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A Systematic Review of Parental Self-efficacy Among Parents of School-Age Children and Adolescents
No full textWhat function does parental self-efficacy have for parenting behaviors and children's adjustment, and what explains individual variations in parents' self-efficacy? Parental self-efficacy involves parents' beliefs about their influence on their children and this systematic review presents results from 35 empirical studies published between 2003 and 2022 among parents of school-aged children and adolescents. First, the studies in this review show a bi-directional association between parental self-efficacy and positive parenting, and some empirical evidence that parental self-efficacy influences children indirectly, via parenting. The few longitudinal studies examining associations between parental self-efficacy and child behaviors suggest that self-efficacy might emerge as a reaction to children's behaviors. Second, many child, parent, and sociocultural factors were shown to predict parental self-efficacy (e.g., child gender and age, parents' psychological well-being, and socio-economic status), and results suggest that these associations are similar across multiple countries and age groups. Finally, studies reporting on parental self-efficacy at different time points or a correlation between self-efficacy and the child's age suggested that parental self-efficacy decreases over the school-age and adolescent period. This review shows the complex role of parental self-efficacy in associations with parent and child factors, and it also highlight questions to address for future research.</p
Air pollution and Climate Change [Elektronisk resurs]
No full textIn order to evaluate the role of air pollution and air pollution control for climate policies, SwedishEnvironmental Protection Agency invited leading experts and scientists, senior administrators andnegotiators, international organisations and industry to an international workshop in Gothenburg, Sweden,19-21 October 2009.</p
Investigation of the performance of an orifice plate flowmeter under transient conditions for liquid fuels
No full textThe need for carbon dioxide reduction and accurate metering of fuel flows have led environmental policies to a new perspective. The application of numerical investigation could be useful to predict the behaviour of meters for using new green fuels, avoiding expensive experimental campaigns. This paper adopts the Eulerian approach to numerically analyse the transient, isothermal, and turbulent flow across an orifice plate flowmeter. Numerical results are validated against an experimental campaign, conducted by the Research Institutes of Sweden (RISE). The validated numerical model is adopted to evaluate the performance of the flowmeter in the case of employing two different innovative fuels (biodiesel). The developed numerical tool has also been applied to the simulation of a dynamic inlet flow rate. The obtained results demonstrate the capability of the numerical model to predict the flow rate for the studied scenarios, as well as the difficulties of the investigated meter in performing under dynamic boundary conditions.</p
Factors associated with attitudes toward death and dying in the second half of life : A scoping review
No full textHow we think and feel about death and dying affects how we live our lives and our opportunities for healthy aging. This scoping review, using the PRISMA guidelines and drawing on the World Health Organizations public health framework for healthy aging, examined the personal, health and environmental factors associated with attitudes toward death and dying in persons 50 years and older. Most of the 74 eligible studies focused only on negative attitudes to death and few studies investigated the comprehensive range of factors that influence attitudes to death and dying. In the context of population aging and the United Nations Decade of healthy aging (2021-2030) attention to death attitudes and the factors that influence them are imperative to enable current and future generations to age and die well.</p
If humans and AI disagree [Elektronisk resurs] : A political approach to existential risk
No full textPsychosocial Interventions Preventing Gang-Related Crime Among Young People : A Systematic Review
No full textThe objective was to assess the effectiveness of psychosocial interventions in preventing gang membership and gang-related crime among children and young adults under the age of 30. We performed a systematic review and synthesized interventions targeting universal, selective, and indicated populations published between January 2000 and April 2023. We included 42 (seven randomized, 12 nonrandomized, 23 controlled interrupted time series) studies evaluating 33 unique psychosocial interventions. Synthesis without meta-analysis found a preventive effect of psychosocial interventions in middle schools on gang membership. Furthermore, meta-analysis found that focused deterrence strategies prevented gang-involved violence, and that psychosocial support during probation decreased crime recidivism. This systematic review found significant effects of four psychosocial interventions compared to control in reducing future criminality, especially gun violence, among children and young adults. The findings are discussed regarding policy implications and ethical considerations. </p
Addiction discoveries: Hyping and spinning the superiority of neuroscience
No full textThis chapter examines popular online news items that report on neuroscience discoveries in the field of addiction. It uses the concepts of hype and spin to help frame this genre as a force of (bio-)medicalization. A critical reading of a corpus of online texts highlights how brain research is presented as a superior form of knowledge, carrying a stronger burden of proof than any other types of evidence. Previous forms of knowledge are portrayed as inadequate or inferior. By 'spinning' the significance of the findings, neuroscience is inflated to conquer new domains and depicted as a solution to a wide array of human problems. Even complex societal issues are claimed to be addressable by evidence derived from studies of rodents’ brains. This storytelling taps into neurohype, suggesting that brain mapping will shift knowledge production from messy, descriptive realities to cleaner, biomedically informed solutions.. The inflated significance of neuroscience is underpinned by asymmetries in scale of its applications (small findings, big impact) and the translations of observations from animals to humans. A central function of this reporting genre is to sustain and reinforce humanity's belief in science and technology as tools to outsmart its many challenges.</p
