9 research outputs found
From LIDAR data towards HBIM for energy analysis
No full textKnowledge about heritage buildings and structures is interesting for a wide variety of stakeholders,
ranging from architects to operators or the public administration. Such knowledge includes a large
variety of physical and functional characteristics of the building. Laser scanning allows efficient and
accurate 3D digitalization of heritage sites and subsequent data processing towards the creation of
geometrically and semantically rich models.
Parameterization and semantic enrichment of heritage building representations towards the creation
of Heritage Building Information Models (HBIM) generally involves the use of point clouds
and images as templates for manual mapping procedures in commercial software. Indeed, the information
to include in BIM models depends on the requirements of the application it is intended to
serve. In view of that, the applications presented in this chapter pertain to automated techniques
that were implemented to parameterize point clouds towards models suitable for energy analysis
purposes.
The challenge in automating the reconstruction of heritage buildings is to deal with their geometrical
complexity and irregularity, meaning that the methodologies selected should be robust and
efficient under these conditions. The resulting 3D semantically rich model enhances the knowledge
of the heritage building, complementing other representations of the facility such as point clouds or
handmade HBIM. The procedure is implemented and validated in a real case study: the Ducal Palace
in Guimarães (Portugal).The authors would like to thank the Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (Gobierno de
España) for the financial support given through their human resources grant (FPU AP2010–2969,
ENE2013–48015-C3–1-R).
IACOBUS program and by FCT (Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology), within
ISISE, project UID/ECI/04029/2013. The authors would also like to thank all the institutions and
companies that have been involved in supporting and contributing to the development of this study,
in particular, Isabel Fernandes and Flávio Vieira, director and staff member of Bragança Ducal Palace.
Research of the second and fourth author is supported by a National Priority Research Program
NPRP award (NPRP-06–1208–2–492) from the Qatar National Research Fund (a member of the
Qatar Foundation). The statements made herein are solely the responsibility of the authors.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio
The Eastern Necropolis in Cairo and its Buffer Zone (Towards a Sustainable Conservation Strategy)
No full textAbstractThe Eastern Necropolis is part of the World Heritage property of Historic Cairo in the URHC 2010-2012. It underlies a diversity of forces that lead to urban informality and ruins the sky line of Old Historic Cairo. Applying a sustainable conservation strategy will supposedly stop further slum formation and achieve urban equality. The research is divided into: 1)Pilot study, 2) Field Work and Survey; Evaluation for the study zone and creating a Base Map for the Eastern Necropolis, 3) Documentary studies; Conservation of heritage areas as an approach to regional planning, 4)Research results and final conclusion
Diaspora poetics of Fadia Faqir, a daughter of Allah
No full textAo nos decidirmos, inicialmente, por um levantamento arqueológico de mulheres escritoras árabes/muçulmanas para uma escolha posterior de obras que nos levassem a um maior conhecimento dessa literatura, deparamos com a escassez de traduções e publicações no Brasil, em comparação com o grande número existente em outros países, principalmente da Europa e da América do Norte. Acreditamos que isso se deva a maior presença dessas mulheres escritoras em tais continentes, gerando um fascínio pelo exótico, mas também um misto de atração e repulsão, sempre acompanhado de estereótipos, já enraizados pelo orientalismo. No Brasil, no entanto, salvo raras exceções, as editoras voltaram-se quase que exclusivamente para as autobiografias de mulheres que tecem duras críticas aos seus países de origem, às suas leis, à situação e normas de conduta para as mulheres, na maioria restritivas e opressoras, reafirmando uma imagem já impregnada de preconceitos. Vemos assim que a oferta de publicações em nosso país também nos impede uma visão mais abrangente e nos força a ratificar impressões essencialistas que em nada contribuem para o conhecimento e possível fruição da literatura produzida por essas mulheres, agora veladas, inclusive, por questões mercadológicas que camuflam e perpetuam as mesmas visões engessadas. Na tentativa de fugir desses relatos, sempre carregados de perseguição e dor, priorizamos para o nosso estudo o romance Meu nome é Salma, da autora jordaniano-britânica Fadia Faqir pois sua narrativa, produzida em língua inglesa, envolve outros dilemas, característicos da literatura diaspórica. Paralelamente, por ser o intuito desta