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Constraints on AI : Arab Journalists’ experiences and perceptions of governmental restrictions on ChatGPT
No full textThis study investigates the impact of Arab governmental restrictions on journalists’ use of ChatGPT, a leading Generative AI chatbot. Through interviews with 30 journalists from Syria, Libya, Jordan, and Egypt, the research reveals how journalists utilize ChatGPT and face severe censorship. These journalists perceive such censorship as violating their constitutional rights. The findings suggest that current digital legislation enables governments to exert greater control over information dissemination, undermining media independence. The study concludes that government actions to block ChatGPT access constitute a form of indirect or “soft” censorship within existing legal frameworks. </p
Cirrhosis and age are key determinants of HCC risk in individuals with primary sclerosing cholangitis: A multicenter longitudinal cohort study
No full textBACKGROUND AND AIMS: The risk of HCC in primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is unclear. Studies indicate a low risk for HCC, questioning the rationale for current HCC surveillance guidelines. This study explores the risk of HCC in a longitudinal multicenter cohort with over 3000 PSC subjects. APPROACH AND RESULTS: Subjects with well-characterized PSC (n=3071) were followed at 12 university hospitals within the International PSC Registry (IPSCR) collaboration for a total of 38,387 person-years. Incident HCC was registered. Subjects were followed from PSC diagnosis until death, liver transplantation, diagnosis of hepatobiliary malignancy, or February 2024. Poisson regression was used to calculate incidence rate ratios for HCC for the total population and for subgroups of different ages and cirrhosis status. Thirty-nine subjects developed HCC after a mean time of 16.4 years (SD ±10.7) from PSC diagnosis. In 26 (66.7%) of HCC cases, cirrhosis was diagnosed before HCC. The mean age at HCC diagnosis was 55.6 years (±SD13.1 years), and 28 (71.8%) were male. HCC was associated with cirrhosis (IRR: 10.8, 95% CI: 5.7-20.5) and age (IRR 1.05, 95% CI: 1.03-1.08). At the age of 50, the incidence rate was 0.81 and 0.47 for cirrhotic men and women, respectively. For non-cirrhotic subjects, the risk was low for both men and women and all age groups. CONCLUSION: HCC is relatively rare in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis who do not have cirrhosis, especially in those under the age of 50. Our findings indicate that HCC monitoring for patients with PSC can be tailored based on their age and cirrhosis status
Pushforward of Siegel flag varieties in the Chow ring
No full textGiven a reductive group G over an algebraically closed field and subsets I,J ⊂ Δ of the simple roots Δ determined by a choice of maximal torus and Borel subgroup, there is a closed embedding of flag varieties LJ /LJ ∩ PI ↪ G/PI. In this paper we compute the class of the sub flag variety [LJ/LJ ∩ PI] ∈ A•(G/PI) in the Chow ring for the ‘Siegel’ case where G is a general symplectic group of semisimple rank g and PI is the parabolic stabilising a maximal isotropic subspace. This corresponds, under the isomorphism with the tautological ring of the moduli space of principally polarised abelian varieties , to the generator of the classes in the tautological ring which are supported on the toroidal boundary. This provides basic evidence for a conjecture describing the tautological ring of a Hodge-type Shimura variety.</p
Hybrid Threats and the Intelligence Community [Elektronisk resurs] : Priming for a Volatile Age
No full textA specific set of challenges facing the intelligence community in a contemporary environment is characterized by composite and dynamic hybrid threats. An understanding of the reciprocal interaction is required between the intelligence actors responsible for intelligence analysis and dissemination, and key societal actors responsible for crafting responses to hybrid threats and building societal resilience. Three processes are identified as critical for the intelligence community’s ability to proactively counter hybrid threats: intelligence analysis; aggregation and communication of intelligence; and reception and absorption of intelligence among key societal actors. The interconnections between these areas are visualized in the Intelligence Analysis Interaction Model, intending to provide a framework for understanding the dynamics of hybrid threats and their evolution over time, and the intelligence community’s interactive engagement with societal actors aiming to counter hybrid threats and build resilience. The framework contributes to improved tools for identifying and analyzing the nexus between threats and vulnerabilities, building resilience, and devising whole-of-society responses to hybrid threats.</p
Ore extensions of abelian groups with operators
No full textGiven a set A and an abelian group B with operators in A, we introduce the Ore group extension B[x; σ_B, δ_B] as the additive group B[x], with A[x] as a set of operators. Here, the action of A[x] on B[x] is defined by mimicking the multiplication used in the classical case where A and B are the same ring. We derive generalizations of Vandermonde's and Leibniz's identities for this construction, and they are then used to establish associativity criteria. Additionally, we prove a version of Hilbert's basis theorem for this structure, under the assumption that the action of A on B is what we call weakly s-unital. Finally, we apply these results to the case where B is a left module over a ring A, and specifically to the case where A and B coincide with a non-associative ring which is left distributive but not necessarily right distributive.</p
