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The Role of Micro RNAs in Regulating PI3K/AKT Signaling Pathways in Glioblastoma
No full textGlioblastoma is a type of brain cancer with aggressive and invasive nature. Such features result from increased proliferation and migration and also poor apoptosis of glioma cells leading to resistance to current treatments such as chemotherapy and radiotherapy. In recent studies, micro RNAs have been introduced as a novel target for treating glioblastoma via regulation of apoptotic signaling pathway, remarkably PI3K/AKT, which affect cellular functions and blockage or progression of the tumor. In this review, we focus on PI3K/AKT signaling pathway and other related apoptotic processes contributing to glioblastoma and investigate the role of micro RNAs interfering in apoptosis, invasion and proliferation of glioma through such apoptotic processes pathways. Databases NCBI, PubMed, and Web of Science were searched for published English articles using keywords such as 'miRNA OR microRNA', 'Glioblastoma', 'apoptotic pathways', 'PI3K and AKT', 'Caspase signaling Pathway' and 'Notch pathway'. Most articles were published from 7 May 2015 to 16 June 2020. This study focused on PI3K/AKT signaling pathway affecting glioma cells in separated subparts. Also, other related apoptotic pathways as the Caspase cycle and Notch have been also investigated. Nearly 40 miRNAs were found as tumor suppressors or onco-miRNA, and their targets, which regulated subcomponents participating in proliferation, invasion, and apoptosis of the tumoral cells. Our review reveals that miRNAs affect key molecules in signaling apoptotic pathways, partly PI3K/AKT, making them potential therapeutic targets to overcome the tumor. However, their utility as a novel treatment for glioblastoma requires further examination and investigation. © 2022, Iranian Society of Pathology. All rights reserved
Association of Electrolyte Changes and Inflammatory Markers with Renal Involvement in Children with Febrile UTI
No full textBackground: We need some simpler, cheaper, and less burdensome tools to investigate the severity of renal parenchymal involvement in children with clinical pyelonephritis. Objectives: The present study was designed to investigate the relationship between electrolyte changes with renal involvement as documented by dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) scan in children with febrile urinary tract infection (UTI). Methods: This is a retrospective cohort study, involving 158 children aged two months to 14 years with febrile UTI admitted to Taleghani Hospital in Gorgan from 2018 to 2019. Their documents in hospital were analyzed. They were divided into two groups with positive or negative defects on DMSA scan. Clinical and laboratory data were studied. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 18. Data were analyzed using independent t-test with normal distribution of variables, otherwise chi-square test was used. The statistical significance level of the study was considered 0.05. Results: Among the 158 children, 78 patients (49.4) had normal DMSA scan results, and 80 patients (50.6) had an abnormal result. The mean age in month was not different between the two groups. In patients with positive renal cortical defects on DMSA scan (group 2), ESR was significantly higher than the first group (P 0.05). The frequency distribution of proteinuria was not different between the two groups (P = 0.836). Conclusions: We suggest that increased ESR, positive CRP, and the presence of reflux can predict renal parenchymal involvement in children with febrile UTI as evidenced by a positive finding on DMSA scan, and the presence of hyponatremia has a little predictive value in this regard. © 2021, Author(s)
Strengths, Weaknesses, Threats, and Opportunities a Pediatric Home Care Program in Covid 19 Virus Pandemic: A Qualitative Study
No full textCovid 19 has made a huge difference in all aspects of life, especially in care and treatment. Hospitalization is limited because of infected family members and fear of getting Covid 19 has limited. The purpose of this study is to analyze the existing conditions based on the SWOT analysis for the home care program for children in Coronavirus crisis. This study is a qualitative study with a conventional content analysis approach. Participants were 18 nurses, physicians, and faculty members, selected based on their willingness to participate in the study and through purposeful sampling. Two specialized panels and 10 presence and in-presence interview sessions were held to collect data. Then, the data were analyzed using SWOT analysis. Four main categories were emerged of the study including: (a) need for a legal protocol, (b) mutual fear of Covid-19, (c) self-responsibility in Corona, and (d) team working approach in the program development. In addition, solutions based on the SWOT analytical were suggested. The results of the study showed that it is necessary to develop a formal protocol, along with self-responsibility, and a program based on the needs of the community and the Covid crisis incorporating the team opinion. © The Author(s) 2022
Synthesis, spectroscopic characterization, molecular docking, as well as in vitro cytotoxicity of calcium-sulfasalazine complex