dissertação propor um primeiro mapeamento acadêmico no Brasil sobre a produção de autoras árabes/muçulmanas, outras obras entram em diálogo com a obra de Fadia Faqir, procurando identificar possíveis convergências entre elas, sem deixar de observar, naturalmente, a especificidade de cada obra. Partindo de uma perspectiva libertária e procurando verificar as maneiras pelas quais algumas mulheres empregam suas narrativas em transformações de paradigmas discursivos e escópicos que tentam apreender a mulher árabe/muçulmana, veremos também as obras Miragem da autora egípcio-americana Soheir Khashoggi e Vida dupla da autora saudita Rajaa Al-Sanea a fim de verificarmos, como delineado pela ginocrítica de Elaine Showalter, outros fatores que são determinantes literários tão significativos quanto o gênero, pois refletem aspectos culturais fixados nos textos de maneira indelével e suscitam questões fundamentais para a nossa compreensão. Pensamos que através deste exercício crítico que traz essas escritas à tona, poderemos dissipar os arraigados estereótipos e alcançar uma melhor compreensão do mundo islâmico e da mulher muçulmana, muitas vezes exilada, na confluência entre Ocidente e Oriente.When deciding, initially, for an archaeological survey of Arab/Muslim women writers for a later choice of works which would lead us to a greater knowledge of this literature, we faced the scarcity of translations and publications in Brazil, in comparison with the large number which exists in other countries, mainly in Europe and North America. We believe that this is due to the greater presence of these women writers in such continents, creating a fascination with the exotic, but also a mixture of attraction and repulsion, always accompanied by stereotypes, already rooted by Orientalism. In Brazil, however, with a few rare exceptions, publishers turned almost exclusively to the autobiographies of women who harshly criticize their countries of origin, their laws, the situation and rules of conduct for women, most of which are restrictive and oppressive, reaffirming an image already steeped in prejudice. We thus see that the supply of publications in our country also prevents us from taking a more comprehensive view and forces us to ratify essentialist impressions which in no way contribute to the knowledge and possible enjoyment of the literature produced by these women, now veiled, by marketing issues which camouflage and perpetuate the same plastered visions. So as to escape these accounts, always laden with persecution and pain, we prioritized the novel My name is Salma, by the Jordanian-British author Fadia Faqir because her narrative, written in English, involves other dilemmas, such as those of diasporic literature. At the same time, as the aim of this dissertation is to propose a first academic mapping in Brazil on the production of Arab/Muslim authors, other works enter into dialogue with Fadia Faqir’s narrative, as we seek to identify possible convergences between them, while naturally observing the specificity of each work. Starting from a libertarian perspective and trying to verify by what means some women use their narratives to transform the discursive and scopophiliac paradigms which try to apprehend the Arab/Muslim woman, we will also be using the works Mirage by the Egyptian-American author Soheir Khashoggi and The girls of Riyadh by Saudi author Rajaa Al-Sanea in order to verify, as outlined by Elaine Showalter’s gynocritics, other factors that are literary determinants as significant as gender, for they reflect cultural aspects indelibly fixed in the texts and raise fundamental questions for our understanding. We assume that through this critical exercise which elicit these writings, we will be able to dispel ingrained stereotypes and to achieve a better understanding of the Islamic world and the Muslim woman, often in exile at the confluence between West and East.Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)88887.191124/2018-0
Education Research Gender, Education and Development - A Partially Annotated and Selective Bibliography
No full textCommunity/Rural/Urban Development,
General and abdominal adiposity and hypertension in eight world regions: a pooled analysis of 837 population-based studies with 7·5 million participants
