83 research outputs found
A model of meta-population dynamics for North Sea and West of Scotland cod - the dynamic consequences of natal fidelity
No full textIt is clear from a variety of data that cod (Gadus morhua) in the North Sea do not constitute a homogeneous population that will rapidly redistribute in response to local variability in exploitation. Hence, local exploitation has the potential to deplete local populations, perhaps to the extent that depensation occurs and recovery is impossible without recolonisation from other areas, with consequent loss of genetic diversity. The oceanographic, biological and behavioural processes which maintain the spatial population structures are only partly understood, and one of the key unknown factors is the extent to which codexhibit homing migrations to natal spawning areas. Here, we describe a model comprising 10 interlinked demes of cod in European waters, each representing groups of fish with a common natal origin. The spawning locations of fish in each deme are governed by a variety of rules concerning oceanographic dispersal, migration behaviour and straying. We describe numerical experiments with the model and comparisons with observations, which lead us to conclude that active homing is probably not necessary to explain some of the population structures of European cod. Separation of some sub-populations is possible through distance and oceanographic processes affecting the dispersal of eggs and larvae. However, other evidence suggests that homing may be a necessary behaviour to explain the structure of other sub-populations. Theconsequences for fisheries management of taking into account spatial population structuring are complicated. For example, recovery or recolonisation strategies require consideration not only of mortality rates in the target area for restoration, but also in the source areas for the recruits which may be far removed depending on the oceanography. The model has an inbuilt capability to address issues concerning the effects of climate change, including temperature change, on spatial patterns of recruitment, development and population structure in cod
Empirical analyses of the length, weight, and condition of adult Atlantic salmon on return to the Scottish coast between 1963 and 2006
No full textSea age, size, and condition of adult Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) are prime determinants of individual, and hence population, productivity. To elucidate potential mechanisms, 151 000 records of salmon returning to six Scottish coastal sites over 44 years were analysedfor length, weight, and condition, by site, sex, sea age, and river age. After correcting for capture effort biases, all sites showed seasonal increases in length and weight for both 1 sea winter (1SW) and 2SW fish. However, whereas condition increased slightly with season for 2SW, it decreased notably for 1SW. Sites showed common decadal trends in length, weight, and condition. Within years, length and weight residuals from trends were coherent across sites, but residuals from condition trends were not. Rates of seasonal condition change also showed decadal trends, dramatically different between sea ages, but common across sites within sea-age groups. Longer salmon were disproportionately heavy in all seasons. 1SW condition was markedly lower in 2006. Detrended correlations withoceanic environmental variables were generally not significant, and always weak. A published correlation between the condition of 1SW salmon caught at a single site and sea surface temperatures in the Northeast Atlantic could not be substantiated for any of the six fisheries over the wider time-scales examined
Genome-wide screening for DNA variants associated with reading and language traits.
No full textReading and language abilities are heritable traits that are likely to share some genetic influences with each other. To identify pleiotropic genetic variants affecting these traits, we first performed a genome-wide association scan (GWAS) meta-analysis using three richly characterized datasets comprising individuals with histories of reading or language problems, and their siblings. GWAS was performed in a total of 1862 participants using the first principal component computed from several quantitative measures of reading- and language-related abilities, both before and after adjustment for performance IQ. We identified novel suggestive associations at the SNPs rs59197085 and rs5995177 (uncorrected P ≈ 10(-7) for each SNP), located respectively at the CCDC136/FLNC and RBFOX2 genes. Each of these SNPs then showed evidence for effects across multiple reading and language traits in univariate association testing against the individual traits. FLNC encodes a structural protein involved in cytoskeleton remodelling, while RBFOX2 is an important regulator of alternative splicing in neurons. The CCDC136/FLNC locus showed association with a comparable reading/language measure in an independent sample of 6434 participants from the general population, although involving distinct alleles of the associated SNP. Our datasets will form an important part of on-going international efforts to identify genes contributing to reading and language skills
Coordination of limb bud development : the role of SHH in PD limb bud patterning
