9 research outputs found
Analisis kelayakan financial beberpa pola agroforestri di daerah Tapanuli, Sumatera Utara
No full textAgroforestry is not a new system in North Sumatra, in fact it has long been practiced. Besides from paddy ricefield, agroforestry in Tapanuli which is also known locally as kebun pocal, North Sumatra is important source of livelihood. Farmers in Tapanuli has developed several agroforestry systems based on the main products they used for source of livelihood. Through rapid assessment that we conducted in the area, we identified dominant agroforestry systems in Tapanuli are rubber agroforestry, coffee agroforestry, benzoin agroforestry and fruit agroforestry (mainly durian). In ge
neral, the size for an agroforest ranges from 0,5 to 4 ha. Income that farmers can obtain from their agroforest varied based on the products they harvest; i.e. a) weekly income from rubber; b) monthly income from cacao, benzoin and parkia; c) six monthly income from coffee; d) yearly income from durian, archidendon and mangosteen. Profitability analysis through Net Present Value (NPV) of those agroforestry systems showed that NPV of coffee agroforest is Rp 9.309.000/ha or equals to 1.000 USD/ha. Rubber agroforest has NPV with the amount of Rp 7.327.000/ha or 787 USD/ha, while benzoin agroforest has NPV with Rp 4.586.000/ha or 434 USD/ha. Thus, to ensure the sustainability of agroforestry contribution to the local livelihood, it is important the agroforestry to be integrated with other landuse system in the landscape Data type: household survey in some agroforestry systems in Tapanuli, North Sumatra. It is part of study on ÃÂSumatran orangutan habitat ecosystem services assessment and ooportunity cost analysi
Kesantunan Kalimat Imperatif Antara Penjual dan Pembeli di Pasar Syariah Ulul Albab Kecamatan Siak Hulu Kabupaten Kampar
No full textPoliteness is a rule of behavior that is determined and agreed upon by a particular community so politeness is at the same time a prerequisite agreed upon by social behavior. Whereas the Imperative Sentence is a sentence which contains a command or asks the speech partner to do something as desired by the speaker. The problem that the author analyzes is how is the Imperative Speech Between the Seller and Buyer in the Ulul Albab Sharia Market in Siak Hulu District, Kampar Regency, how is the politeness of the Imperative Speech Between the Seller and the Buyer in the Ulul Albab Sharia Market in Siak Hulu District, Kampar Regency. The theory used to analyze data is searle theory in Rahardi (2005) and Chaer (2010). The purpose of this study is to describe, analyze Imperative Speeches between Sellers and Buyers in Ulul Albab Sharia Market in Siak Hulu District, Kampar District and to find out, describe and analyze, Political Imperative Speech between Sellers and Buyers in the Ulul Albab Sharia Market in Siak Hulu District, Kampar District. Data collection techniques that the authors use are recording techniques, see and record. The sample used is Saturated Sampling, meaning that the technique of determining the right if all members of the population are used as a sample. Imperative Speeches Between Buyers and Sellers in the Ulul Albab Sharia Market in Siak Hulu District Kampar Regency, totaling 61 speeches consisting of 3 types of speeches, namely imperative demand requests between Sellers and Buyers at the Ulul Albab Sharia Market in Siak Hulu District Kampar District there are 25 utterances, imperative granting licenses Between Buyers and Sellers in the Ulul Albab Sharia Market in Siak Hulu Subdistrict, Kampar Regency, there are 1 utterances, and imperative orders between Sellers and Buyers in the Ulul Albab Sharia Market in Siak Hulu Subdistrict, Kampar Regency, there are 35 utterances. So of the three types of imperative utterances, the order imperatives are most widely used, while the few utterances are imperatives for permission. Then the imperative that does not exist is the ordinary imperative, and the invitation imperative. Politeness of Imperative Speeches between Sellers and Buyers in Ulul Albab Sharia Market, Siak Hulu District, Kampar Regency, there are 25 utterances of demand imperative speeches, with a maximum of 15 utterances of wisdom, a maximum of 6 benefactors, and a maximum of 4 conversations. Whereas in the imperative speech the granting of permits, there is only 1 utterance, namely the maxim of generosity. And imperative speech utilities amounting to 35 where the maxim of wisdom amounted to 7 utterances, the maxim of generosity amounted to 7 utterances, and the maxim of consensus reached 21 utterances