No full textBackground: Adiposity can be measured using BMI (which is based on weight and height) as well as indices of abdominal adiposity. We examined the association between BMI and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) within and across populations of different world regions and quantified how well these two metrics discriminate between people with and without hypertension. Methods: We used data from studies carried out from 1990 to 2023 on BMI, WHtR and hypertension in people aged 20–64 years in representative samples of the general population in eight world regions. We graphically compared the regional distributions of BMI and WHtR, and calculated Pearson's correlation coefficients between BMI and WHtR within each region. We used mixed-effects linear regression to estimate the extent to which WHtR varies across regions at the same BMI. We graphically examined the prevalence of hypertension and the distribution of people who have hypertension both in relation to BMI and WHtR, and we assessed how closely BMI and WHtR discriminate between participants with and without hypertension using C-statistic and net reclassification improvement (NRI). Findings: The correlation between BMI and WHtR ranged from 0·76 to 0·89 within different regions. After adjusting for age and BMI, mean WHtR was highest in south Asia for both sexes, followed by Latin America and the Caribbean and the region of central Asia, Middle East and north Africa. Mean WHtR was lowest in central and eastern Europe for both sexes, in the high-income western region for women, and in Oceania for men. Conversely, to achieve an equivalent WHtR, the BMI of the population of south Asia would need to be, on average, 2·79 kg/m2 (95% CI 2·31–3·28) lower for women and 1·28 kg/m2 (1·02–1·54) lower for men than in the high-income western region. In every region, hypertension prevalence increased with both BMI and WHtR. Models with either of these two adiposity metrics had virtually identical C-statistics and NRIs for every region and sex, with C-statistics ranging from 0·72 to 0·81 and NRIs ranging from 0·34 to 0·57 in different region and sex combinations. When both BMI and WHtR were used, performance improved only slightly compared with using either adiposity measure alone. Interpretation: BMI can distinguish young and middle-aged adults with higher versus lower amounts of abdominal adiposity with moderate-to-high accuracy, and both BMI and WHtR distinguish people with or without hypertension. However, at the same BMI level, people in south Asia, Latin America and the Caribbean, and the region of central Asia, Middle East and north Africa, have higher WHtR than in the other regions. Funding: UK Medical Research Council and UK Research and Innovation (Innovate UK). © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 licens
UA-R-GC-1914-01-01-1956-06-29_Page-218
No full textMiss AIJC Crowned
A courtroom scene from Stefan Zwe•ig's adaptation of Volpone, presented by the
Maskers Club of AUC. Enthusiastically received, the production was repeated
May 16 in a special performance for the members of the Egyptian-American Uni-versity
Fellowship.
Howard Little Theatre Opens
c«#owze& Let Knowledge grow from More to More,
But more of Reverence in us dwell;
That Mind and Soul,, according well,
May make one Music as before,
But vaster.
—Tennyson
A'( DI,. 39 . . 1ci. 82 THE AMERICAN UNIVERSITY AT CAiR( SIRING, 1956
Committee Plans for
In March one of America's finest
musical organizations made AUC's
Ewart Memorial Hall its first stop
on a tour of the Middle East. The
Robert Shaw Chorale and Concert
Orchestra presented two concerts Tues-day
the 20 and Thursday the 22.
A special University committee is
now engaged in planning for the ap-pearance
next year of other first class
artists. Mr. Edward Savage is chair-man.
Critics and audiences were enthusi-astic
in their acclaim for the Shaw
group. The tour administered by the
American National 'Theatre and . Aca-demy,
was planned to reach a new
audience — the young people of the
Middle East. After the concerts in
Cairo, the Chorale and Orchestra went
oii to American institutions of the
Near East College Association in Le-banon,
Turkey and Greece.
"Down with the Dean, long live the
Queen!" With these words Dr. John
Hollenbach, Dean of the Faculty of
Arts and Sciences, concluded in his in-troductory
remarks and set in motion
the ceremony which culminated in the
crowning of Laila Rostom as Miss AUC
1956.
Laila, the sixteenth in the succession
of the Misses AUC, was crowned
by Mr. Galal el Din el Hamamsy,
an AUC graduate, now director-gen-eral
of the Middle East News Agency.
Another honor guest, Dr. Soheir El
Kalainawy of Cairo University, and
Mr. Hamamsy, addressed the assembly
briefly in salute to the new queen.
Miss AUC 1956 was chosen by the
students of the Faculty of Arts and
Sciences in an election held March 12.
She is a senior in the Faculty of Arts
and Sciences, a journalism major, and
an editor of the Campus Caravan.
The election and coronation of Miss
AUC are conducted each year by the
editorial board of the student news-paper,
the Campus Caravan.
The assembly, Friday morning,
March 16, began much like any other.
There were perhaps a few more stu-dents
in their seats and there was of
course the golden throne in the cen-ter
of the Ewart Memorial Hall stage.
An undercurrent of excitement was to
be felt in the audience as the prelimi-
Board of Trustees
To Meet in June
At the conclusion of its two days of
meeting in mid-January, the Board of
the University voted to meet for two
more days at the end of June. The
January meeting was in Bronxville,
New York: the meeting June 29 and 30
will be in the Airport Hotel, Pitts-burgh,
Pennsylvania.
