case of HR3, using LFAC excludes the need for reactive power compensation. The thesis also proves that it is possible to transmit substantial amounts of power over longer distances than any other AC-cable in operation today. It is proved that using LFAC and reactive power compensation from shore, it is possible to transmit over 370 MW to the grid with an overall efficiency of more than 93 %, at a distance of 200 km using a 220 kV offshore cable. Including reactive power compensation from the offshore end of the cable, the distance can be increased to 300 km, delivering over 370 MW of power to the grid with an overall efficiency of 91 %.
However, the weight and size of LFAC transformers are considerably higher than the equivalent 50-Hz components, with up to 2.7 times the weight, this would be a challenge for the construction of the offshore substation transformers. Beyond the scope of this thesis further investigations are needed regarding costs for the different components of the system, as this is not included
Development of a Energy Efficient Powertrain - For a Shell Eco-Marathon Vechile
Full text linkThis Master’s thesis is a continuation of author’s work in the pre-master thesis where an inertia motor/generator test bench were designed as a support for development of a new powertrain for a “Urban-Concept” battery-electric vehicle competing in Shell Eco-Marathon.
This test bench makes it possible to mount one of two symmetric powertrains where energy is transferred through a roller. By simulating the forces acting on a car the test bench supports powertrain development in the test phases in the following ways:
• Provide a more controlled test environment for development the power electronics and the mechanical sub systems of a powertrain
• Reduce risk of failure on track by providing an easy way to stress test and drive simulated laps
• Measure performance with a built-in torque transducer and Realtime tracking system
The team also set a goal to reduce 5 kilograms of weight while keeping the monocoque made by the DNV GL Fuel Fighter 2017 team. To reach this goal, the development of carbon fiber rims was included as a part of a new geared powertrain design with the support of regeneration of energy. This powertrain has a clutch system that synchronizes the gears speed and connects/disconnects the motor from the system to remove powertrain losses while rolling. The gearing happens with a 1- stage custom-made gear system with a custom-made internal spur ring gear with 375 teeth providing a possible reduction ratio of more than 20:1.
Some findings done on the new test bench by measurements done on the test rig was:
• Efficient acceleration and braking
• The effect of tare losses by having motor always connected at different speeds
• Efficiency plot for different speeds and motor torques for the powertrain as a whole
Other findings in the thesis includes the theoretical effect of having two different gearing ratios or overvolting the DC motors used in the car.
The tare losses measured gives reason to believe that a geared powertrain is more efficient as well as supporting efficient regeneration of energy. In addition, the new powertrain and carbon fiber rims were responsible for a weight reduction of over 7.2 kilograms where 4.7 kilograms of the savings were due the lightweight carbon fiber rims at 1.4 kilograms each.
The car’s performance was proven on track in Shell Eco-Marathon with a respectable 2nd place in the race and about 10% of recovery of energy through regeneration of power. In addition, the team took 2nd place in the communication off-track award
Area Based Frequency Control in the Nordic Power System
Full text linkAutomatic frequency restoration reserves (FRR-A) are used for restoring the electric frequency when disturbances in the power network occur. Currently the whole Nordic power system's secondary frequency control is based on one PI-controller for the whole synchronous area. This thesis explores the possibilities for an alternate control structure for FRR-A in the Nordic region by the use of several autonomous controllers.
A linear model of a hydro power generating unit is used to model control areas with tie-line connections to neighbouring areas. The tie-line power exchange is modelled using DC load flow. MATLAB and Simulink are used to simulate a power system resembling the Nordic synchronous region.
The control strategy chosen is based on a traditional AGC integral controller in each area to minimize the frequency and tie-line flow error. The output from the local secondary controllers is sent to a control centre where FRR-A bids from generating companies are activated automatically. A MILP optimization problem chooses the cheapest FRR-A bids, constrained by tie-line capacities. The optimal setpoints and desired tie-line flows are fed back to each control area.