U.K. Veterans in Prison : Attitudes Toward Authority, Legitimacy and Compliance With Regime
No full textDespite an increase in academic research over recent years into military veterans in the criminal justice system, little of this has focused on U.K. veterans’ views and attitudes toward authority in prison or how veterans respond to prison regime. This study used semistructured qualitative interviews with 35 ex-military prisoners to explore their views and attitudes toward the authority and legitimacy of the prison and to assess their behavior toward prison regime. It found that participants expressed positive attitudes toward authority and the legitimacy of the prison, reportedly influenced by previous military experiences. This was accompanied by an acceptance of one’s prison sentence and a generally high compliance with prison regime. Findings suggest that research participants’ previous military service may have lasting effects on how they engage with authority within the prison by providing resilience toward the effects of imprisonment. Possible areas of future research are also discussed.</p
Pediatric brain tumor classification using digital pathology and deep learning [Elektronisk resurs] : Evaluation of SOTA methods on a multi-center Swedish cohort
No full textBrain tumors are the most common solid tumors in children and young adults, but the scarcity of large histopathology datasets has limited the application of computational pathology in this group. This study implements two weakly supervised multiple-instance learning (MIL) approaches on patch features obtained from state-of-the-art histology-specific foundation models to classify pediatric brain tumors in hematoxylin and eosin whole slide images (WSIs) from a multi-center Swedish cohort. WSIs from 540 subjects (age 8.5 ± 4.9 years) diagnosed with brain tumors were gathered from the six Swedish university hospitals. Instance (patch)-level features were obtained from WSIs using three pre-trained feature extractors: ResNet50, UNI, and CONCH. Instances were aggregated using attention-based MIL (ABMIL) or clustering-constrained attention MIL (CLAM) for patient-level classification. Models were evaluated on three classification tasks based on the hierarchical classification of pediatric brain tumors: tumor category, family, and type. Model generalization was assessed by training on data from two of the centers and testing on data from four other centers. Model interpretability was evaluated through attention mapping. The highest classification performance was achieved using UNI features and ABMIL aggregation, with Matthew's correlation coefficient of 0.76 ± 0.04, 0.63 ± 0.04, and 0.60 ± 0.05 for tumor category, family, and type classification, respectively. When evaluating generalization, models utilizing UNI and CONCH features outperformed those using ResNet50. However, the drop in performance from the in-site to out-of-site testing was similar across feature extractors. These results show the potential of state-of-the-art computational pathology methods in diagnosing pediatric brain tumors at different hierarchical levels with fair generalizability on a multi-center national dataset.</p
Reflecting on student reflections in physical education practice [Elektronisk resurs] : moving beyond a theory-and-practice divide
No full textBackgroundAlthough the theory/practice dualism seems difficult to deal with in physical education (PE) practice, this paper posits that there are ways in which teachers can enable students to develop holistic competencies that encapsulate elements of both theoretical and practical knowledge. We therefore seek to rethink the relationship between theory and practice in PE practice and present ways in which PE teachers can connect these forms of knowledge with their students. We do so by looking at one of the historically most favoured means of bridging theory and practice: reflection.PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to contribute with knowledge about student reflection in PE practice. First, we discuss the concept of reflection to clarify how student reflection might be understood in the embodied and situated context of PE practice. Then, we reconceptualise reflection in a way that might enable teachers to bridge the gap between theory and practice in new and hopefully fruitful ways with their students.Theory and methodsWe draw on various theoretical traditions on reflection to present a reconceptualisation of reflection that encapsulates the practical, situated and embodied nature of PE.Theoretical discussionWe present the following four key ideas pertaining to reflection that together create a framework for conceptualising student reflection in the PE context: 1) Why reflection is important: a matter of intelligent practice; 2) Students must learn to reflect – in relation to what?; 3) What should students reflect on?; and 4) The how questions: creating conditions for reflections through indeterminate situations. Drawing on these four key ideas, we present an example of how our theoretical discussions can form the following three intertwined principles for a pedagogy of student reflection in PE practice for PE teachers moving beyond a theory-and-practice divide in PE: 1) a pedagogy of becoming through reflection; 2) a pedagogy of reflecting on the plurality of embodied and situated meaning; and 3) a reflective pedagogy of enquiry and discovery.ConclusionThroughout this paper, we argue that students need to learn to reflect, we suggested how reflection could be facilitated and we proposed that the why(s), what(s) and how(s) should be the objects of student reflection in PE. It is necessary to highlight that our suggestions for a pedagogy of student reflection are not complete nor definite but could serve as points of departure for future discussions of student reflection in PE. </p