The Board spent most of its time
in the January meeting discussing pol-icy
matters that have arisen from the
self-study activities at the University
this past year. The Board author-ized
staff expansion, salary increases
and building improvements that will
move the total budget of expenditures
toward the half-million mark for next
year.
Typical of the developments author-ized
is the establishment of an English
Language Institute. This Institute,
which may eventually employ some
six or eight people and deal with sev-eral
hundreds of students, will be be-gun
on a more modest basis and will
replace the present remedial program
of "English Essentials." It is hoped
that the Institute, using linguistic
methods and devices developed dur-ing
and since the last war, will be
much more effective than the present
"Essentials" program in meeting the
increasingly difficult and important
problem of communications.
Much consideration was given to a
plan of reorganization of the Univer-sity
that would concentrate most of
the academic activities into two fac-ulties,
the undergraduate and gradu-ate.
The subject-matter divisions of
the University, the social studies, the
humanities and the sciences, will have
offerings on both the graduate and
undergraduate levels. Similarly, the
division of Oriental Studies and the
division of professional studies, incor-porating
such departments as educa-tion,
business administration, home
economics (administered in cooperation
with the American Girls' College) and
journalism will have offerings on both
academic levels.
The reorganization calls for the
establishment of an office of student
affairs, with a dean of students in
charge. Various student matters which
have hitherto been distributed admin-istratively
into many hands will be
concentrated in this one office. A sys-tem
of counseling, supervision of stu-dent
housing, administration of the
scholarship program, assistance in job
placement, along with help in plan-ning
and conducting student non-acad-emic
functions will be the responsibil-ity
of this new office.
Further, it is planned that all as-pects
of the public, non-credit program
at Cairo, along with direction of Gov-ernmental
relations will be placed in
the hands of a vice-president at Cairo.
The American program involving ac-counting,
educational relations and
this year's queen, Laila Roston?,
Aziz, Miss Roston?, Miss Olympia Kara-naries
got under way, expertly directed
by master of ceremonies Olaf Haddad,
of the Egyptian State Broadcasting
System, and a graduate of AUC.
• Mr. Haddad announced that Nabil
Khouri, a senior member of the edi-torial
board of the Campus Caravan,
would bring Miss AUC from the audi-ence.
The secret had been well kept and
the buzz of excitement mounted as
Nabil went up one aisle and down
the other looking for Miss AUC. Fi-nally
he pointed out Laila and escorted
her to the stage amid the vigorous
applause of her fellows.
Laila is active in the intra-mural
sports program and in draina. She is
an enthusiastic tennis player and a
popular participant in the social af-fairs
of the campus. For all that, she
is also a serious-minded student, and
hopes to continue her journalistic
studies in the graduate school of a
university in America, looking for-ward
to taking a place in modern
journalism in Egypt.
The new queen received many gifts
from campus organizations and busi-ness
firms in Cairo, and cups from
the Campus Caravan and the Press
Committee of Cairo University. Among
her gifts were a plane trip to Beirut,
Lebanon, and a week's stay in a Beirut
hotel.
Staff Member Wins
Soroptimist Grant
Miss Nadia Guìndi, assistant regis-trar,
has been granted a fellowship for
a year's study in the United States by
the Soroptimist International Associa-tion.
She plans to do work in the field of
Personnel Management, and has made
application for admission to the gradu-ate
school of the University of Cali-fornia
in Berkeley. She will leave
Egypt for America in July.
The grant is one of two offered by
the Soroptimist organization. The
other is given to an American woman
for study abroad.
This will be Miss Guindi's second
extended visit to the United States. A
1952 graduate of American University,
she was granted the Master of Arts
degree in 1954 by the University of
Wyoming. Her work at the Laramie
institution was in the field of sociology.
She is now supervisor of women
students and advisor to the Coeds Club
of the Faculty of Arts and Sciences, in
addition to her duties in the Regis-trar's
office.
fund raising will also be placed in the
hands of a vice-president.
The reorganization will actually in-volve
no more officers than the Uni-versity
now has on the staff. It will
use the officers differently, however,
and in such a way as to work toward
the strengthening of the University
structure.