The results show that the control structure succeeds in restoring the frequency as well as minimizing costs and handling capacity constraints. The optimization time is within the speed requirements for eleven control areas and large bid lists.Sammendrag
Formålet med automatiske sekundærreserver (FRR-A) er å bringe frekvensen tilbake til 50 Hz når ubalanser i kraftsystemet oppstår. I dag styres dette av ´en PI-regulator for hele Norden. Med dette som bakgrunn undersøker oppgaven muligheter for en alternativ kontrollstruktur for FRR-A, med ´en regulator i hvert kontrollområde.
En linær model av kontrollområder er modullert og simulert i MATLAB og Simulink for å etterligne det nordiske kraftnettet. Kraftflyt mellom områder er modellert ved hjelp av DC load flow approksimasjon.
Løsningen anvender lokale AGCer som minimerer flyt og frekvensavvik. Utgangen fra de lokale sekundærregulatorene blir sent til et kontrollsenter, hvor FRR-A-bud fra produksjonsselskaper blir aktivert automatisk. Et MILP optimaliseringsproblem velger de billigste budene og tar samtidig hensyn til overføringskapasitet. Referanseverdier for flyt og produksjon blir deretter sent tilbake til hvert underområde.
Resultatene viser at metoden bringer frekvensen tilbake til 50 Hz, samtidig som overføringskapasiteter er overholdt. Kjøretiden til allokeringsalgoritmen er innenfor tidskravet, simulert med elleve kontrollområder og mange tilgjengelige bud
Investigating Overexpressed Cytosolic Phospholipase A2α in a Triple Negative Breast Cancer Model
Full text linkBreast cancer is the type of cancer that affects the most women worldwide and approximately 18% of these incidents belong to the category of triple negative breast cancer (TNBC). TNBC lacks targeted treatments and the diagnosis is associated with a low survival rate and palliative therapy within 5 years. Hence, there is an urgent need to develop better treatment options for this breast cancer subtype.
In this thesis, the overexpressed enzyme, cytosolic phospholipase A2α (cPLA2α), has been investigated as a potential novel therapeutic target for this breast cancer subtype. A patient derived TNBC cell line, MDA-MB-436, has been studied using cPLA2α inhibitors and immunofluorescence imaging of the enzyme. Four inhibitors of cPLA2α (AVX002, Compound 1, Compound 2, Compound 3) developed by Avexxin and one phosphoinositide 3-kinase inhibitor (Buparlisib/BKM120) have been evaluated. The result of this exploration was IC50 values for all the agents except Compound 2. In addition, the MDA-MB-436 cells was more sensitive to cPLA2α inhibition compared to another TNBC cell line with lower expression of the enzyme, previously studied at this laboratory. This finding suggests that expression levels can correlate with sensitivity for cPLA2α inhibition. Furthermore, synergy between Compound 1 and BKM120 was found and a cell death assay suggested that Compound 1 promote apoptosis. The targeted mechanism of action of the four cPLA2α inhibitors was confirmed due to their ability to reduced secreted prostaglandin E2 levels markedly. Finally, an analytic pipeline for the image analyses was generated to detect accumulations of cPLA2 enzymes. This revealed that serum starvation and TNF-α caused enzyme aggregation and possibly activation, in clusters adjacent to the nucleus.
cPLA2α demonstrated itself as a good therapeutic target in this TNBC model system and several inhibitors from Avexxin could serve as both chemopreventive single agents or in combination with established treatments against this target in the future. The inhibitors also show promise as potent therapeutics in personalised medicine for TNBC and other cancer types where cPLA2α is overexpressed
Infant Body Part Tracking in Videos Using Deep Learning - Facilitating Early Detection of Cerebral Palsy
Full text linkThe breakthrough of Artificial Intelligence with the advent of Deep Learning has opened paths beyond what have earlier been explored. Within the medical domain, there are potentials to improve how problems are addressed and in the quality of the solutions. Computer-based methods have proven to facilitate early detection of cerebral palsy, which can make a difference by enabling treatment that can reduce the extent of disabilities in affected children. As these systems depend on motion patterns, information about the movement of infants must be collected.
