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Roads to Regulation: A Discussion on Non-State Armed Groups\u27 International Health Law Obligations
No full textNon-state actors can look and operate like governments, yet without formal statehood, they exist in a regulatory gray area. Non state actors play an increasingly influential role in international law, yet they remain largely unregulated. This paper examines non-state actors as a class, with particular attention to non-State armed groups (NSAGs), and analyzes the regulatory gap they occupy specifically within international health law. The paper first surveys the rise, diversity, authority, and legitimacy of non-state actors in relation to States, highlighting their growing involvement in governance functions traditionally reserved for States. This paper then introduces the World Health Organization (WHO) and the International Health Regulations (IHR) as the central framework governing global health emergencies, emphasizing that these legally binding obligations apply exclusively to WHO Member States. Lacking formal statehood, nonstate actors lack the legitimacy undergirding UN Member States\u27 international obligations. Through an analysis of WHO\u27s Framework for Engagement with Non-State Actors (FENSA) and its partnership with the International Federation of the Red Cross (IFRC), the paper demonstrates both the benefits and the limitations of existing engagement mechanisms, noting that WHO’s narrow definition of non-state actors excludes NSAGs and leaves populations under their control beyond the reach of international health regulation
Tour of Playhouse Square
No full textThe Friends of the Library is planning an excursion to Cleveland Playhouse Square, one of Broadway’s premier touring partners, in March 2026.
With five fully restored historic theaters (opened 1921-22), Playhouse Square is the largest theater restoration project in the world. Today, Playhouse Square features 12 venues and along with eight resident companies, welcomes more than 1 million guests to over 1,000 shows and events per year.
This group tour will highlight restorations and unique theaters and may include backstage features. The 90-minute tour will be followed by lunch. On the way, see the largest outdoor chandelier in North America.
Playhouse Square is a champion of arts education and downtown Cleveland, and home of resident companies including: Cleveland State University Department of Theatre and Dance, The City Club of Cleveland, Cleveland Ballet, Cleveland International Film Festival, Cleveland Play House, DANCECleveland, Great Lakes Theater and Tri-C JazzFest.
Take this opportunity to see the grandeur of these majestic theaters!
Register by March 6 to attend. We hope to see you there
The United States’ Attack Against Venezuela: Might Does Not Make Right
No full textThe United States’ attack on Venezuela, as well as the kidnapping of Venezuelan President Nicolas Maduro and his wife, have no justification in international law or international relations. This post will first discuss major international law issues implicated by this attack, including the prohibition on the use of force norm, possible exceptions to the use of force, as well as aggression. Next, this post will offer some thoughts regarding the implications of this attack for the international legal order. This post will conclude that the United States’ attack against Venezuela constitutes both a violation of international law, as well as a major threat to international peace and stability
Local Author Series featuring Janice Mitchell and her book, My Ticket to Ride: How I Ran Away to England to Meet the Beatles
No full textMeet Janice Mitchell Hear her true-adventure coming-of-age tale set in the exhilarating first wave of Beatlemania
Janice Mitchell, Author of My Ticket to Ride: How I Ran Away to England to Meet the Beatles and Got Rock and Roll Banned in Cleveland
Hear Janice Mitchell\u27s true story from 1964 and enjoy lunch. There will be a book signing opportunity and a chance to buy her book at the event.
April 22, 2026
12:00 pm - 1:30 pm
Location: Michael Schwartz Library, Rhodes Tower,
Join us virtually or in-person in RT 502
Please register here
It’s 1964, and 16-year-old Janice is struggling in an unhappy home in Cleveland when she falls suddenly, deeply in love … with the Beatles. They and their music stir in her an ecstatic new sense of freedom. With a friend, she hatches a bold plan to escape their dreary lives and run away to London to meet the Fab Four.
Janice Hawkins-Mitchell is a nationally recognized, award-winning investigator who has worked on high-media capital, criminal, and civil cases in New York City, including the Wendy’s Massacre and the Carnegie Deli Murders. She has also worked on international investigations for Hard Rock Café, Planet Hollywood, Warner Bros., Rolex, Gucci, Levi Strauss, and other trademarks. After uncovering new evidence in a criminal case that led to a wrongfully convicted man’s conviction being overturned, Hawkins-Mitchell was interviewed on Court TV by Rikki Klieman, who dubbed her “a modern-day Nancy Drew.