In addition to Board consideration
of the University in its various meet-ings,
three inetnliers of the Board have
visited the University during the school
year.
1)r. Joseph Van Vleck, one of the
members of the Board, with Mrs. Van
Vleck, had an extended stay in Egypt
in the early winter. Much of his time
had been spent in Cairo and at the
University. Dr. Van Vleck's particular
interests were in Demography, and he
found the center of his interest in
the University's Extension Division.
Soon after the Board meeting in Jan-uary,
Dr. J. Edward Dirks, another
trustee, spent four days in Cairo on
his way to visit India. This was his
first visit to the University, and he
wrote with enthusiasm of his first di-rect
contact with the institution.
On May 4, Dr. and Mrs. Wendell
Cleland began a two-weeks visit to the
University. Dr. Cleland, long a teach-er
and head of the Division of Exten-sion
and acting-president in 1953-54,
is an active Board member. Dr. and
Mrs. Cleland are now at Benghazi, rep-resenting
the State Department of the
U.S. in the establishment of the new
Libyan University.
It is not always that three members
of the Board visit the University with-in
one school year. There is enthusi-astic
talk now, among the Board, of
an extended Board meeting to be held
in Cairo in January 1958.
Business
Committee
Formed
On May 10 a Businessmen's Com-mittee
for the American University at
Cairo was established and held its
first meeting. The most responsible
officers of sixteen of the major firms
and corporations having American-
Middle East interests were represented.
Some twelve more indicated their ac-tive
interest in the organization. An
executive committee of six persons was
chosen to represent the larger group.
The Businessmen's Cotnmittee will
counsel with the University adminis-tration,
will seek for ways in which
the University may strengthen and ex-tend
its direct and indirect services to
business, and will find ways of provid-ing
current fund support for the
University.
President McLain and Mr. Robert
Culbertson, the newly appointed vice
president of the University, met with
the Committee. The members of the
Executive Committee are as follows:
Hassan Abou el Dahab
Erie Tractor Company
J. W. Letzkus
7'rans-World Airways
Y. A. Fadel
Amine° Overseas Company
Robert Miller
Pan American Airways
William Said
.Standard Stationery Co.
Mahmoud El Tahry
Cold Air Company
The C. Worth Howard Student Dra-ma
Workshop was inaugurated on
Monday April 30 with a presentation
by the Maskers of Stefan Zweig's
Volpone. The audience was macle up
of alumni and friends of the Univers-ity
inNited to join in the gala occasion.
During the months of January, Feb-ruary
and March classroom 114 in the
main University building was convert-ed
into a small theatre seating 80-100
persons. Plans for the remodeling of
the room were drawn by Mr. Edward
Savage, in charge of dramatic act i\ i
ties on the campus, and Mr. Roger A.
Flynn, an American artist now in
Cairo as a Fulbright Student Fellow.
The work was supervised by Mr. Soc-rates
Patsalides, the University's su-pervisor
of property.
Volpone, based on the play by Ben
Johnson, was the first play to be pro-duced
on the stage of the Norkshop.
It was presented under the direction
of Mr. Edward Savage with skeleton
settings acid impressionistic costumes,
designed to point up the significance
of the characters and action rather
New
Short Courses
To Continue
Successful experimentation with two-month
courses in spoken Egyptian
Arabic during the school year of 1955-6
has led to the decision of the School of
Oriental Studies to continue the
courses in the next academic year ac-cording
to Dean Alan Horton. These
short courses are designed for those
who need instruction quickly. Two
courses will be given each semester.
They are intended to provide the
basic language information necessary
to avoid misunderstandings in every-day
life. Spoken Arabic is transliter-ated
into a system of phonetics in
Latin characters to allow quick grasp
by those who do not anticipate any
necessity to read Arabic in the near
future.
The second course is planned for
those who feel the need for a greater
grammatical knowledge to enable them
to continue learning the language in-dependently.
1956-7 Events
The Ewart Hall Committee believes
that in cooperation with the Near East
Association and with the cultural di-visions
of the American and other
embassies in Cairo it will be possible
to bring at least five programs of high
quality to the stage of the AUC audi-torium.
Students of the University
would be admitted to these perform-ances
by "student activity" ticket.