In this thesis, we propose a method for tracking body parts of infants in video recordings. The developed framework addresses the task by identifying body parts frame by frame. In this way, the approach can be related to existing methods within the domain of Computer Vision, and more specifically the task of Human Pose Estimation. Taking advantage of recent progress in Deep Learning, the proposed Convolutional Neural Network outperforms existing techniques within the field, by localizing body parts of infants more precisely and at the same time operating at a speed of 120 frames per second. A large dataset of 140 700 annotated keypoints is constructed to facilitate this development. The proposed method has the potential of constituting an essential part of a system able to detect cerebral palsy at an age when the brain still has the ability to adapt
Challenges in Drill and Blast Tunneling in Urban Areas
No full textDe siste ti årene har det blitt initiert og gjennomført flere prosjekt med konvensjonell tunneldriving i tettbygde strøk i Norge. Komplekse kontrakter og høye forventninger til tid, kostnad, kvalitet, HMS, kombinert med hensyn overfor tredjepart kan gjøre slike prosjekt utfordrende.
Masteroppgavens problemstilling er å undersøke hvilke utfordringer som finnes ved konvensjonell tunneldriving i tettbygde strøk, samt undersøke hva den norske anleggsbransjen mener er utfordrende ved slike prosjekt. I tillegg er det undersøkt hvordan aktørene vurderer konsekvensene ved utfordringene med hensyn til tid, kostnad, kvalitet og HMS. For å svare på problemstillingen og forskningsspørsmålene er det blitt gjennomført et litteraturstudie, tre dybdeintervju, 22 forberedende intervju og en kvantitativ spørreundersøkelse.
Det er indikasjoner på at bransjeaktørene har ulike synspunkt på hva som anses som mest utfordrende ved konvensjonell tunneldriving i tettbygde strøk. Myndighet anser mangel på tilgang til massedeponi, logistikk og tidsbruk ved massetransport, tredjepartsopplevelse av støy, mangel på plass til mellomlager av masser og mangel på kjennskap til grunnforhold til å være de mest utfordrende faktorene. Byggherre anser lang saksbehandling på byggeprosjekter, tilrettelegging for myke trafikanter under byggetiden, omlegging av trafikk, trafikkavvikling under byggetid, tredjeparts opplevelse av støy og mangel på plass til riggområder på overflaten til å være de mest utfordrende faktorene. Entreprenør anser mangel på plass til mellomlager av masser, forholdet mellom kort byggetid og restriksjoner, trafikkavvikling under byggetid, tredjeparts opplevelse av støy, krav til utslipp og vannkvalitet, mangel på massedeponi og liten overdekning til å være de mest utfordrende faktorene.
Det er indikasjoner på en sammenheng mellom hva som anses som utfordrende, og hva som vurderes til å ha store konsekvenser for prosjekt med hensyn til tid, kostnad, kvalitet og HMS. Resultatene indikerer at det er uenighet blant byggherre og entreprenør når det gjelder faktorene som vurderes til å være utfordrende og ha stor konsekvens. Det virker til at byggherre fokuserer i større grad på aspekt knyttet til omgivelsene, mens entreprenøren fokuserer på aspekt knyttet til anleggsdriften.
Resultatene antyder at det kan være utfordringer knyttet til hvilke forventninger aktører har til krav og restriksjoner. Det virker til å være noe uenighet i hvorvidt det er tilstrekkelig fleksibilitet i gitt regelverk, og hvorvidt det er forutsigbarhet i kravene som er gitt i kontrakt. Byggherre og entreprenør sine vurderinger indikerer at man ikke er konsekvent ved fastsetting og håndheving av krav fra prosjekt til prosjekt.
