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Pour une contribution aux études sur la vulnérabilité aux catastrophes : une approche par les techno-politiques
No full textInternational audienceCinq décennies de très riches en travaux sur la vulnérabilité aux catastrophes, ont fait de cette notion l’un des piliers de l’analyse et de la production de connaissances en sciences humaines et sociales sur les catastrophes. Avec la volonté de relayer un ensemble de débats internationaux dans l’espace francophone sur la pertinence et les limites de cette notion, ce dossier revient sur sa trajectoire en centrant la focale sur les techno-politiques de la vulnérabilité dans les Suds. Nous revenons sur un ensemble de travaux, en considérant la vulnérabilité comme un projet scientifique et politique de SHS critiques travaillant sur les catastrophes dans les Suds, et en cherchant à saisir la manière dont le politique est appréhendé dans ces travaux. Nous présentons ensuite les quatre pistes suggérées par les articles de ce dossier qu’ouvre un questionnement par les techno-politiques. Nous espérons ainsi montrer qu’une entrée par les techno-politiques de la vulnérabilité contribue à renouveler les recherches sur les risques et catastrophes
High-Resolution Chloroplast SNV Profiling of 409 Grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) Cultivars Using Whole-Genome Shotgun Sequencing
No full textData Availability Statement: The datasets generated and analyzed during the current study are available in the NCBI Sequence Read Archive (SRA) repository (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sra accessed on 1 December 2025) under the BioProject accession number PRJNA1366753. The data are not officially released yet; the reviewer link for BioProject and associated SRA metadata are available at https://dataview.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/object/PRJNA1366753?reviewer=pql2i9lp7e4kshurjbrel2nouv accessed on 21 December 2025) in read-only format.International audienceThe grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) is one of the most important horticultural crops, with thousands of varieties cultivated worldwide. In this study, we analyzed chloroplast SNV markers using a whole-genome shotgun sequencing approach to investigate the genetic diversity and phylogeny of 409 cultivated V. vinifera accessions originating from nine countries across Southeast and Central Europe, as well as a heterogeneous set of additional accessions maintained by INRAE. Shotgun sequencing allowed high coverage, enabling the detection of 93 SNVs across 24 chloroplast genes, including 11 non-synonymous variants. The ycf1 gene showed the highest variability, consistent with its role in species differentiation. Haplotype analysis revealed 102 distinct haplotypes, with clear geographic structuring: ATT predominated in the eastern Mediterranean, ATA in western Europe, and GTA mainly in a heterogeneous group of varieties from a French collection. To validate the shotgun approach, seven SNV markers were analyzed using target capture sequencing, confirming the accuracy of detected variants with only minimal discrepancies, which is mostly attributable to homopolymeric regions and low-frequency alleles. Phylogenetic analyses using both trees and networks delineated three major haplotype clusters, reflecting human-mediated dispersal of grapevine cultivars through historical viticultural practices. This study represents the largest chloroplast genome analysis of cultivated V. vinifera to</div
Je t’aime moi non plus ! Notre lien complexe à la fiscalité
No full textNational audienceTrop d'impôt tue l'impôt », dit la célèbre phrase de l'économiste états-unien Arthur Laffer. Et si pour la France, c'était plus compliqué que cela ? N'y a-t-il pas d'autres considérations sociales, affectives ou morales
Associated physiological mechanisms during reproductive stage in lines of Swarna rice (Oryza sativa) pyramided with major drought yield quantitative trait loci qDTY1.1 and qDTY3.1
