19 research outputs found
Optimalisasi Perda Kabupaten Sumenep Nomor 6 Tahun 2012 Tentang Pedoman Pelaksanaan Pembelian Dan Pengusahaan Tembakau Terhadap Kesejahteraan Petani Tembakau Di Kabupaten Sumenep
No full textABSTRAK Akbar. Andy Arya 2017. Optimalisasi Perda Kabupaten Sumenep Nomor 6 Tahun 2012 Tentang Pedoman Pelaksanaan Pembelian Dan Pengusahaan Tembakau Terhadap Kesejahteraan Petani Tembakau Di Kabupaten Sumenep. Skripsi Jurusan Hukum dan Kewarganegaraan Program Studi Pendidikan Pancasila dan Kewarganegaraan Fakultas Ilmu Sosial Universitas Negeri Malang. Pembimbing: (I) Prof. Dr.H.Suko Wiyono, SH,MH. (II) Drs. Ketut Diara Astawa, SH., M.Si Kata kunci: Tembakau,tanaman bebas, petani,bandol, juragan peraturan daerah, kesejateraan petani, keefektifan, faktor penunjang, faktor penghambat, solusi.Tembakau adalah tanaman yang bersifat barang bebas dimana tidak ada tata niaga yang mengatur tentang harga tembakau. Tembakau memiliki nilai yang sangat strategis dalam dunia perdangan di Indonesia. Karena itulah ada beberapa peraturan Daerah yang mengatur tentang pelaksanaan pembelian dan pengusahaan tembakau di Kabupaten sumenep. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan dengan tujuan untuk mengetahui (1) Pelaksaan peraturan Daerah Kabupaten Sumenep Nomor 6 Tahun 2012 tentang pedoman pelaksanaan pembelian dan pengusahaan tembakau(2) efektifitas peraturan daerah nomor 6 tahun 2012 kabupaten Sumenep dalam melindungi petani tembakau dari monopoli perdagangan tembakau(3) faktor penghambat dan penunjang optimalisasi Perda Nomor 6 tahun 2012 dalam upaya mensejahterahkan petani tembakau(4) Solusi yang diambil oleh pemerintah Daerah agar kehidupan petani lebih sejahterah.Jenis penelitian ini menggunakan penelitiandeskriptif dengan pendekatan kualitatif. Peneliti berusaha untuk menggambarkan bagaimana peran Peraturan Daerah Nomor 6 Tahun 2012 dalam upaya mensejaterahkan dan melindungi petani tembakau dari monopoli perdangan tembakau. Data yang terkumpul dari hasil penelitian ini baik berupa kata-kata, gambar, wawancara atau dokumentasi akan disusun secara terstruktur, seksama dan objektif. Hal tersebut bertujuan untuk memberikan penjelasan secara terperinci dan sesuai dengan keadaan nyata tanpa direkayasa.Hasil penelitihan ini adalah sebagai berikut. Petama,Pelaksaan Peraturan Daerah Kabupaten Sumenep Nomor 6 Tahun 2012 tentang Pedoman Pelaksanaan Pembelian dan Pengusahaan Tembakau: (a) adanya penyuluhan rutin yang dilakukan oleh perwakilan dari dinas perkebunan pada awal musim panen, (b) pemfasilitasan jalan bagi para petani tembakau untk menjual hasil panen tembakau milik mereka, (c) memberikan pengawasan dalam proses jual beli tembakau di Kabupaten Sumenep. Kedua, efektifitas peraturan daerah nomor 6 tahun 2012 kabupaten Sumenep dalam melindungi petani tembakau dari monopoli perdagangan tembakau : (1) peraturan daerah tersebut kurang efektif, (2) faktor penyebab ketidakefektifan Peraturan Daerah Nomor 6 Tahun 2012 : (a) masih adanya bandol yang tidak memilki ijin resmi dalam jual beli tembakau di kabupaten Sumenep, (b) sifat dari tanaman tembakau yang merupakan tanaman bebas sehingga tidak ada peraturan yang mengatur tentang tata niaga dari harga tanaman tembakau. Ketiga, faktor penghambat dan penunjang optimalisasi Perda Nomor 6 tahun 2012 dalam upaya mensejahterahkan petani tembakau : (1)faktor penghambat,(a) Tingkat pendidikan petani tembakau yang relatif rendah, (b) Adanya bandol dan juragan yang belum mendapatkan ijin pembelian tembakau dari pemerintah, (c) Lemahnya pengawasan dari pemerintah pusat terhadap proses jual beli tembakau di Kabupaten Sumenep, (d) Tembakau adalah tanaman atau komoditi yang bebas dalampasaran Indonesia. (2) faktor penunjang optimalisasi Perda Nomor 6 tahun 2012 dalam upaya mensejahterahkan petani tembakau : (a) adanya petani tembakau tulen, (b) adanya asosiasi kelompok taniSaran yang dapat diberikan peneliti yaitu : (1)Petani harus menggandeng pihak tertentu untuk dapat menembus pasar nasional (diluar Sumenep / Madura bahkan luar negeri) sehingga tidak tergantung kepada pembelian dari pihak tertentu, (2) Merevisi peraturan daerah nomor 6 tahun 2012 ini dengan menambahkan point standard baku kriteria grade kualitas tembakau sehingga tidak dapat dipermainkan oleh grader gudang perwakilan, (3) Merumuskan peralatan paten yang dapat berguna untuk mengukur tingkat kekeringan, elastisitas tembakau dan lainnya, sehingga tidak dinilai berdasarkan subyektifitas pembeli (4) peningkatan pengawasan transaksi jual beli tembakau antara petani tembakau Madura dengan pihak Gudang perwakilan. Pengawasan ini bisa efektif