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Connecting the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation to the Southern Ocean Following the Closure of Equatorial Seaways During the Cenozoic
No full textInternational audienceAbstract Global ocean circulation regulates climate and has undergone significant changes over the Cenozoic. Today, the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) is driven by North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW) formation and Southern Ocean upwelling. By contrast, during the middle Eocene to early Oligocene (48–28 Ma), a restricted Drake Passage was limiting the northern Ekman transport, while a circum‐equatorial current sustained by trade winds promoted low‐latitude upwelling. Our set of simulations with the IPSL‐CM5A2 model reveals that this paleogeographic setting favored proto‐NADW upwelling at low latitudes, confining the AMOC to the Northern Hemisphere. Consequently, the role of southern westerly winds was limited, and the northward heat transport was weaker than in the modern ocean
Molecular-Guided Precision Oncology in Cancer of Unknown Primary: A State-of-the-Art Perspective
No full textInternational audienceCancer of unknown primary (CUP) is evolving from a diagnosis of exclusion treated with empirical chemotherapy to a molecularly defined entity amenable to precision-based interventions. This heterogeneous entity, comprising 2–3% of all metastatic malignancies, encompasses diverse cancers with clinically occult primary sites at diagnosis after a thorough workup. Recent landmark trials including CUPISCO and Fudan CUP-001 have demonstrated significant survival improvements with molecularly guided therapies compared to empirical chemotherapy, fundamentally enhancing and complementing traditional organ-centric treatment paradigms. This review synthesizes the current evidence supporting molecular diagnostics, tumor-agnostic therapies, and precision-based approaches in CUP management. We examine the clinical utility of comprehensive genomic profiling, gene expression profiling, and liquid biopsy technologies, while addressing implementation challenges and future directions. The integration of molecular tumor boards and the emergence of tissue/tissue-of-origin agnostic therapies herald a new era where CUP transitions from therapeutic nihilism to personalized oncology. As molecular technologies advance and targeted therapies proliferate, CUP may no longer represent a diagnosis of exclusion but rather an opportunity for molecularly informed precision care
Association Between Physical Activity, Sedentary Behavior and Breast Cancer Risk Among Moroccan Women: A Multicenter Case–Control Study
No full textInternational audiencePurpose: Breast cancer (BC) incidence has been increasing rapidly in North Africa, including Morocco, yet evidence regarding modifiable lifestyle factors remains limited. This study aimed to assess the associations between physical activity, sedentary behavior, daily work habits, and BC risk among Moroccan women, addressing an important gap in regional data. Methods: We conducted a case–control study between 2019 and 2023, including 1400 histologically confirmed incident BC cases and 1400 matched controls. Physical activity was assessed across the lifespan, considering type, intensity, and duration. Associations with BC risk were estimated using adjusted odds ratios (aORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results: Moderate physical activity was inversely associated with BC risk, showing a clear dose–response relationship. Compared with the lowest physical activity level, the highest quartile showed significantly lower odds of BC (aOR = 0.37 (95% CI: 0.29–0.47). Vigorous physical activity during young adulthood and mid-adulthood was similarly linked to reduced risk. Active daily habits, such as walking and regular stair climbing, were associated with lower odds, whereas frequent occupational fatigue and sweating were linked to increased risk. Conclusions: Our findings highlight a significant inverse association between physical activity and BC risk among Moroccan women. Notably, moderate PA and active daily habits like brisk walking are linked to lower odds of the disease. While these findings support the role of physical activity as an important factor associated with breast cancer prevention, the retrospective design of the study limits causal inference
ACROPOLIS: Munich urban CO <sub>2</sub> sensor network