No full textWith the growing resistance of the bacterial strains resistant against antibiotics like sulfasalazine (SSZ) drug which has been of a great concern recently, bioactive metal complexation with an antibacterial agent �sulfasalazine� could be a potential solution in order to enhance the biocidal property of the drug. Herein, Calcium (II) sulfasalazine complex was experimentally synthesized and characterized by using infrared (IR) and UV�vis spectroscopic techniques. The complex was modeled using density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) calculations in order to analyze its electronic and optical properties and thermodynamic parameters in gas and PCM (ethanol) environments and compare these results with those of the experimental results where relevant. Cell toxicity assay (MTT) indicated that the half-maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC50) of SSZ and its combination with Ca were has no significant toxicity at concentrations below 650 µM in HDF cell lines. © 2022 Elsevier B.V
An optimized protocol for estimating cellulase activity in biological samples
No full textCellulase is a microbial enzyme responsible for degrading the β-1,4 glycoside bond in polysaccharide cellulose, which is abundant in various animal foodstuffs. Cellulase is an important industrial enzyme used for various purposes, including biopolishing textile fibers, softening garments, biostoning denim fabric, and removing excess color from textiles. In the food industry, cellulase is combined with pectinase and hemicellulase. Therefore, the need for a reliable, fast, and inexpensive cellulase activity protocol that could be used with diverse biological and environmental samples is great. This study developed a novel method to quantify cellulase activity using picric acid (PCA), which reacts with generated glucose molecules to produce mahogany red picramic acid. This PCA-cellulase method uses sodium hydroxide instead of sodium carbonate to provide alkalinity in the reaction solution, increasing the stability of picramic acid and the sensitivity and linearity of the reaction. It also overcomes the limitations of previous methods. It is notable for its dependence on few chemicals with low concentrations compared to previous methods that depend on many chemicals with high concentrations. The PCA-cellulase method was optimized using the Box�Behnken design, and its accuracy was determined using a response surface approach. A Bland�Altman cellulase activity graph was used to validate the PCA-cellulase method with a correlation coefficient of 0.9991. Therefore, the novel PCA-cellulase method provides accurate results that are comparable to existing methods. © 2022 Elsevier Inc
Initiation of antihypertensive drugs to patients with confirmed COVID-19�A population-based cohort study in Sweden
No full textPurpose: Hypertension is an important risk factor for severe outcomes in patients with COVID-19, and antihypertensive drugs may have a protective effect. However, the pandemic may have negatively impacted health care services for chronic diseases. The aim of this study was to assess initiations of antihypertensive medicines in patients infected by COVID-19. Methods: A cohort study including all Swedish residents 20�80 years old with a COVID-19 positive test compared with an unexposed group without COVID-19 matched for age, sex, and index date (date of confirmed COVID-19). Data were collected within SCIFI-PEARL, a study including linked data on COVID tests, hospital diagnoses, dispensed prescriptions, and socioeconomic data from Swedish national registers. Initiations of different antihypertensive drugs were studied from March 2020 until October 2020. Associations between COVID-19 and initiation of antihypertensives were assessed by a multivariable Cox proportional hazards model. Results: A total of 224 582 patients (exposed and unexposed) were included. After adjusting for cardiovascular comorbidities and education level, ACEi was the most commonly initiated antihypertensive agent to patients with COVID-19. Hazard ratio and 95 confidence interval for initiation of drug therapy was 1.83 1.53�2.19 for ACEi, followed by beta-blockers 1.74 1.55�1.95, calcium channel blockers 1.61 1.41�1.83, angiotensin receptor blockers 1.61 1.40�1.86, and diuretics 1.53 1.32�1.77. Conclusion: All antihypertensive medicines were initiated more frequently in COVID-19 patients. This can either be associated with hypertension caused by the COVID-19 infection, more frequent diagnosis of hypertension among people with COVID-19 since they consult health care, or residual confounding factors not adjusted for in the study. © 2022 The Authors. Basic & Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Nordic Association for the Publication of BCPT (former Nordic Pharmacological Society)
In silico drug repurposing against SARS-CoV-2 using an integrative transcriptomic profiling approach: Hydrocortisone and Benzhydrocodone as potential drug candidates against COVID-19