apabila dilakukan reformasi birokrasi yang berasaskan akuntabilitas, transparansi. Hal ini dimaksudkan untuk meminimalisir permainan konspirasi antara pihak gudang perwakilan dengan pihak terkait untuk memanipulasi transaksi jual beli tersebut. Untuk hal ini pemerintah harus menurunkan tim ahli tembakau yang kompeten untuk menentukan kualitas dan harga tembakau secara jujur dan terbuka sesuai dengan Peraturan Daerah Sumenep nomor 6 tahun 2012 tentang Pedoman Pelaksanaan Pembelian dan Pengusahaan Tembakau, (5)Menyediakan/memfasilitasi tempat penyimpanan/gudang tembakau bagi petani yang terlambat panen. Hal ini ditujukan untuk melindungi petani/meminimalisisr kerugian petani akibat dari rendahnya harga tembakau yang panen belakangan. Sistem ini memakai sistem koperasi petani tembakau. Sehingga tembakaunya bisa dijual pada musim tembakau tahun depan dengan harga yang layak. Untuk selanjutnya petani bisa mendapatkan pinjaman modal untuk musim tanam tahun depan
Pemetaan di Desa Pancana berbasis QR Code
Get PDFPancana is a village located in Tanete Rilau District, Barru Regency, South Sulawesi Province. Pancana Village is located on the beach facing the Makassar Strait and has 3 hamlets, namely Cenrapole, Kaworo and Pancana Hamlets. Pancana Village has a population of 3755 with details of Cenrapole Hamlet as many as 1107, Kaworo as many as 1190 and Pancana as many as 1458. There are two tours in Pancana village, namely Fishing Tours and Awu-Awu Beach. One component of Smart Village is Smart Governance which is defined as the ability of the government to make good decisions through the support of information technology and governance. The Smart Governance component consists of public services, village information systems and village fund management. The activities carried out include the village information system, where the village information system is part of the implementation of e-government. Therefore, as a KKN student, the author wants to carry out an activity entitled Mapping in Pancana Village Based on QR Code where administrative maps and tourist point maps will be integrated with the QR Code so that they are directly connected to google maps and the village website. Map making using Arcgis software. With this activity, it is expected to be able to realize Pancana Village which is Smart Governance by highlighting the technology side so that it can make it easier for anyone who wants to access information about Pancana Village
Mythologizing the transition : a comparative study of Bahram Beyzaee and Wolfe Soyinka
Get PDFBahram Beyzaee, the Iranian playwright, screenwriter and filmmaker, and Wole Soyinka, the Nigerian poet, playwright, and novelist have produced artistic works that transcend the limitations of time and locality to become powerful comments on human life and socio-political and cultural institutions. This research study examines the major themes and dramatic techniques of these two writers to demonstrate how, in two very different cultural settings, traditional modes and themes appear in modem art forms to renegotiate cultural identity. I argue that both writers place themselves in a post postcolonial position which rather than being concerned about 'writing back against the centre' reflects on the cultural shortcomings that leaves their people at the mercy of vicious internal and external forces. I also demonstrate how they demythologize the traditional superstitious beliefs that haunt the present, foreground the inauthenticity of the modern hybrid obsessions that distort everyday life in their countries and mythologize and glorify the positive aspects of history and contemporary life to redefine cultural identity in terms of the best their cultures can offer. The first two chapters give an account of the history of Iranian and Nigerian performance forms in the context of socio-political, cultural, literary and artistic movements and traditions. The third chapter proceeds to present a short discussion of the theatrical vision and themes of Beyzaee and Soyinka and embarks on a general comparison of the two writers. Chapter four is focused on Beyzaee and Soyinka's depiction of the intellectuals as sacrificial heroes whose death may initiate social purgation and cultural regeneration and liberation. Chapter five is less mythical and more sociopolitical. It is a reflection on the writers' portrayal of women in their works and their success or failure in transcending literary and cultural stereotypes in a world where the means of production and socio-economic facts and the cultural developments associated with them demand a rapid movement away from patriarchal values. Chapter six is devoted to the study of another major issue in the process of cultural transition, namely, redefining the position of ethnic minorities in the myth of nationhood. This last chapter is followed by a brief conclusion, discussing the results and the future possibilities of drama in the context of rapid transition