No full textThe limb bud serves as an excellent model to investigate the signals involved in diverse processes during embryonic development. Limb bud development is controlled by complex regulatory networks that instruct coordinated patterning and proliferation of mesenchymal progenitors along the dorso-ventral (DV), antero-posterior (AP) and proximo-distal (PD) limb axes. Over the last two decades many of the underlying molecular mechanisms instructing limb development have been described. Nevertheless, little is known about how these signals are integrated into the networks controlling limb bud development and how the cells respond to these signals to acquire their identity. Sonic hedgehog (SHH) is known to specify the AP limb bud axis and regulate its expansion as part of a larger self-regulatory signalling system. To analyze the genome-wide effects and to identify novel targets of SHH signalling in the limb bud, we have performed microarray analysis on Shh-deficient limb buds. From this analysis we have identified a novel kinase (Pkdcc), whose expression is up-regulated in Shh-deficient limb buds and that is dynamically expressed during development. Targeted deletion of the Pkdcc gene in mice shows that Pkdcc is essential for embryonic development. Furthermore, the transcriptome analysis uncovers an unexpected function of SHH in PD limb axis development as Shh-deficient mouse limb buds are proximalized. Expression of proximal genes and retinoic acid (RA) pathway activity are up-regulated and distally expanded in Shh-deficient limb buds. In parallel, the expression of the RA inactivating enzyme Cyp26b1 is decreased in the distal mesenchyme. We have investigated the possible SHH-RA interactions using a combination of experimental manipulation, genetics and mathematical simulations. Our findings reveal a SHH-dependent signalling module that normally enhances RA clearance by increasing fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signalling in the apical ectodermal ridge (AER), which in turn up-regulates Cyp26b1 expression in the distal mesenchyme. Disruption or reduction of CYP26b1-mediated RA clearance interferes with distal limb bud development leading to molecular proximalization of Shh-, AER-Fgf- and Cyp26b1-deficient limb buds. In addition, we provide molecular evidence for early specification of the PD axis by a mutually inhibitory interaction of RA with AER-FGFs. Subsequently AP and PD limb bud patterning becomes interlinked via SHH mediated regulation of the AER-FGF/CYP26b1/RA signalling module, which enables spatially coordinated progression of limb bud development
Freshwater Sawfish (Pristis microdon) movements and population demographics in the Fitzroy River, Western Australia and genetic analysis of P. microdon and Pristis zijsron
No full textThis report is a continuation of the study that was presented to the DEWHA in 2008 entitled:
Whitty, J.M., Phillips, N.M., Morgan, D.L., Chaplin, J.A., Thorburn, D.C. & Peverell, S.C. (2008). Habitat associations of Freshwater Sawfish (Pristis microdon) and Northern River Shark (Glyphis sp. C): including genetic analysis of P. microdon across northern Australia. Centre for Fish & Fisheries Research, Murdoch University report to Australian Government, Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts
Stratified medicine for mental disorders
No full textThere is recognition that biomedical research into the causes of mental disorders and their treatment needs to adopt new approaches to research. Novel biomedical techniques have advanced our understanding of how the brain develops and is shaped by behaviour and environment. This has led to the advent of stratified medicine, which translates advances in basic research by targeting aetiological mechanisms underlying mental disorder. The resulting increase in diagnostic precision and targeted treatments may provide a window of opportunity to address the large public health burden, and individual suffering associated with mental disorders. While mental health and mental disorders have significant representation in the "health, demographic change and wellbeing" challenge identified in Horizon 2020, the framework programme for research and innovation of the European Commission (2014-2020), and in national funding agencies, clear advice on a potential strategy for mental health research investment is needed. The development of such a strategy is supported by the EC-funded "Roadmap for Mental Health Research" (ROAMER) which will provide recommendations for a European mental health research strategy integrating the areas of biomedicine, psychology, public health well being, research integration and structuring, and stakeholder participation. Leading experts on biomedical research on mental disorders have provided an assessment of the state of the art in core psychopathological domains, including arousal and stress regulation, affect, cognition social processes, comorbidity and pharmacotherapy. They have identified major advances and promising methods and pointed out gaps to be addressed in order to achieve the promise of a stratified medicine for mental disorders
Female mating decisions in the Trinidadian guppy, Poecilia reticulata
No full textContrary to traditional belief, the decisions that females make before, during and after mating shape its outcome and ultimately fitness. The aim of this thesis was to examine how females modify and adjust their mating decisions in line with social and environmental variability and how these directly and indirectly affect mating benefits. To address this aim I have formulated four main questions that correspond to chapters 2 to 6 in this thesis.