No full textCOVID-19 pathogenesis is mainly attributed to dysregulated antiviral immune response, the prominent hallmark of COVID-19. As no established drugs are available against SARS-CoV-2 and developing new ones would be a big challenge, repurposing of existing drugs holds promise against COVID-19. Here, we used a signature-based strategy to delve into cellular responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection in order to identify potential host contributors in COVID-19 pathogenesis and to find repurposable drugs using in silico approaches. We scrutinized transcriptomic profile of various human alveolar cell sources infected with SARS-CoV-2 to determine up-regulated genes specific to COVID-19. Enrichment analysis revealed that the up-regulated genes were involved mainly in viral infectious disease, immune system, and signal transduction pathways. Analysis of protein-protein interaction network and COVID-19 molecular pathway resulted in identifying several anti-viral proteins as well as 11 host pro-viral proteins, ADAR, HBEGF, MMP9, USP18, JUN, FOS, IRF2, ICAM1, IFI35, CASP1, and STAT3. Finally, molecular docking of up-regulated proteins and all FDA-approved drugs revealed that both Hydrocortisone and Benzhydrocodone possess high binding affinity for all pro-viral proteins. The suggested repurposed drugs should be subject to complementary in vitro and in vivo experiments in order to be evaluated in detail prior to clinical studies in potential management of COVID-19. © 202
The Relationship Between Death and Do Not Resuscitation Attitudes Among Intensive Care Nurses
No full textThis study aimed to determine the relationship between death and DNR attitudes among ICNs. This descriptive-analytical study was performed on 156 ICNs in 2018. All nurses were enrolled in the study; data collection instruments included Death Attitude Profile-Revised (DAP-R) and the DNR attitude questionnaires. The mean scores of DAP-R and DNR items were 150.89/ ± 23.59 and 91.82 ± 11.41, respectively. There was a significant relationship between death attitude and DNR attitude Famong ICNs. All dimensions of DAP-R significantly predicted attitude toward DNR (P < 0.05). Among those, �neutral acceptance� (1.17 95% CI (0.68--1.65) was the strongest predictor and �death avoidance� was the weakest predictor (0.36 95% CI (0.09--0.62). There was a significant relationship between the ICNs' work experience and attitude toward DNR (p = 0.03). The findings can be used in formulation of the national guideline for DNR order. © The Author(s) 2020
Chitosan-based biomaterials for the treatment of bone disorders
No full textBone is an alive and dynamic organ that is well-differentiated and originated from mesenchymal tissues. Bone undergoes continuous remodeling during the lifetime of an individual. Although knowledge regarding bones and their disorders has been constantly growing, much attention has been devoted to effective treatments that can be used, both from materials and medical performance points of view. Polymers derived from natural sources, for example polysaccharides, are generally biocompatible and are therefore considered excellent candidates for various biomedical applications. This review outlines the development of chitosan-based biomaterials for the treatment of bone disorders including bone fracture, osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, arthritis rheumatoid, and osteosarcoma. Different examples of chitosan-based formulations in the form of gels, micro/nanoparticles, and films are discussed herein. The work also reviews recent patents and important developments related to the use of chitosan in the treatment of bone disorders. Although most of the cited research was accomplished before reaching the clinical application level, this manuscript summarizes the latest achievements within chitosan-based biomaterials used for the treatment of bone disorders and provides perspectives for future scientific activities. © 202
Minor lobulation of the testis, mimicking polyorchidism when inflammed, discussion of a rare case: A case report
No full textIntroduction: Bilobed testis is an uncommon congenital malformation with only eight cases reported up to now. It seems that bilobed testicle is a form of polyorchidism which is not yet thoroughly divided. This report could provide information about diagnosing minor lobulation on ultrasound and MRI for the first time. Presentation of case: In this report, a 13-year-old boy presented with extreme Epididymo-orchitis on the right testis, without any history, which showed itself on ultrasound as type A3 polyorchidism or bilobed testis. Clinical discussion: Recent studies have not shown an apparent association between bilobed testis with testicular torsion and malignancy. In our case, because the minor lobulation is small, it probably has no association with torsion. The bilobed testis seems benign, so there is no requirement to check tumor markers. An inflamed testicular appendix and epididymitis can appear similar to a major lobulation which must be accurately found and evaluated on ultrasound as separate entities. Conclusion: Inflamed minor lobulation of the testicle can demonstrate itself as polyorchidism or bilobed testicles; thus, Ultrasound and MRI can assist in diagnosing minor lobulation. Serial examination and imaging are recommended for managing minor lobulation. © 2022 The Author