Analisis Penerapan Akuntansi Madrasah Ibtidaiyah (mi) Pada Yayasan Hadanah Darussalam Kecamatan Gunung Sahilan Kabupaten Kampar
No full textThe Madrasah Ibtidaiyah (MI) of the Darussalam Darussalam Foundation is a non-profit organization engaged in the field of education with the address of Pelajar, Desa Sahilan Darussalam, Kec. Gunung Sahilan, Kab. Kampar. The purpose of this research is to know the suitability of the application applied by MI to the State with the acceptance of General. The data sources collected in this study of the data are primary data data sources obtained directly from the original source (not across intermediaries). Secondary data, namely the data obtained from MI Hadanah Darussalam in forms that are also like: The independence of MI Hadanah Darussalam, Financial Statements, and other written records in the form of the books and still require further processing. Whereas the data sources in this study are sourced from records, documents, information and writings that have been given by school heads, treasurers and other parties related to the data needed for 2016-2017. From the description of the discussion and the results of the research that the author did, the results of the research can be stated that the Application of Accounting for Madrasah Ibtidaiyah (MI) in the Darussalam Darussalam Foundation is not in accordance with the Acceptable General Principles of Accounting
A single-center study evaluating the effect of the controlled adverse environment (CAEsm) model on tear film stability
No full textabstract: Purpose: To investigate use of an improved ocular tear film analysis protocol (OPI 2.0) in the Controlled Adverse Environment (CAE[superscript SM]) model of dry eye disease, and to examine the utility of new metrics in the identification of subpopulations of dry eye patients.
Methods: Thirty-three dry eye subjects completed a single-center, single-visit, pilot CAE study. The primary endpoint was mean break-up area (MBA) as assessed by the OPI 2.0 system. Secondary endpoints included corneal fluorescein staining, tear film break-up time, and OPI 2.0 system measurements. Subjects were also asked to rate their ocular discomfort throughout the CAE. Dry eye endpoints were measured at baseline, immediately following a 90-minute CAE exposure, and again 30 minutes after exposure.
Results: The post-CAE measurements of MBA showed a statistically significant decrease from the baseline measurements. The decrease was relatively specific to those patients with moderate to severe dry eye, as measured by baseline MBA. Secondary endpoints including palpebral fissure size, corneal staining, and redness, also showed significant changes when pre- and post-CAE measurements were compared. A correlation analysis identified specific associations between MBA, blink rate, and palpebral fissure size. Comparison of MBA responses allowed us to identify subpopulations of subjects who exhibited different compensatory mechanisms in response to CAE challenge. Of note, none of the measures of tear film break-up time showed statistically significant changes or correlations in pre-, versus post-CAE measures.
Conclusion: This pilot study confirms that the tear film metric MBA can detect changes in the ocular surface induced by a CAE, and that these changes are correlated with other, established measures of dry eye disease. The observed decrease in MBA following CAE exposure demonstrates that compensatory mechanisms are initiated during the CAE exposure, and that this compensation may provide the means to identify and characterize clinically relevant subpopulations of dry eye patients.The final version of this article, as published in Clinical Ophthalmology, can be viewed online at: https://www.dovepress.com/a-single-center-study-evaluating-the-effect-of-the-controlled-adverse--peer-reviewed-article-OPT
Measurement of ocular surface protection under natural blink conditions
No full textabstract: Purpose: To evaluate a new method of measuring ocular exposure in the context of a natural blink pattern through analysis of the variables tear film breakup time (TFBUT), interblink interval (IBI), and tear film breakup area (BUA).