No full textInternational audienceDrought is a major abiotic stress that limits rice (Oryza sativa) production. Millions of hectares of rainfed lowland and upland rice in Asia are affected by drought stress yearly, which results in considerable yield reduction. Evaluation of the physiological characteristics that aid rice plants in maintaining yield under drought stress conditions may contribute to the development of potential drought-tolerant varieties. This study assessed the physiological characteristics of drought-tolerant lines with different combinations of qDTY3.1 and qDTY1.1 in the genetic background of Swarna, a popular, high-yielding but drought susceptible rice variety. Specifically, these lines were ‘qDTY3.1 lines’ (introgressed with qDTY3.1 alone), ‘qDTY1.1 lines’ (introgressed with qDTY1.1 alone), and ‘pyramided lines’ (introgressed with both qDTY3.1 and qDTY1.1). qDTY3.1 lines exhibited faster peduncle elongation rate, lower peduncle elongation breakpoint values, and longer final peduncle length under drought stress. qDTY1.1 lines presented more negative leaf osmotic potential and cooler canopy temperatures than Swarna that indicated better leaf hydration under drought. Pyramided lines produced higher panicle numbers, longer mean peduncle length, and higher grain yield under drought. These characteristics associated with qDTY3.1 and qDTY1.1 indicated that the plants performed better under drought stress than would be expected from the sum of the individual qDTY effects
Variétés résistantes : quelle place dans les stratégies de demain ? : Table ronde
No full textInternational audienceQuelle place pour les variétés résistantes dans les stratégies de demain ? Tel était le thème de la table ronde qui a eu lieu à l’occasion du colloque « Viticulture en action : défis, réussites et Innovations » qui s’est déroulé à Dijon (Côte d’Or) le 29 janvier. Lors de cette table ronde, Foued Cheriet, Professeur en stratégie et marketing du vin à l’Institut Agro Montpellier (UMR Moisa) a fait un focus sur la manière dont les opérateurs communiquent sur les cépages résistants auprès des consommateurs. Des travaux qu’il a mené avec Caroline Paire, doctorante et Marianne Schalk (qui a travaillé sur le sujet dans le cadre de son mémoire de fin d’études)
Branching Varies with Light Limitation Scenarios in relation with Changes in Carbon Source-Sink Dynamics
No full textInternational audienceAbstract Bud outgrowth is a major component of plant architectural plasticity and is influenced by light conditions. While the inhibitory effect of low light intensity on branching is well documented, the underlying regulators remain debated and, especially, the role of sugar availability has never been thoroughly evaluated. Here, we combined experiments with a computational approach quantifying carbon source-sink balance in single-axis rose plants to investigate how continuous and transient light limitation regulate bud outgrowth. Continuous low light reduced photosynthesis, leading to decreased sugar availability and inhibited bud outgrowth. In contrast, a transient period of low light followed by high light unexpectedly stimulated bud outgrowth, shortened the delay between outgrowth of successive buds, and produced an over-branched phenotype. This response resulted from a non-reversible reduction in the growth of apical organs appearing under low light, which lowered carbon demand and caused sugar over-accumulation after the return to high light. Manipulating carbon supply and demand through leaf masking, photosynthetic inhibition, and targeted sucrose feeding causally confirmed the central role of sugar availability in these contrasting responses. Beyond these findings, key requirements for models simulating branching plasticity were identified and this work provides a basis for predicting branching responses under fluctuating and complex light environments. Highlight Bud outgrowth, a key component of plant plasticity, is regulated by light intensity through sugar availability. Continuous and transient low light have opposite effects by limiting sugar production and use, respectively
Actes de la 9ème édition du colloque Pédagogie et Formation du Groupe INSA: Adaptation des parcours de formation aux nouveaux enjeux des métiers de l'ingénieur : quelles transformations et quels impacts ?