No full textInternational audienceAbstract. Urban areas are major contributors to anthropogenic CO2 emissions, yet detailed monitoring remains a challenge due to the cost and operational constraints of traditional sensor networks. As a scalable alternative, we established the ACROPOLIS (Autonomous and Calibrated Rooftop Observatory for MetroPOLItan Sensing) network in the Munich metropolitan area, using mid-cost sensors to enable dense, city-scale observation. This work outlines the development of the hardware and software of the system, its performance and the first 1.5 years of operation, during which more than 90 million CO2 measurements were collected in urban, suburban and rural environments. The primary goal was to evaluate whether mid-cost Vaisala GMP343 sensors, when combined with manufacturer internal corrections and environmental stabilization, can reliably measure CO2 concentrations with sufficient accuracy to resolve urban gradients. We implemented a fully automated 2-point calibration procedure using synthetic dry reference gases and conducted a multi-week side-by-side comparison with a high-precision Picarro reference instrument to assess sensor performance. Our results show that, despite inter-sensor variability in temperature sensitivity, the hourly aggregated mean root mean square error (RMSE) of all sensors is 1.16 ppm with a range of 0.57 to 2.58 ppm. For the specific sensor housed in our second-generation enclosure with PID-controlled heating, the performance improved from 0.9 to 0.6 ppm RMSE. Analysis of spatial and temporal patterns reveal distinct seasonal cycles, urban–rural concentration gradients, and nighttime accumulation events, consistent with expected biogenic and anthropogenic activity, and atmospheric transport mechanisms. We conclude that mid-cost urban networks can provide scientifically valuable, spatially highly resolved greenhouse gas observations when supported by appropriate calibration and stabilization techniques. The open-source design and demonstrated performance of the ACROPOLIS network establish a blueprint for future deployments in other cities seeking to advance emissions monitoring and urban climate policy
Risk of Falls and Need of Walking Aid in Parkinson's Disease: Incidence and Impact of Comorbidities
No full textInternational audienceAbstract Background Predicting falls in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) is challenging despite their significant frequency and consequences. Objectives To determine incidences of first fall, walking aid requirement, and identify risk factors of subsequent risk, including factors unrelated to PD. Methods Study in 415 PD patients (DIGPD prospective cohort). Cumulative incidence curves were calculated and Generalized Linear Mixed Models investigated influencing factors. Results Five years after diagnosis, 26.1% of patients experienced falls while only 2.1% required walking aids; after 10 years, it rose to 66.5% and 17%, respectively. Median time to first fall was 7.9 years. Risk factors of falls were cognitive decline, freezing, comorbidities such as diabetes and depression, history of falls particularly in male, or low Body Mass Index (BMIs). Walking aids risk factors were older age, freezing, lower walking speed, higher BMIs, history of walking aid. Conclusions Treatable comorbidities (depression, diabetes, weight regulation) should be addressed in daily care to avoid falls in PD patients
Idealized modeling of stratospheric aerosol injection deployment scenarios with two non-cooperative actors
No full textInternational audienceThis code is the version of https://github.com/OB-IPSL/two-actor-SRM used in the article by Määttänen et al. (2025) in Environmental Science: Atmospheres of the Royal Society of Chemistry (A. Määttänen, F. Ravetta, J. Bureau, T. Lurton and O. Boucher, Environ. Sci.: Atmos., 2026, DOI: 10.1039/D5EA00022J. The article investigates solar radiation management scenarios of two non-cooperative actors deploying stratospheric aerosol injection (SAI) through idealized experiments. The repository includes the codes for a four-box Energy Balance Model capable of predicting hemispheric temperatures and monsoon precipitation and the coupled PI-controller. A short README is included
Ouvrir l’IA : entre exigences juridiques, souveraineté scientifique et politiques de diffusion
No full textInternational audienceLe texte examine l’ouverture de l’IA dans le cadre du droit européen, pris entre compétitivité technologique et protection des droits fondamentaux. Cette tension structure le AI Act (2024), fondé sur une approche par les risques et des obligations graduées selon les usages, les acteurs et leur taille.L’ouverture de l’IA, d’abord portée par les praticiens via des licences libres ou hybrides, répond à des enjeux de transparence, d’évolution des modèles économiques et de circulation des données, mais reste difficile à concilier avec les impératifs de financement et de souveraineté.Le législateur a instauré un régime allégé pour certaines IA open source, limitant les obligations de documentation afin de préserver l’innovation collaborative. Cet allègement est toutefois strictement encadré : il ne s’applique ni aux systèmes à haut risque ni aux usages interdits et ne dispense pas des obligations essentielles liées au droit d’auteur et aux données d’entraînement, ni de la lutte contre l’« open source washing »