Mr. Shaw gave some of his rehearsal
time on Thursday afternoon to talk
informally to an audience of students
and teachers about his philosophy of
music and the special meanings which
he finds in choral music. Many mem-bers
of the audience remained to listen
to him rehearse the Chorale and Or-chestra
for the evening performance.
Following the Thursday evening per-formance,
members of the organization
were guests of the University at a
reception held in Oriental Hall.
than to afford a picture of a particu-lar
era. The play was presented to
paying audiences on May 1, 2 and 3.
Funds for the remodeling and
equipping of the room were donated
by the alumni of the University. The
Workshop was named in appreciation
of Dr. Howard's long connection with
the University and his great interest
in dramatic activities at the University.
The stage is designed with steps its
full width from the apron to the floor.
This offers an opportunity for dra-matic
action to be played close to the
audience and sometimes at audience
level, in keeping with the intimate
nature of the theatre itself. The cur-tain
is of golden cloth. The chairs in
the native style, were made especially
for the new theatre.
According to Mr. Savage, the the-atre
itself is only the beginning of the
C. Worth Howard Student Drama
Workshop. Plans are in progress to
add scene and costume workshops to
provide complete facilities for prac-tice
and experiment in the dramatic
arts.
Beginning this fall the American
and other international programs of
the University will be in charge of Mr.
Robert E. Culbertson, who was re-cently
appointed Vice President of the
University. He will have his head-quarters
in the American offices in
New York City.
Mr. Culbertson spent the first two
weeks of May in Cairo, getting ac-quainted
with the University and the
members of its staff. He will return
to Cairo in October for a somewhat
longer period.
For the past three years he has been
Deputy Representative for the Near
East of the Ford Foundation with of-fices
in Beirut, Lebanon. Before this
he was for a number of years a senior
official of the Institute of Inter-Ameri-can
affairs.
Mr. Culbertson taught for a time at
the University of Southern California
from which he had received both the
B.A. and the M.S. degrees. He has
served also with the U. S. Department
of Health, Education and Welfare.
The Culbertsons and their two
daughters, 14 and six, will make their
home in New York City.
Proctor, Meinardus
New AUC Teachers
Two appointments to the teaching
staff of the University were made re-cently:
I)r. Otto F.
A. Meinardus in
the field of philo-sophy
and religion
and Dr. Jesse H.
Proctor, Jr. in the
field of political sci-ence.
Dr. Meinardus
will be chairman of the Department of
Philosophy and Religion. Most re-cently
minister of the Second Congre-gational
Church of Peabody, Mass.,
he has been pastor
of congregations in
New Zealand and
Australia.
Dr. Proctor comes
to AUC from the
Massachusetts Insti-tute
of Technology
where he is an as-sistant
professor in political science.
During 1955 and 1956, he was a visit-ing
professor in public opinion and
propaganda and American government
in Boston University.
He is a graduate of Duke Univer-sity.
His master's degree was granted
by the Fletcher School of Law and Di-plomacy
in Medford, Mass., and his
doctorate by Harvard University. A
number of articles concerned with the
effort to federate British territories in
the Caribbean have been published in
learned journals.
Dr. Meinardus' academic training
has been in the fields of sociology and
the psychology of religion, ethics, in-ternational
and race relations, political
and social philosophy, systematic the-ology
and history. His graduate de-grees,
S.T.M. and Ph.D., were granted
by the School of Theology and the
graduate School of Boston University.
At AUC, he will fill the position
held since September 1951 by Mr. Ar-thur
Brown.
AUC Will Offer
Ten-Week Orientation
Course on Egypt
A short course designed to orient
foreigners working in Egypt to all
phases of life of the country will be
offered this fall by the University in
its School of Oriental Studies.
The course will have as its purpose
the presentation in concise form of a
body of factual material on Egypt over
a space of about two and a half months.
It will meet for two sessions each week.
Each segment of the course will be
taught by a prominent Egyptian, ex-pert
in the topic under consideration.
The topics have been chosen to pre-sent
as complete a picture as possible.
In their chronological order they are:
government, economics and human re-sources,
social planning and economic
development, financial resources of
Egypt, pressures and public opinion,
foreign relations, geography, ethnog-raphy,
religions of Egypt and the ed-ucational
system of Egypt.
In keeping with the purpose and
nature of the course each teacher will
emphasize the facts of the present sit-uation
in the area he covers. Little
time will be given to historical or
theoretical discussion, since it is ex-pected
that most students will be per-sons
whose work in Egypt requires a
rapid grounding in the basic facts of
Egyptian life.