Firstly I asked whether there was evidence for female choice being driven by mating benefits. More precisely, in chapter 2, I reviewed the literature in search of evidence for direct and indirect benefits in female choice among freshwater fish species. Direct mating benefits were defined as an increase in female’s reproductive success (number of offspring). Conversely, increases in offspring reproductive success were considered to be indirect benefits. The results showed that despite the multiple suggestions and the great amount of information available, to date there is still no evidence for both direct (increase of F1) or indirect (increase in F2) mating benefits, nor their influence in female mating decisions if freshwater fishes species. Furthermore, although polyandry occurred in more than 60% of the species reviewed, I was unable to confirm that polyandry was maintained because of indirect benefits. These findings justified the need to experimentally investigate the drivers of female mating decisions in freshwater fish species and lead to the questions addressed on chapters 5 and 6. For the experimental chapters 3-6 I used the Trinidadian guppy, Poecilia reticulata, as a model species. Their unique and remarkable ecological and biological characteristics coupled with easy maintenance in laboratory conditions make guppies an ideal species for behavioural studies. But in particular, the fact that guppies live in a promiscuous mating system where females despite being constantly harassed by males may be able to control paternity, makes guppies the ideal species to address my aims.
The second question was how much were females in control of their mating decisions, and how social environment could limit these decisions. In particular, in chapter 3 I looked at how females adapt and adjust their mating decisions in line with extreme differences in population sex ratio. In chapter 4, I examined to what extent male sexual harassment affects female reproductive behaviours. Results from these two chapters indicated that female guppies have a remarkable reproductive plasticity that enable them to control their mating decisions. When faced with extreme differences in population sex ratio, female mating decisions were made in an optimal way that maximized the ratio of female reproductive benefits per investment. This translated into producing bigger offspring when in a strong female biased environment, than when in a male biased environment. Further, chapter 4 illustrated that female guppies can, despite high levels of male sexual harassment, be in control of their mating decisions. These two chapters demonstrated and have reinforced previous findings of the remarkable reproductive adaptation of female guppies to differences in the social environment.
The third question I addressed was: do multiply mated females have greater direct or indirect benefits than single mated females? To answer this question I followed for the first time reproductive success of females over two generations. I measured fitness directly (number of F1 and F2) and took as well as multiple indirect measures of fitness components for two generations in search for evidence of direct and indirect mating benefits in explaining the maintenance of female multiple mating. The results of chapter 5 revealed that female guppies do not have a higher number of F1 and F2 from polyandry or either from mating with males possessing allegedly good quality traits. I, therefore, stressed the idea that potential differences in sexual selection pressure between laboratory and wild populations may influence the expression and intensity of mating benefits between thus explaining the difficulty of finding mating benefits.
In my fourth and last question, I used a novel statistical approach based on the analysis of the dispersion in phenotypes, to look for potential alternative explanations for the prevalence of polyandry. The results of this analysis show offspring from multiple mated mothers were phenotypically more diverse than offspring from single mated mothers. Given the direct relationship between phenotypic diversity and potential fitness gains in stochastic systems, female guppies are likely to get greater benefits from mating with males with different phenotypes than with males with a particular sexual trait. This result provides an alternative explanation for the maintenance of polyandry in resource free systems.