Methods: The traditional methodology (Forced-Stare [FS]) measures TFBUT and IBI separately. TFBUT is measured under forced-stare conditions by an examiner using a stopwatch, while IBI is measured as the subject watches television. The new methodology (video capture manual analysis [VCMA]) involves retrospective analysis of video data of fluorescein-stained eyes taken through a slit lamp while the subject watches television, and provides TFBUT and BUA for each IBI during the 1-minute video under natural blink conditions. The FS and VCMA methods were directly compared in the same set of dry-eye subjects. The VCMA method was evaluated for the ability to discriminate between dry-eye subjects and normal subjects. The VCMA method was further evaluated in the dry eye subjects for the ability to detect a treatment effect before, and 10 minutes after, bilateral instillation of an artificial tear solution.
Results: Ten normal subjects and 17 dry-eye subjects were studied. In the dry-eye subjects, the two methods differed with respect to mean TFBUTs (5.82 seconds, FS; 3.98 seconds, VCMA; P = 0.002). The FS variables alone (TFBUT, IBI) were not able to successfully distinguish between the dry-eye and normal subjects, whereas the additional VCMA variables, both derived and observed (BUA, BUA/IBI, breakup rate), were able to successfully distinguish between the dry-eye and normal subjects in a statistically significant fashion. TFBUT (P = 0.034) and BUA/IBI (P = 0.001) were able to distinguish the treatment effect of artificial tears in dry-eye subjects.
Conclusion: The VCMA methodology provides a clinically relevant analysis of tear film stability measured in the context of a natural blink pattern.The final version of this article, as published in Clinical Ophthalmology, can be viewed online at: https://www.dovepress.com/measurement-of-ocular-surface-protection-under-natural-blink-condition-peer-reviewed-article-OPT
PERAN DOKUMEN ELEKTRONIK DALAM HUKUM PEMBUKTIAN DI INDONESIA: TINJAUAN SURAT ELEKTRONIK (E-MAIL) SEBAGAI ALAT BUKTI DALAM ACARA PERDATA
No full textABSTRAKPada penelitian ini, penulis mengangkat permasalahan Peranan Dokumen Elektronik Dalam Hukum Pembuktian Di Indonesia: Tinjauan Surat Elektronik (E-Mail) Sebagai Alat Bukti Dalam Acara Perdata. Tentang salah satu media komunikasi di internet yang banyak digunakan masyarakat yakni melalui surat elektronik (e-mail). Undang-Undang Nomor 11 Tahun 2008 tentang informasi dan transaksi elektronik. Informasi elektronik dan dokumen elektronik tersebut yang akan menjadi alat bukti elektronik (digital evidence). Keberadaan surat elektronik e-mail memiliki implikasi dari sisi hukum, salah satunya adalah mengenai bagaimana keberadaan surat elektronik (e-mail) sebagai alat bukti dalam acara perdata, sedangkan hasil cetak dari informasi elektronik dan dokumen elektronik akan menjadi alat bukti surat. Permasalahannya, alat-alat bukti dalam hukum acara perdata disebutkan dalam KUHPerdata secara limitatif, antara lain surat, bukti dengan saksi, persangkaan, pengakuan, dan sumpah. Alat bukti tersebut tersusun secara enumeratif berdasarkan kekuatan pembuktiannya. Berdasarkan latar belakang tersebut penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari dan mengidentifikasi klasifikasi dokumen elektronik dalam dalam hukum pembuktian di Indonesia, dalam hal ini e-mail sebagai alat bukti dalam acara perdata. Dalam kasus tersebut penulisan menggunakan metode yuridis normatif dengan metode pendekatan perundang-undangan (statue approach) dan pendekatan komparatif (comparative approach). Kemudian data yang diperoleh penulis akan dianalisis dengan menggunakan teknik analisis kualitatif yaitu dengan menganalisa dan menguraikan data dalam bentuk kalimat yang baik dan benar, sehingga mudah dibaca, diberi arti atau di interpretasikan. Dari hasil penelitian dengan metode di atas, penulis memperoleh jawaban atas permasalahan yang ada yaitu dengan diberlakukannya UU ITE maka terdapat suatu pengaturan yang baru mengenai alat-alat bukti dokumen elektronik.Kata Kunci: Dokumen Elektronik, Surat Elektronik, Alat bukti, Hukum PembuktianABSTRACTIn this study, the authors raised the issue of the role of electronic documents in the law of evidence in Indonesia: a review of electronic mail (e-mail) as evidence in civil proceedings. One of the communication media on the internet that is widely used by the public is through electronic mail (e-mail). Law Number 11 of 2008 concerning information and electronic transactions. The electronic information and electronic documents will become electronic evidence (digital evidence). The existence of electronic mail e-mail has legal implications, one of which is about how the existence of electronic mail (e-mail) as evidence in civil proceedings, while the printed results of electronic information and electronic documents will become