Graduate Courses,
English Instruction
Will Be Expanded
Planning for the expansion of two
important programs of the University
and inauguration of a third is now
in progress. The three are University
training in English, the Master of
Arts program, and the "Junior Year in
Egypt."
President McLain and other execu-tive
officers of the University are now
working toward the organization of a
new division of the University's aca-demic
program, which they hope will
go far toward solving a difficult prob-lem.
Known as the English Language
Institute, the new unit is designed to
meet the problem of otherwise quali-fied
prospective students who lack
sufficient competency in English to sup-port
University level courses taught in
that language.
Graduate Program Organized
The University Council has ap-proved
the organization of academic
programs for graduate studies begin-ning
this fall leading to the Master
of Arts Degree.
Degrees will be offered first in Arabic
language and literature and in sociol-ogy
and anthropology. The first has
been offered for many years in the
School of Oriental Studies. The latter
is a development from the establish-ment
of the Social Research Center in
1953. A graduate degree in the field
of education is a strong possibility in
the near future.
The "Junior Year in Egypt" pro-gram,
to begin in October 1957, will be
planned to allow the enrollment for
their Junior year of a limited number
of students from American universities
and colleges. About half of their aca-demic
work at the American University
will be in courses particularly con-cerned
with the Middle East. Field
trips in the area will be an integral
part of the program.
Specialist Will Direct Institute
Begirding in September under the
direction of a specialist in the teaching
of English as a foreign language, the
Institute will offer a concentrated pro-gram
of instruction. The course is open
to persons applying for entrance to the
credit courses of the University without
sufficient proficiency in English, whose
records and test scores show them to
have promise in achieving the required
level in a semester or a year.
The Institute course will be taught in
a daytime section and an evening sec-tion.
Students of the former will meet
for group instruction about twenty
hours a week. They will spend addi-tional
time in the language laboratory.
Plans for the Institute call for the con-siderable
use of audio-visual equipment.
Evening section students will spend
fewer hours, about half as many, in
group meetings and will proceed at a
proportionately slower pace. Students
will be allowed to proceed to credit
courses of the University when they
have gained the necessary competency.
The Director of the Institute will be
responsible to the University units for
the preparation of students to meet
their entrance standards in English. In
this he will have the assistance of a
second person with linguistic training
and two or three instructors trained in
the techniques of classroom drill and
audio-visual work.
Graduate Enrollment Limited
The reorganization of the University
to allow for the establishment of a
graduate faculty has come about in
response to the increasing importance
of sound graduate training for young
people who will work in this area. The
University also feels that the inter-action
within the institution of trained
scholars and graduate students from
both East and West is a step toward
international understanding.
The number of graduate students in
any year will be limited. In this way
close attention can be paid to indi-vidual
strengths and weaknesses. Final
decisions have not yet been made on
detailed requirements for the degree.
Other degree possibilities are in the
fields of English Language and Liter-ature,
Library Science and Business
Administration.
Formal inauguration of the "Junior
Year" program is scheduled for the
year 1957-1958 after all details have
been completed. The University will
welcome, however, American junior stu-dents
who wish to enroll as individuals
at the beginning of the 1956-1957 year
this October.
The English Language Institute grew
from a study of the English competency'
of American University students made
in the first semester of 1955-1956 by a
sub-committee of the University Coun-cil:
Deans Hollenbach, Boktor, and
Horton of the Faculties of Arts and
Sciences and Education and the School
of Oriental Studies.