Basert på resultatene anbefales det å involvere samtlige aktører tidlig i prosjekt, og kartlegge hvilke forventninger og behov de har i et gitt prosjekt. Det bør gjøres rede for de krav og restriksjoner som er gitt i kontrakt. I prosessen bør det komme tydelig frem hva de ulike anser som utfordrende, og hvorfor de anser det til å være utfordrende. Man bør bli enige om prioriterte fokusområder og fellesmål for prosjektet, og legge til rette for økt samhandling. Dette er en prosess som kan gjentas i løpet av prosjektet når milepæler nås, da forutsetninger for prosjektet kan endres underveis eller at man har opparbeidet seg erfaringer
A study of eddy current field interactions in ferromagnetic / normal metal thin film structures and its impact on ferromagnetic resonance
Full text linkThis study investigates the eddy current field interaction in ferromagnetic (FM) / normal-metal (NM) thin film structures and its impact on ferromagnetic resonance (FMR). Eddy currents correspond to circulating currents induced in conductors by time varying magnetic fields. When induced in the NM layer of a FM/NM thin film structure these currents give rise to secondary inhomogeneous magnetic fields that may perturb the magnetization-dynamics in the FM layer. To probe this interaction an FMR setup was employed to both excite eddy currents in fabricated FM/NM structures and to study how the associated magnetic fields perturb the dynamics of the system. A series of thin film structures composed of patterned 10\si{\nano\meter} Permalloy / 10\si{\nano\meter} gold thin films with lateral dimensions in the micron-millimeter range were prepared using a lift off process combining optical lithography, DC magnetron sputtering and Electron beam evaporation. The FMR response of produced thin film samples was measured using a commercial electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) setup and variations in extracted FMR lineshape parameters used to map the eddy current field interaction. To interpret obtained FMR results a theoretical model describing the impact of eddy current fields on FMR lineshapes was developed. The derived model was found to be in qualitative agreement with FMR results obtained for some, but not all analyzed thin film structures.
FMR results obtained from uncapped circular Permalloy thin film structures indicated significant eddy current field interactions in Permalloy alone. While complicating the analysis of results obtained from FM/NM thin film structures, this observation may be of interest due to the widespread use of Permalloy in magnonics related research.
In the study of FM/NM ring structures a tunable suppression of the FMR signal amplitude was observed when varying the width of the NM loop enveloping the inner FM sheet, this indicating that the FMR response can be tuned by manipulating the geometry of NM thin film structures in close proximity to FM thin films.
Results obtained from the FMR analysis of rectangular FM/NM bilayer structures indicate that the dynamics of the system is locally dominated by in-plane eddy current field components, this implying a local amplification of the applied microwave magnetic field
Real-time point cloud registration from RGB-D camera mounted on a robot arm using GPU acceleration
Full text linkRecent development of 3D scanners have provided small, precise and cheap consumer grade scanners operating in real-time. Especially because of their low weight, they are being considered for usage in visual servoing (vision aided robot control). These 3D scanners take images that are represented as an unstructured list of points represented by their position in 3D space and color called point clouds. The goal of this project has been to perform real-time point cloud registration using Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) acceleration (Registration is the task of aligning separate 3D scans into a single point cloud that minimize the distance between common features in the point clouds) for a camera mounted in an eye-in-hand configuration to perform scans of food and food-like objects. This is different from a lot of previous work that look at room scale scans.
This thesis is based on state of the art algorithms for GPU accelerated point to point based registration and extended this with a point to plane linear least squares optimizer, which is one of the novel contributions of this thesis. This also involved an implementation of a kD-tree search algorithm on the GPU. The point-to-plane optimizer is compared to a recent grid based registration algorithm that is also extended with a pre-search strategy and a multi-resolution search. In this project, a new point correspondence rejector based on a boundary rejection strategy that improves registration quality was evaluated, showing that it could greatly improve registration quality. Apart from the specific implementations, one of the main contributions of this master thesis is the use of a Relative Pose Error (RPE) based error metric to evaluate algorithms that are conceptually different.
Both performance and registration correctness has been evaluated for the GPU implementations of the 3D registration methods in this thesis, showing that real-time point to point based registration is possible for high resolution point clouds without noticeable loss of registration correctness. The GPU implementations performed are 33 times faster than similar CPU implementations and 8 times faster than the PCL-based CPU implementations. The point to plane linear least squares optimizer was proven to perform well both performance wise and correctness wise. The grid based search with its suggested improvements was observed to be fast, but didn't match the quality of the point to point based algorithms on the GPU. The algorithm correctness was evaluated using a reference trajectory generated with the robot arm. The point to point distance evaluation strategy that is typically used when evaluating registration algorithms is in this work shown to be insufficient to compare different algorithms to each other, in which the reference path strategy is an external evaluation that is shown to be an efficient metric when comparing different algorithms to each other. The 3D registration methods and implementations used in this thesis are evaluated against a number of rigid and non-rigid properties varying textural and optical properties.