evidence of letters. The problem is, the evidence in civil procedural law is limited in the Civil Code, including letters, evidence with witnesses, suspicions, confessions, and oaths. The evidence is arranged enumeratively based on the strength of the evidence. Based on this background, this research aims to study and identify the classification of electronic documents in the evidentiary law in Indonesia, in this case e-mail as evidence in civil proceedings. In this case, the writing uses a normative juridical method with a statutory approach and a comparative approach. Then the data obtained by the author will be analyzed using qualitative analysis techniques, namely by analyzing and describing the data in the form of good and correct sentences, so that they are easy to read, give meaning or interpret. From the results of the research using the method above, the authors obtain answers to existing problems, namely with the enactment of the ITE Law, there is a new arrangement regarding electronic document evidence.Keywords: Electronic Documents, Electronic Letters, Evidence, Law of Evidenc
Factors affecting soil loss at plot scale and sediment yield at catchment scale in a tropical volcanic agroforestry landscape
No full textTropical deforestation and land use change is often perceived as the major cause of soil loss by water erosion and of
sediment load in rivers that has a negative impact on the functioning of hydropower storage reservoirs. The
Sumberjaya area in Sumatra, Indonesia is representative for conflicts and evictions arising fromthis perception. The
purpose of this study as part of aNegotiation Support System approach was to assess sediment yield both at plot and
catchment scale and to relate it to a variety of possible clarifying factors i.e. land use, geology, soil and topography.
Sediment yield at catchment scale per unit area,was found to be 3–10 times higher than soil lossmeasured in erosion
plots. A stepwise regression showed that the dominant factors explaining sediment yield differences at catchment
scale in this volcanic landscape were a particular lithology (Old Andesites) and slope angle followed by the silt
fraction of the top soil. In lithologically sensitive areas soil loss at the plot scale under monoculture coffee gardens
decreases over time from on average 7–11 Mg ha−1yr−1 to 4–6Mg ha−1yr−1,mainly because of the development
of surface litter layers as filters and top soil compaction in the areas without litter, but remains higher than under
shade coffee systems or forest. The runoff coefficient under monoculture coffee remains on average significantly
higher (10–15%) than under forest (4%) or under shade coffee systems (4–7%). In lithologically stable areas soil loss
remained below1.8 Mg ha−1yr−1 and the runoff coefficient below2.5% under all land use types, even bare soil plots
or monoculture coffee gardens. Less than 20% of the catchment area produces almost 60% of the sediment yield. The
reduction of negative off-site effects on e.g. the life timeof a storage reservoirwould benefit greatly from an improved
assessment of the lithologies in volcanic landscapes and the consideration of potential sediment source and sink
areas. In lithologically sensitive areas, a shift fromsun to shade coffee systemsmay result in reducing surface runoff
and soil loss, althoughwater erosion at the plot scale is not themain contributor to sediment yield at the catchment
scale. The quantification of land use effects on dominant erosive processes such as river bank and river bed erosion,
landslides and the concentrated flow erosion on footpaths and roads can contribute to more targeted efforts and
relevant incentives to reduce (or live with) sediment load of the rivers.sponsorship: The funding provided for by the Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR) made the hydrological surveys possible. The first author appreciated the provision by the Research Fund K. U.Leuven of a one year PhD fellowship. The assistance of local farmers and Susanto, Endri Subagyo, Pratiknyo Purnomosidhi from the ICRAF Sumberjaya team to collect of suspended samples was very much appreciated. Alaik Inami, Kristanti and Rudy Harto Widodo are thanked for the regular monitoring of the plot scale measurements. The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support received from CNES France (Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales) for acquisition of the SPOT 2002 image (ISIS programme). (CNES France)status: Publishe
Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks, 1990-2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016