No full textNational audienceL’évolution du métier d’ingénieur implique une nécessaire réévaluation des parcours de formation, deleurs contenus, des méthodes et outils d’enseignement-apprentissage. À partir de retours d’expérienceet d’expérimentations dans nos établissements, nous pourrons analyser l’impact de ces transformationssur les acquis des étudiants, le développement de leurs compétences et réfléchir aux moyens de favoriserleur engagement dans ces différents dispositifs.La 9e édition du colloque Pédagogie et Formation du Groupe INSA entend questionner ces problématiqueset permettre d’échanger sur les actions en place, le déploiement de projets à l’échelle du groupe (notamment INSA 2025) et les partenariats développés ces deux dernières années
A streamlined CRISPRa architecture with dual Pol II/Pol III promoter and optimized scRNA enables robust and tunable gene activation
No full textSource Agritrop Cirad (https://agritrop.cirad.fr/616737/) * Autres projets (id;sigle;titre): ;;(FRA) ARYZE//International audienceCRISPR activation (CRISPRa) offers a powerful approach to upregulate endogenous genes; yet, existing systems in plants can be complex or difficult to integrate with CRISPR interference (CRISPRi). Here, we present a streamlined and flexible CRISPRa platform that enables robust gene activation. Using a dual-luciferase reporter, we benchmarked a range of guide RNA scaffolds, effector proteins, and promoters. We developed a novel single-guide RNA (sgRNA) architecture, harboring two MS2 aptamers inserted into the tetraloop and driven by a composite Pol II/Pol III promoter, as the most efficient configuration. This scaffold outperformed gR2.0- and SunTag-based constructs, reaching up to 100-fold activation of a minimal 35S promoter and up to 215-fold induction of three endogenous rice genes in protoplast assays. In contrast, scaffold RNAs (scRNAs) with aptamers at the 3′ end or in excessive copy numbers were ineffective. Exploratory AlphaFold modeling supports a possible role for aptamer positioning and MCP-VP64 dimerization, although this remains a working hypothesis. This modular design enables tunable gene regulation in rice protoplasts and provides a practical platform for high-throughput screening and synthetic gene circuit prototyping in plants. Given that scRNA geometry and promoter architecture are universal features of CRISPR-based transcriptional modulation, the system is expected to be broadly portable across species. While the architecture is intended to be compatible with CRISPRi, future studies will be needed to establish its practical use in combined CRISPRa/i settings
Runoff Potential Index (RPI): 3D modelling of surface-driven hydrological dynamics for drought resilience
No full textData availability: All source code used to compute and visualize the Runoff Potential Index (RPI), including the physics-based water redistribution simulations, is publicly available at the following repositories: RPI Toolbox: The Runoff Potential Index: Upland-lowland differentiation. MATLAB Central File Exchange. Updated: June 11, 2025, GitHub Repository: Drought-stress-crop-scale Released under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (Apache-2.0). Crop Growth Modelling Data and Scripts: Mendeley Data (DOI: 10.17632/fwp748vfkx.1). Published: January 20, 2025, GitHub Repository: Crop-Growth-Modelling Released under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0).International audienceDynamic modelling of water redistribution across 3D surfaces drives understanding from landscape hydrology to microscale flow patterns. Drought vulnerability assessment in agricultural systems remains increasingly critical under climate change. Yet current frameworks lack explicit integration of terrain-mediated hydrological processes with dynamic agricultural impacts-an opportunity for advancing vulnerability assessments. Existing topographic indices-particularly the widely-used Topographic Wetness Index (TWI)-exhibit numerical instability in low-gradient terrains and fail to detect microtopographic variations controlling water retention. These indices treat terrain as static geometry rather than capturing the divergence-driven dynamics that govern water redistribution across 3D surfaces. This study introduces the Runoff Potential Index (RPI), a divergence-based terrain metric: RPI(x, y) = ∇ 2 z/(|∇z| + ε), integrating local terrain curvature (via Laplacian of elevation) with slope magnitude. The Laplacian operator (∇ 2 z) quantifies flow convergence and divergencetransforming static terrain into a dynamic representation of water redistribution governed by surface morphology. The framework combines: (1) RPI terrain analysis using satellite-derived elevation data for upland-lowland differentiation based on water redistribution patterns, and (2) CERES-Rice dynamic crop modeling driven entirely by Earth observation data to evaluate drought stress across varying crop growth cycles. The RPI maintained analytical sensitivity across subtle elevation gradients (0.7-1.8 m variations) where TWI becomes unstable, successfully detecting centimeter-scale microtopographic variations critical for water retention. Terrain analysis revealed lowland areas achieving 200 kg/ha higher yields than uplands. CERES-Rice simulations (2000-2019) identified optimal sowing windows minimizing drought stress, with delayed sowing causing yield reductions exceeding 1,500 kg/ha. This Earth observation framework enables drought vulnerability mapping without in-situ environmental measurements, supporting global climate adaptation. The approach provides field-specific sowing recommendations preventing 45-73% yield losses and satellite-based drought risk assessment accessible to smallholder farmers, directly supporting SDG 13.1 and 13.3. The divergence-based formulation extends beyond agriculture to any system where surface flow dynamics govern spatial heterogeneity-from watershed hydrology to cellular environments where substrate gradients drive biological dynamics.</div