Overall the results of this thesis reinforce previous suggestions that female guppies are active participants in the mating process, and not necessarily limited to post-copulatory mechanisms of selection of sperm. It also showed the remarkable ability of females to adjust their reproductive investment in line with changes in the social conditions. Interestingly, my results contradict the commonly accepted assertion that females’ mating preference converges towards unique male sexual traits. This result stresses the need to look at alternative explanations to justify female mating decisions
Influência de diferentes proporções de soro de queijo e oligofrutose sobre as propriedades de bebidas lácteas fermentadas simbióticas
No full textDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciências Agrárias. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência dos AlimentosEm uma primeira etapa foi avaliada a influência de diferentes proporções de soro de queijo e oligofrutose nas propriedades tecnológicas (tempo de fermentação, acidez, índice de sinerese) e população de bactérias probióticas de bebidas lácteas. A partir de um delineamento experimental composto central (CCD) foram elaboradas bebidas lácteas fermentadas por Streptococcus salivarius subsp. thermophilus, Lactobacillus acidophilus LA-5 e Bifidobacterium BB-12 com diferentes proporções de soro (27,93; 30; 35; 40; 42,07 %) e oligofrutose (1,379; 2; 3,5; 5; 5,621 %). Através da metodologia de superfície de resposta, observou-se que a oligofrutose, nas concentrações avaliadas, não apresentou influência significativa (p > 0,05) nas variáveis respostas, enquanto que a proporção de soro influenciou (p 0,05). Todas as bebidas apresentaram comportamento não-Newtoniano, com características pseudoplásticas e presença de tixotropia, sendo esta menos acentuada nas bebidas com oligofrutose. Nestas bebidas, foi também observada uma redução na viscosidade aparente (?), índice de consistência (K) e energia de ativação (Ea) e aumento do índice de comportamento de fluxo (n) e do fator de freqüência (A). A incorporação de oligofrutose na concentração de 5 % contribuiu para a obtenção de uma bebida láctea com maior firmeza e gomosidade (p 0,05). As bebidas com 2 e 5 % de oligofrutose foram preferidas sensorialmente (p < 0,05) em relação ao controle, apresentando também boa aceitabilidade global, com médias acima de 7 (gostei moderadamente). Quanto à intenção de compra, a maioria dos julgadores compraria as bebidas adicionadas de oligofrutose. A concentração de oligofrutose utilizada aliada à população de probióticos foi suficiente para conferir propriedades funcionais às bebidas lácteas fermentadas
Theropod teeth from the Adamantina formation (Bauru Group, UpperCretaceous), Monte Alto, São Paulo, Brazil
No full textTheropod bone remains from the Bauru Group, Upper Cretaceous, Southeastern Brazil, are scarce and poorly preserved. Because of that much of the information about these dinosaurs mainly relies on isolated teeth. Here we report a set of theropod teeth found in association with several crocodylomorph teeth and a well-preserved and semi-articulated sauropod dinosaur from the Adamantina Formation deposits. The teeth were analyzed under both morphological and morphometric point of views and the results showed they correspond to the clades Abelisauridae and Dromaeosauridae. To date, and based on osteological evidence, abelisaurids are the most common theropod clade in Bauru Group deposits. Additionally, although deinonychosaur remains have also been described for this unit, some of the teeth reported here might represent the first evidence of Dromaeosauridae for the Bauru Group. © 2014 Elsevier Ltd.Theropod bone remains from the Bauru Group, Upper Cretaceous, Southeastern Brazil, are scarce and poorly preserved. Because of that much of the information about these dinosaurs mainly relies on isolated teeth. 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Glycerol supplementation in dairy cows and calves
No full textThe production of biodiesel from rapeseed oil methyl ester leaves glycerol (synonym: glycerine, 1,2,3-propanetriol) as a valuable by-product and a promising feed supplement for farm animals. This thesis provides information about the supplemental feeding with glycerol to dairy cows in early lactation and to young calves, and describes the fate of glycerol entering the rumen and the impact of glycerol on enteric methane production and gastrointestinal microbial populations. This was achieved by investigating the effects of two glycerol products of different purity - crude glycerol (88.1%) and glycerol (>99%) - on milk production, feed intake and metabolic parameters in 42 dairy cows in early lactation. Furthermore, different routes of the disappearance of glycerol from the rumen were quantified. These were i) fermentation in the rumen, ii) absorption across the rumen epithelium and iii) rumen outflow through the omasal orifice. The effect of glycerol on enteric methane production, rumen volatile fatty acid profiles and microbial population in rumen fluid was investigated in a gas in vitro system. Finally, the effects of oral rehydration solutions (ORS) with added glycerol on metabolic parameters and intestinal microbiota were examined in young calves.
Glycerol supplementation, irrespective of purity, did not significantly affect milk yield or composition, the total intake of dry matter or metabolic parameters in dairy cows in early lactation. It was estimated that approximately 70% of the glycerol was absorbed mainly from the rumen, but probably also from the small intestine. A smaller fraction disappeared from the rumen compartment by microbial digestion. These findings indicate that glycerol is an available gluconeogenic substrate which might efficiently contribute to glucose synthesis in the liver. Addition of glycerol in the gas in vitro system indicated no reduction in methane production. Furthermore, bacterial and archaeal community structures subjected to additional glycerol followed a similar pattern as the in vitro control with no feed additive. Glycerol was also shown to be a suitable component in ORS for young calves since it ameliorated the effects of dehydration on feed and fluid deprived calves. In calves, glycerol was rapidly absorbed, presumably in the small intestine, and thus most likely not available to the intestinal microbiota
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