Cultural heritage in Iran : policies for an Islamic country.
Get PDFSIGLEAvailable from British Library Document Supply Centre- DSC:DXN003188 / BLDSC - British Library Document Supply CentreGBUnited Kingdo
Author Correction: Mapping local patterns of childhood overweight and wasting in low- and middle-income countries between 2000 and 2017
No full textMapping local patterns of childhood overweight and wasting in low- and middle-income countries between 2000 and 2017
Get PDFA double burden of malnutrition occurs when individuals, household members or communities experience both undernutrition and overweight. Here, we show geospatial estimates of overweight and wasting prevalence among children under 5 years of age in 105 low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) from 2000 to 2017 and aggregate these to policy-relevant administrative units. Wasting decreased overall across LMICs between 2000 and 2017, from 8.4 (62.3 (55.1–70.8) million) to 6.4 (58.3 (47.6–70.7) million), but is predicted to remain above the World Health Organization’s Global Nutrition Target of <5 in over half of LMICs by 2025. Prevalence of overweight increased from 5.2 (30 (22.8–38.5) million) in 2000 to 6.0 (55.5 (44.8–67.9) million) children aged under 5 years in 2017. Areas most affected by double burden of malnutrition were located in Indonesia, Thailand, southeastern China, Botswana, Cameroon and central Nigeria. Our estimates provide a new perspective to researchers, policy makers and public health agencies in their efforts to address this global childhood syndemic. © 2020, The Author(s)
Author Correction: Mapping local patterns of childhood overweight and wasting in low- and middle-income countries between 2000 and 2017 (Nature Medicine, (2020), 26, 5, (750-759), 10.1038/s41591-020-0807-6)
No full textAn amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper
Global age-sex-specific fertility, mortality, healthy life expectancy (HALE), and population estimates in 204 countries and territories, 1950–2019: a comprehensive demographic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019
Get PDFBackground: Accurate and up-to-date assessment of demographic metrics is crucial for understanding a wide range of social, economic, and public health issues that affect populations worldwide. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 produced updated and comprehensive demographic assessments of the key indicators of fertility, mortality, migration, and population for 204 countries and territories and selected subnational locations from 1950 to 2019. Methods: 8078 country-years of vital registration and sample registration data, 938 surveys, 349 censuses, and 238 other sources were identified and used to estimate age-specific fertility. Spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression (ST-GPR) was used to generate age-specific fertility rates for 5-year age groups between ages 15 and 49 years. With extensions to age groups 10–14 and 50–54 years, the total fertility rate (TFR) was then aggregated using the estimated age-specific fertility between ages 10 and 54 years. 7417 sources were used for under-5 mortality estimation and 7355 for adult mortality. ST-GPR was used to synthesise data sources after correction for known biases. Adult mortality was measured as the probability of death between ages 15 and 60 years based on vital registration, sample registration, and sibling histories, and was also estimated using ST-GPR. HIV-free life tables were then estimated using estimates of under-5 and adult mortality rates using a relational model life table system created for GBD, which closely tracks observed age-specific mortality rates from complete vital registration when available. Independent estimates of HIV-specific mortality generated by an epidemiological analysis of HIV prevalence surveys and antenatal clinic serosurveillance and other sources were incorporated into the estimates in countries with large epidemics. Annual and single-year age estimates of net migration and population for each country and territory were generated using a Bayesian hierarchical cohort component model that analysed estimated age-specific fertility and mortality rates along with 1250 censuses and 747 population