No full textBackground The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016 (GBD 2016) provides a comprehensive assessment of risk factor exposure and attributable burden of disease. By providing estimates over a long time series, this study can monitor risk exposure trends critical to health surveillance and inform policy debates on the importance of addressing risks in context. Methods We used the comparative risk assessment framework developed for previous iterations of GBD to estimate levels and trends in exposure, attributable deaths, and attributable disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), by age group, sex, year, and location for 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks from 1990 to 2016. This study included 481 risk-outcome pairs that met the GBD study criteria for convincing or probable evidence of causation. We extracted relative risk (RR) and exposure estimates from 22 717 randomised controlled trials, cohorts, pooled cohorts, household surveys, census data, satellite data, and other sources, according to the GBD 2016 source counting methods. Using the counterfactual scenario of theoretical minimum risk exposure level (TMREL), we estimated the portion of deaths and DALYs that could be attributed to a given risk. Finally, we explored four drivers of trends in attributable burden: population growth, population ageing, trends in risk exposure, and all other factors combined. Findings Since 1990, exposure increased significantly for 30 risks, did not change significantly for four risks, and decreased significantly for 31 risks. Among risks that are leading causes of burden of disease, child growth failure and household air pollution showed the most significant declines, while metabolic risks, such as body-mass index and high fasting plasma glucose, showed significant increases. In 2016, at Level 3 of the hierarchy, the three leading risk factors in terms of attributable DALYs at the global level for men were smoking (124.1 million DALYs [95% UI 111.2 million to 137.0 million]), high systolic blood pressure (122.2 million DALYs [110.3 million to 133.3 million], and low birthweight and short gestation (83.0 million DALYs [78.3 million to 87.7 million]), and for women, were high systolic blood pressure (89.9 million DALYs [80.9 million to 98.2 million]), high body-mass index (64.8 million DALYs [44.4 million to 87.6 million]), and high fasting plasma glucose (63.8 million DALYs [53.2 million to 76.3 million]). In 2016 in 113 countries, the leading risk factor in terms of attributable DALYs was a metabolic risk factor. Smoking remained among the leading five risk factors for DALYs for 109 countries, while low birthweight and short gestation was the leading risk factor for DALYs in 38 countries, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia. In terms of important drivers of change in trends of burden attributable to risk factors, between 2006 and 2016 exposure to risks explains an 9.3% (6.9-11.6) decline in deaths and a 10.8% (8.3-13.1) decrease in DALYs at the global level, while population ageing accounts for 14.9% (12.7-17.5) of deaths and 6.2% (3.9-8.7) of DALYs, and population growth for 12.4% (10.1-14.9) of deaths and 12.4% (10.1-14.9) of DALYs. The largest contribution of trends in risk exposure to disease burden is seen between ages 1 year and 4 years, where a decline of 27.3% (24.9-29.7) of the change in DALYs between 2006 and 2016 can be attributed to declines in exposure to risks. Interpretation Increasingly detailed understanding of the trends in risk exposure and the RRs for each risk-outcome pair provide insights into both the magnitude of health loss attributable to risks and how modification of risk exposure has contributed to health trends. Metabolic risks warrant particular policy attention, due to their large contribution to global disease burden, increasing trends, and variable patterns across countries at the same level of development. GBD 2016 findings show that, while it has huge potential to improve health, risk modification has played a relatively small part in the past decade. Copyright (C) The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license
Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 333 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 195 countries and territories, 1990-2016 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016
No full textBackground: Measurement of changes in health across locations is useful to compare and contrast changing epidemiological patterns against health system performance and identify specific needs for resource allocation in research, policy development, and programme decision making. Using the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016, we drew from two widely used summary measures to monitor such changes in population health: disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) and healthy life expectancy (HALE). We used these measures to track trends and benchmark progress compared with expected trends on the basis of the Socio-demographic Index (SDI).