This thesis is based on state of the art algorithms for GPU accelerated point to point based registration and extended this with a point to plane linear least squares optimizer (which has also involved an implementation of a kD-tree search algorithm on the GPU). This is compared to a recent grid based registration algorithm that is also extended with a pre-search strategy and a multi-resolution search. In this project, a new point correspondence rejector based on a boundary rejection strategy that improves registration quality was evaluated, showing that it could greatly improve registration quality.
Both performance and registration correctness has been evaluated for the implementations, showing that real-time point to point based registration is possible for high resolution point clouds without noticeable loss of registration correctness. The GPU implementations performed are 33 times faster than similar CPU implementations and 8 times faster than the PCL CPU implementations. The point to plane linear least squares optimizer was proven to perform well both performance wise and correctness wise. The grid based search with it's suggested improvements was observed to be fast, but didn't match the quality of the point to point based algorithms on the GPU. The algorithm correctness was evaluated using a reference trajectory generated with the robot arm. The point to point distance evaluation strategy that is typically used when evaluating registration algorithms is in this work shown to be insufficient to compare different algorithms to each other, in which the reference path strategy is an external evaluation that is shown to be an efficient metric when comparing different algorithms to each other
Numerical Study on a Floating Wind Turbine in Intermediate Depth
Full text linkFloating wind turbines are considered to be a promising source for renewable energy. Offshore wind power production is moving towards larger turbines and deeper water, and FWT's can unlock areas of rich wind resources currently unavailable due to large water depths. The application of FWT's do, however, come with engineering challenges, especially in the intermediate water range. This thesis aims to map out the added hydrodynamic implications of a semi-submersible FWT concept in intermediate water by numerical analysis. Viscous effects have been given a particular consideration in the numerical modelling, and consequently it was also decided to investigate the damping effects due to heave plates.
The North Sea is considered viable for floating wind production due to high average wind speeds. 3 locations in this area, with water depths of 50, 80 and 110 meters, were therefore selected to investigate the FWT behavior in the intermediate water range. Joint distribution models for wind and waves were used to establish extreme state and operational environmental cases for analysis.
Previous studies have indicated that slow drift excitation forces are particularly important in shallow and intermediate water. Experiments have shown that this force contribution increases in this range, and that it can be underestimated by numerical methods in such conditions. Past studies have also indicated that the relative wave velocity at the structure can significantly change viscous damping and flow separation due to sharp edges. Heave plates are often designed for semi-submersibles to take advantage of this effect, as high damping coefficients and flow separation can cause favorable damping on the structure. Due to past experiments, second-order potential theory was used to establish slow drift excitation forces in the intermediate range. Additionally, 3 alternative heave plate configurations were proposed for the 6 MW OO-Star Wind Floater, to possibly uncover parameters with better heave stability.
The numerical modelling was based on the 6 MW OO-Star Wind Floater, which is a semi-submersible FWT concept developed by Dr. Techn. Olav Olsen AS. Coupled aero-hydro-servo-elastic analysis were carried out by SIMO/RIFLEX-coupling in SIMA. An iterative procedure was proposed to obtain reasonable estimates for the viscous forces in each environmental case. In this procedure, the KC-numbers of the OO Star hull components were obtained through a statistical consideration for each sea state, and KC-dependent viscous force coefficients were established based on a literature study. A separate catenary mooring configuration was designed for each water depth.
The global time domain analysis confirmed that difference-frequency excitation forces had a considerable contribution to the FWT response. This force contribution also increased with decreasing water depth, and it was especially governing for high wave periods. In extreme conditions, the OO-Star Wind Floater response in surge and pitch was directly affected by this, and it was concluded that depth effects will change the design parameters for the OO-Star Wind Floater in the intermediate water range.
Additionally, the first order excitation forces also experienced depth effects. This load contribution was consistently lower for the 50 meter model. As a consequence, the heave response in this depth was smaller than for the other depths.