registry years. We classified location-years into seven categories on the basis of the natural rate of increase in population (calculated by subtracting the crude death rate from the crude birth rate) and the net migration rate. We computed healthy life expectancy (HALE) using years lived with disability (YLDs) per capita, life tables, and standard demographic methods. Uncertainty was propagated throughout the demographic estimation process, including fertility, mortality, and population, with 1000 draw-level estimates produced for each metric. Findings: The global TFR decreased from 2·72 (95 uncertainty interval UI 2·66–2·79) in 2000 to 2·31 (2·17–2·46) in 2019. Global annual livebirths increased from 134·5 million (131·5–137·8) in 2000 to a peak of 139·6 million (133·0–146·9) in 2016. Global livebirths then declined to 135·3 million (127·2–144·1) in 2019. Of the 204 countries and territories included in this study, in 2019, 102 had a TFR lower than 2·1, which is considered a good approximation of replacement-level fertility. All countries in sub-Saharan Africa had TFRs above replacement level in 2019 and accounted for 27·1% (95% UI 26·4–27·8) of global livebirths. Global life expectancy at birth increased from 67·2 years (95% UI 66·8–67·6) in 2000 to 73·5 years (72·8–74·3) in 2019. The total number of deaths increased from 50·7 million (49·5–51·9) in 2000 to 56·5 million (53·7–59·2) in 2019. Under-5 deaths declined from 9·6 million (9·1–10·3) in 2000 to 5·0 million (4·3–6·0) in 2019. Global population increased by 25·7%, from 6·2 billion (6·0–6·3) in 2000 to 7·7 billion (7·5–8·0) in 2019. In 2019, 34 countries had negative natural rates of increase; in 17 of these, the population declined because immigration was not sufficient to counteract the negative rate of decline. Globally, HALE increased from 58·6 years (56·1–60· ) in 2000 to 63·5 years (60·8–66·1) in 2019. HALE increased in 202 of 204 countries and territories between 2000 and 2019. Interpretation: Over the past 20 years, fertility rates have been dropping steadily and life expectancy has been increasing, with few exceptions. Much of this change follows historical patterns linking social and economic determinants, such as those captured by the GBD Socio-demographic Index, with demographic outcomes. More recently, several countries have experienced a combination of low fertility and stagnating improvement in mortality rates, pushing more populations into the late stages of the demographic transition. Tracking demographic change and the emergence of new patterns will be essential for global health monitoring. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 licens
Measuring progress from 1990 to 2017 and projecting attainment to 2030 of the health-related Sustainable Development Goals for 195 countries and territories: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017
No full textAbstract: Background Efforts to establish the 2015 baseline and monitor early implementation of the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) highlight both great potential for and threats to improving health by 2030. To fully deliver on the SDG aim of "leaving no one behind", it is increasingly important to examine the health-related SDGs beyond national-level estimates. As part of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2017 (GBD 2017), we measured progress on 41 of 52 health -related SDG indicators and estimated the health-related SDG index for 195 countries and territories for the period 1990-2017, projected indicators to 2030, and analysed global attainment. Methods We measured progress on 41 health-related S DG indicators from 1990 to 2017, an increase of four indicators since GBD 2016 (new indicators were health worker density, sexual violence by non-intimate partners, population census status, and prevalence of physical and sexual violence [reported separately]). We also improved the measurement of several previously reported indicators. We constructed national-level estimates and, for a subset of health-related SDGs, examined indicator-level differences by sex and Socio-demographic Index (SDI) quintile. We also did subnational assessments of performance for selected countries. To construct the health related SDG index, we transformed the value for each indicator on a scale of 0-100, with 0 as the 2.5th percentile and 100 as the 97.5th percentile of 1000 draws calculated from 1990 to 2030, and took the geometric mean of the scaled indicators by target. To generate projections through 2030, we used a forecasting framework that drew estimates from the broader GBD study and