Methods: We used results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016 for all-cause mortality, cause-specific mortality, and non-fatal disease burden to derive HALE and DALYs by sex for 195 countries and territories from 1990 to 2016. We calculated DALYs by summing years of life lost and years of life lived with disability for each location, age group, sex, and year. We estimated HALE using age-specific death rates and years of life lived with disability per capita. We explored how DALYs and HALE differed from expected trends when compared with the SDI: the geometric mean of income per person, educational attainment in the population older than age 15 years, and total fertility rate.
Findings: The highest globally observed HALE at birth for both women and men was in Singapore, at 75.2 years (95% uncertainty interval 71.9-78.6) for females and 72.0 years (68.8-75.1) for males. The lowest for females was in the Central African Republic (45.6 years [42.0-49.5]) and for males was in Lesotho (41.5 years [39.0-44.0]). From 1990 to 2016, global HALE increased by an average of 6.24 years (5.97-6.48) for both sexes combined. Global HALE increased by 6.04 years (5.74-6.27) for males and 6.49 years (6.08-6.77) for females, whereas HALE at age 65 years increased by 1.78 years (1.61-1.93) for males and 1.96 years (1.69-2.13) for females. Total global DALYs remained largely unchanged from 1990 to 2016 (-2.3% [-5.9 to 0.9]), with decreases in communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional (CMNN) disease DALYs offset by increased DALYs due to non-communicable diseases (NCDs). The exemplars, calculated as the five lowest ratios of observed to expected age-standardised DALY rates in 2016, were Nicaragua, Costa Rica, the Maldives, Peru, and Israel. The leading three causes of DALYs globally were ischaemic heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, and lower respiratory infections, comprising 16.1% of all DALYs. Total DALYs and age-standardised DALY rates due to most CMNN causes decreased from 1990 to 2016. Conversely, the total DALY burden rose for most NCDs; however, age-standardised DALY rates due to NCDs declined globally.
Interpretation: At a global level, DALYs and HALE continue to show improvements. At the same time, we observe that many populations are facing growing functional health loss. Rising SDI was associated with increases in cumulative years of life lived with disability and decreases in CMNN DALYs offset by increased NCD DALYs. Relative compression of morbidity highlights the importance of continued health interventions, which has changed in most locations in pace with the gross domestic product per person, education, and family planning. The analysis of DALYs and HALE and their relationship to SDI represents a robust framework with which to benchmark location-specific health performance. Country-specific drivers of disease burden, particularly for causes with higher-than-expected DALYs, should inform health policies, health system improvement initiatives, targeted prevention efforts, and development assistance for health, including financial and research investments for all countries, regardless of their level of sociodemographic development. The presence of countries that substantially outperform others suggests the need for increased scrutiny for proven examples of best practices, which can help to extend gains, whereas the presence of underperforming countries suggests the need for devotion of extra attention to health systems that need more robust support