Miss
Worldwide trends in hypertension prevalence and progress in treatment and control from 1990 to 2019: a pooled analysis of 1201 population-representative studies with 104 million participants
No full textZhou B, Carrillo-Larco RM, Danaei G, et al. Worldwide trends in hypertension prevalence and progress in treatment and control from 1990 to 2019: a pooled analysis of 1201 population-representative studies with 104 million participants. LANCET. 2021;398(10304):957-980.Background Hypertension can be detected at the primary health-care level and low-cost treatments can effectively control hypertension. We aimed to measure the prevalence of hypertension and progress in its detection, treatment, and control from 1990 to 2019 for 200 countries and territories. Methods We used data from 1990 to 2019 on people aged 30-79 years from population-representative studies with measurement of blood pressure and data on blood pressure treatment. We defined hypertension as having systolic blood pressure 140 mm Hg or greater, diastolic blood pressure 90 mm Hg or greater, or taking medication for hypertension. We applied a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate the prevalence of hypertension and the proportion of people with hypertension who had a previous diagnosis (detection), who were taking medication for hypertension (treatment), and whose hypertension was controlled to below 140/90 mm Hg (control). The model allowed for trends over time to be non-linear and to vary by age. Findings The number of people aged 30-79 years with hypertension doubled from 1990 to 2019, from 331 (95% credible interval 306-359) million women and 317 (292-344) million men in 1990 to 626 (584-668) million women and 652 (604-698) million men in 2019, despite stable global age-standardised prevalence. In 2019, age-standardised hypertension prevalence was lowest in Canada and Peru for both men and women; in Taiwan, South Korea, Japan, and some countries in western Europe including Switzerland, Spain, and the UK for women; and in several low-income and middle-income countries such as Eritrea, Bangladesh, Ethiopia, and Solomon Islands for men. Hypertension prevalence surpassed 50% for women in two countries and men in nine countries, in central and eastern Europe, central Asia, Oceania, and Latin America. Globally, 59% (55-62) of women and 49% (46-52) of men with hypertension reported a previous diagnosis of hypertension in 2019, and 47% (43-51) of women and 38% (35-41) of men were treated. Control rates among people with hypertension in 2019 were 23% (20-27) for women and 18% (16-21) for men. In 2019, treatment and control rates were highest in South Korea, Canada, and Iceland (treatment >70%; control >50%), followed by the USA, Costa Rica, Germany, Portugal, and Taiwan. Treatment rates were less than 25% for women and less than 20% for men in Nepal, Indonesia, and some countries in sub-Saharan Africa and Oceania. Control rates were below 10% for women and men in these countries and for men in some countries in north Africa, central and south Asia, and eastern Europe. Treatment and control rates have improved in most countries since 1990, but we found little change in most countries in sub-Saharan Africa and Oceania. Improvements were largest in high-income countries, central Europe, and some upper-middle-income and recently high-income countries including Costa Rica, Taiwan, Kazakhstan, South Africa, Brazil, Chile, Turkey, and Iran. Interpretation Improvements in the detection, treatment, and control of hypertension have varied substantially across countries, with some middle-income countries now outperforming most high-income nations. The dual approach of reducing hypertension prevalence through primary prevention and enhancing its treatment and control is achievable not only in high-income countries but also in low-income and middle-income settings. Copyright (C) 2021 World Health Organization; licensee Elsevier
Repositioning of the global epicentre of non-optimal cholesterol
No full textHigh blood cholesterol is typically considered a feature of wealthy western countries1,2. However, dietary and behavioural determinants of blood cholesterol are changing rapidly throughout the world3 and countries are using lipid-lowering medications at varying rates. These changes can have distinct effects on the levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and non-HDL cholesterol, which have different effects on human health4,5. However, the trends of HDL and non-HDL cholesterol levels over time have not been previously reported in a global analysis. Here we pooled 1,127 population-based studies that measured blood lipids in 102.6 million individuals aged 18 years and older to estimate trends from 1980 to 2018 in mean total, non-HDL and HDL cholesterol levels for 200 countries. Globally, there was little change in total or non-HDL cholesterol from 1980 to 2018. This was a net effect of increases in low- and middle-income countries, especially in east and southeast Asia, and decreases in high-income western countries, especially those in northwestern Europe, and in central and eastern Europe. As a result, countries with the highest level of non-HDL cholesterol-which is a marker of cardiovascular risk-changed from those in western Europe such as Belgium, Finland, Greenland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland and Malta in 1980 to those in Asia and the Pacific, such as Tokelau, Malaysia, The Philippines and Thailand. In 2017, high non-HDL cholesterol was responsible for an estimated 3.9 million (95% credible interval 3.7 million-4.2 million) worldwide deaths, half of which occurred in east, southeast and south Asia. The global repositioning of lipid-related risk, with non-optimal cholesterol shifting from a distinct feature of high-income countries in northwestern Europe, north America and Australasia to one that affects countries in east and southeast Asia and Oceania should motivate the use of population-based policies and personal interventions to improve nutrition and enhance access to treatment throughout the world