A design with an extra heave plate, in the same material and geometry as the original plate, improved the heave response. In extreme conditions, the response in this degree of freedom was 8.7 % lower than the response of the original plate. The new design also experienced a lower response in surge. However, further studies are needed to determine whether the reduced response will increase the lifetime of the OO Star enough to defend a higher cost of material
Documentation and assessment of a new technical solution for hydronic system in Norwegian residential buildings
No full textI Norge er det strenge krav til energibruk i leilighetsbygg og byggereglene stiller krav om minst 60 % energifleksibel oppvarming. Dette har gjort at etterspørselen etter effektive og billigere løsninger for vannbåren oppvarming er økende. I Kristiansand er det utviklet en løsning som bruker tappevannet som energibærer og som har fjernet hele den tradisjonelle varmekretsen. Varmebehovet dekkes ved å bruke varmt tappevann med 65 °C som energibærer til lavtemperatur varmeavgivere.
For å sammenligne tradisjonell løsning med tappevannsløsningen ble det gjort beregninger for et eksempelbygg med 12 leiligheter for begge løsningene. Eksempelbygget hadde et varmebehov på 41 kW og samtidig vannmengde for tappevann på 1,1 l/s. Resultatene fra begningene viser at tappevannsløsningen har;
53 % mindre sirkulert vannmengde.
46 % færre installerte rørmeter
Beskjeden økning i rørdiameter i turledning for tappevann, fra DN32 til DN40.
30 % redusert varmetap
70 % redusert effektbehov til pumpesirkulasjon ved dimensjonerende forhold
54 % reduksjon i kostnad for rør og komponenter i røranlegget
Reduksjon i antall rør fører til plassbesparelse og lavere investeringskostnad. At rørnett for varme er fjernet reduserer driftskostnadene og energiforbruket fordi en har mindre sirkulert vannmengde, mindre varmetap og mindre pumpearbeid.
Det har vist seg vanskelig å få tilgang på beregninger av montasjekostnader fra rørleggere for begge løsningene, men utførende rørleggere med erfaring fra tappevannsløsningen forteller om en raskere og kortere prosjektering- og monteringstid. Tidsbesparelsen er spesielt knyttet til bruk av prefabrikkerte varmevekslerskap som kommer monteringsklare med riktige tilslutninger til byggeplass.
En innføring av tappevannsløsningen vil gjøre leilighetsbygg energifleksible og energieffektive samtidig som det overholder byggereglene i TEK17. Tappevannsløsningen gjør at varmekretsen i leilighetene er uavhengig av hverandre. Den vil gi fordeler for beboer, men også for rørleggere og driftspersonell i form av:
Bedre tilpasning til den enkelte beboers behov
Muligheter for å stenge av varmeanlegget hvis leilighet er ubebodd
Mer effektiv sommerdrift fordi en kan holde i gang en gulvvarmekurs uten å måtte holde i gang et separat røranlegg for oppvarming.
Bedre driftssikkerhet fordi feil i en leilighet vil ikke påvirke de andre leilighetene. Det vil også være enklere å oppdage feilen.
Tappevannsløsningen legger til rette for individuell fakturering av forbruk basert på måling av vannmengder.
Måledata fra bygg i drift med tappevannsløsningen viser at løsningen fungerer som forutsatt. Over fjernvarmeveksleren på primærsiden var det i løpet av et år en gjennomsnittlig returtemperatur på 34,5°C, med en variasjon fra 18 °C til 40°C. Sammenlignet med bygg med andre vannbårne løsninger er denne returtemperaturen lav. Fra måledata går det frem at returtemperaturen i tappevannsløsningen også er jevnere med mindre variasjoner enn den tradisjonelle løsningen Tappevannsløsningen er bedre til å kompensere for variasjoner i varmebehov både som følge av beboernes vaner, men også endringer i utetemperatur. En god og jevn regulering gir bedre driftsforutsetninger og lavere energiforbruk.
For fjernvarmebransjen har tappevannsløsningen vist seg å gi god vannavkjøling som er ettertraktet fordi det gir bedre utnyttelse av anleggsinvestering og lavere driftskostnader i fjernvarmenettet. Ved innføring av tappevannsløsningen trenger hvert bygg mindre vannmengde som vil øke kapasiteten i et eksisterende fjernvarmenett.
Tappevannsløsningen fremstår som en driftssikker og energieffektiv løsning for vannbåren varme i nye leilighetsbygg