used weighted averages of indicator-specific and country-specific annualised rates of change from 1990 to 2017 to inform future estimates. We assessed attainment of indicators with defined targets in two ways: first, using mean values projected for 2030, and then using the probability of attainment in 2030 calculated from 1000 draws. We also did a global attainment analysis of the feasibility of attaining SDG targets on the basis of past trends. Using 2015 global averages of indicators with defined SDG targets, we calculated the global annualised rates of change required from 2015 to 2030 to meet these targets, and then identified in what percentiles the required global annualised rates of change fell in the distribution of country-level rates of change from 1990 to 2015. We took the mean of these global percentile values across indicators and applied the past rate of change at this mean global percentile to all health-related SDG indicators, irrespective of target definition, to estimate the equivalent 2030 global average value and percentage change from 2015 to 2030 for each indicator. Findings The global median health-related SDG index in 2017 was 59.4 (IQR 35.4-67.3), ranging from a low of 11.6 (95% uncertainty interval 9.6-14.0) to a high of 84.9 (83.1-86.7). SDG index values in countries assessed at the subnational level varied substantially particularly in China and India, although scores in Japan and the UK were more homogeneous. Indicators also varied by SDI quintile and sex, with males having worse outcomes than females for non-communicable disease (NCD) mortality, alcohol use, and smoking, among others. Most countries were projected to have a higher health-related SDG index in 2030 than in 2017, while country-level probabilities of attainment by 2030 varied widely by indicator. Under-5 mortality, neonatal mortality, maternal mortality ratio, and malaria indicators had the most countries with at least 95% probability of target attainment. Other indicators, including NCD mortality and suicide mortality, had no countries projected to meet corresponding SDG targets on the basis of projected mean values for 2030 but showed some probability of attaimnent by 2030. For some indicators, including child malnutrition, several infectious diseases, and most violence measures, the annualised rates of change required to meet SDG targets far exceeded the pace of progress achieved by any country in the recent past. We found that applying the mean global annualised rate of change to indicators without defined targets would equate to about 19% and 22% reductions in global smoking and alcohol consumption, respectively; a 47% decline in adolescent birth rates; and a more than 85% increase in health worker density per 1000 population by 2030. Interpretation The GBD study offers a unique, robust platform for monitoring the health -related SDGs across demographic and geographic dimensions. Our findings underscore the importance of increased collection and analysis of disaggregated data and highlight where more deliberate design or targeting of interventions could accelerate progress in attaining the SDGs. Current projections show that many health -related SDG indicators, NCDs, NCD-related risks, and violence -related indicators will require a concerted shift away from what might have driven past gains curative interventions in the case of NCDs towards multisectoral, prevention -oriented policy action and investments to achieve SDG aims. Notably, several targets, if they are to be met by 2030, demand a pace of progress that no country has achieved in the recent past. The future is fundamentally uncertain, and no model can fully predict what breakthroughs or events might alter the course of the S DGs. What is clear is that our actions or inaction today will ultimately dictate how close the world, collectively, can get to leaving no one behind by 2030. Copyright (C) 2018 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license
Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 359 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 195 countries and territories, 1990-2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017