FDA\u27s New Approval Plan for COVID-19 Vaccines: An Inquiry of Benefit Rather than the Statutory Scope of Safety, Purity, and Potency ?
No full textThis article analyzes the FDA\u27s proposed policy plan issued in May 2025 regarding the approval of Covid-19 boosters for different groups of persons. It offers two constructive recommendations that will help prevent constitutionality challenge on impermissible intrusion of the freedom of health.
The first is to avoid using the confusing term benefit but instead focus on the statutory parameters of safety, purity, and potency. The affected group can make a strong case that their free choice of vaccination should not be deprived, as long as the vaccine qualifies for the statutory thresholds of being safe, pure, and potent. They are free to choose what benefits them, not the FDA.
Second, the FDA should also clarify for the public on the relevance (or irrelevance) of individualized factors that are currently not included in the proposed exhaustive list of risk factors, such as one\u27s antibody level and varied exposure like workplace setting. The freedom of health guards against unconstitutional blanket policy that is deliberately indifferent to relevant individual medical circumstances
A Novel Digital Twin Driven Multi-Camera Edge Computing Sensing System for Additive Manufacturing
No full textEnsuring real-time quality assessment for Additive Manufacturing (AM) is challenging because of the sequential layer-by-layer deposition process. This paper presents a novel digital twin-driven multi-camera edge computing sensing system designed for real-time dimension monitoring in AM, offering 360° coverage of the build area. Four calibrated cameras positioned orthogonally were synchronized and processed on an NVIDIA based edge device to enable the 3D reconstruction of the final AM product. Stereo calibration was performed into two camera groups, yielding reprojection errors of 1.19 pixels and 1.34 pixels respectively. The resulting 3D measurements closely matched the expected physical dimensions, demonstrating reliable spatial consistency across both the groups. The reconstructed geometry was integrated into a Digital Twin environment, enabling real-time visualization and dimensional verification. This system demonstrates the feasibility of synchronized multi-camera setups with geometry aware quality assessment, achieving a consistently low mean error. The proposed system is the foundation of Digital Twin-driven real-time process monitoring and feedback control in AM
An Effective and Innovative Hands-On Approach for Teaching Introductive Concepts of Computer Programming, Electric Circuits, and Geiger Counter Topics for Middle and High School Students During a Short-Term Summer Camp
No full textThis Full Innovative Paper describes an Effective Hands-On and Innovative Approach of teaching computer programming for middle and high school students during a three-day summer camp in 2024. It is known that teaching middle and high school students have been done in many summer camps by various universities. Many researchers believe that effective summer camps can improve the educational and career development outcomes of many students. Teachers and Administrators are increasingly promoting summer camp opportunities for introducing programming skills to middle and high school students. Students have been exposed to programming, problem solving, teamwork and technology application skills through the utilization of C++ and Python programming languages as well as robotics, such as designing and testing a miniOwl digital circuit and Geiger counter applications. In addition, another interesting topic taught was several applications using Geiger counter that detects the potassium 40 in the sodium free salt that people with high blood pressure sometimes substitute for regular salt. The second Geiger counter shows the number of counts per minute on the laptop\u27s screen. An Arduino counts the clicks from the Geiger counter for 15 seconds, multiplies the counts by 4 and displays the calculated counts per minute to the screen. A short C-program running on the Arduino platform controls the system. All these activities encouraged students to learn and think creatively, systematically, and work collaboratively, which represent skills needed in today\u27s workforce. Both C++ and Python sessions were designed to deliver basic programming concepts of these languages, coding practice projects of basic C++ and Python skills as well as simple real-life and data science examples. Once the students finished their coding activity, a discussion session followed to help students build ideas of how to use coding skills from the coding projects. The faculty conducted pre- and post-questionnaires about the summer camp to take into consideration students\u27 feedback for future similar events. Our conclusion is that students showed a better understanding of programming concepts and confidence in computing. We describe details about how we made the three-day summer camp to be effective and innovative using an interactive teaching approach. Our data assessment indicated a significant increase in knowledge and attrition toward learning computer programming and computing concepts. Our findings indicate that the summer camp activities proved to be beneficial to our students attending the event