No full textAbstract: Background How long one lives, how many years of life are spent in good and poor health, and how the population's state of health and leading causes of disability change over time all have implications for policy, planning, and provision of services. We comparatively assessed the patterns and trends of healthy life expectancy (HALE), which quantifies the number of years of life expected to be lived in good health, and the complementary measure of disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), a composite measure of disease burden capturing both premature mortality and prevalence and severity of ill health, for 359 diseases and injuries for 195 countries and territories over the past 28 years. Methods We used data for age-specific mortality rates, years of life lost (YLLs) due to premature mortality, and years lived with disability (YLDs) from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2017 to calculate HALE and DALYs from 1990 to 2017. We calculated HALE using age-specific mortality rates and YLDs per capita for each location, age, sex, and year. We calculated DALYs for 359 causes as the sum of YLLs and YLDs. We assessed how observed HALE and DALYs differed by country and sex from expected trends based on Sociodemographic Index (SDI). We also analysed HALE by decomposing years of life gained into years spent in good health and in poor health, between 1990 and 2017, and extra years lived by females compared with males. Findings Globally, from 1990 to 2017, life expectancy at birth increased by 7.4 years (95% uncertainty interval 74-7.8), from 65.6 years (65.3-65- 8) in 1990 to 73.0 years (72.7-73.3) in 2017. The increase in years of life varied from 5.1 years (5.0-5.3) in high SDI countries to 12.0 years (11.3-12.8) in low SDI countries. Of the additional years of life expected at birth, 26.3% (20.1-33.1) were expected to be spent in poor health in high SDI countries compared with 11.7% (8.8-15.1) in low-middle SDI countries. HALE at birth increased by 6.3 years (5.9-6.7), from 57.0 years (54.6-59.1) in 1990 to 63.3 years (60.5-65.7) in 2017. The increase varied from 3.8 years (3.4-4.1) in high SDI countries to 10.5 years (9.8-11.2) in low SDI countries. Even larger variations in HALE than these were observed between countries, ranging from 1.0 year (0.4-1.7) in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (62.4 years [59.9-64.7] in 1990 to 63.5 years [60.9-65.8] in 2017) to 23.7 years (21.9-25.6) in Eritrea (30.7 years [28.9-32.2] in 1990 to 54.4 years [51.5-57.1] in 2017). In most countries, the increase in HALE was smaller than the increase in overall life expectancy, indicating more years lived in poor health. In 180 of 195 countries and territories, females were expected to live longer than males in 2017, with extra years lived varying from 1.4 years (0.6-2.3) in Algeria to 11.9 years (10.9-12.9) in Ukraine. Of the extra years gained, the proportion spent in poor health varied largely across countries, with less than 20% of additional years spent in poor health in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Burundi, and Slovakia, whereas in Bahrain all the extra years were spent in poor health. In 2017, the highest estimate of HALE at birth was in Singapore for both females (75.8 years [72.4-78.7]) and males (72.6 years [69 " 8-75.0]) and the lowest estimates were in Central African Republic (47.0 years [43.7-50.2] for females and 42.8 years [40.1-45.6] for males). Globally, in 2017, the five leading causes of DALYs were neonatal disorders, ischaemic heart disease, stroke, lower respiratory infections, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Between 1990 and 2017, age-standardised DALY rates decreased by 41.3% (38.8-43.5) for communicable diseases and by 49"8% (47.9-51.6) for neonatal disorders. For non-communicable diseases, global DALYs increased by 40.1% (36.8-43.0), although age-standardised DALY rates decreased by 18.1% (16.0-20.2). Interpretation With increasing life expectancy in most countries, the question of whether the additional years of life gained are spent in good health or poor health has been increasingly relevant because of the potential policy implications, such as health-care provisions and extending retirement ages. In some locations, a large proportion of those additional years are spent in poor health. Large inequalities in HALE and disease burden exist across countries in different SDI quintiles and between sexes. The burden of disabling conditions has serious implications for health system planning and health-related expenditures. Despite the progress made in reducing the burden of communicable diseases and neonatal disorders in low S DI countries, the speed of this progress could be increased by scaling up proven interventions. The global trends among non-communicable diseases indicate that more effort is needed to maximise HALE, such as risk prevention and attention to upstream determinants of health. Copyright (C) 2018 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd
