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    27 research outputs found

    Funções da pena privativa de liberdade no sistema penal capitalista: do que se oculta(va) ao que se declara

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    Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciências Jurídicas. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Direito.Esta tese tem por objeto a pena privativa de liberdade, as funções que este tipo de punição vem exercendo ao longo do desenvolvimento do sistema de produção capitalista. Em um espaço-tempo necessariamente contextualizado a partir da utilização da primeira forma de privação da liberdade humana com fins econômicos, em meados do século XVI, até os presentes dias com a privatização/terceirização dos presídios, investigar-se-á quais, efetivamente, têm sido as funções desempenhadas pela pena de prisão, vez que se cotejando o que é declarado com aquilo que realmente se concretiza no âmbito carcerário - em todas as épocas, em todos os lugares - conclui-se por uma dissonância completa. O problema central enfrentado intenta perquirir quais as efetivas funções que a pena privativa de liberdade têm cumprido no âmbito do desenvolvimento e manutenção do sistema de produção capitalista. O objetivo geral perseguido, que se formulou como hipótese central da investigação, é demonstrar que a pena privativa de liberdade, longe de alcançar os objetivos oficialmente declarados, pelo contrário, é utilizada, isto sim, como principal instrumento a serviço do poder para manutenção das desigualdades sociais, não sendo suas efetivas funções a justa retribuição, a intimidação, a reafirmação do valor da norma, a ressocialização ou a neutralização de criminosos. Como conclusão final defendemos o entendimento de que a pena privativa de liberdade, ao longo de toda sua história, sempre desempenhou um papel voltado para implantação, desenvolvimento e manutenção do sistema econômico que a inventou, o capitalismo. This paper aims to consider the punishment which freedom as well as the functions which that kind of penalty has been carrying out along the development of the system of capitalist production. In a time-space necessarily contextualized from the use of the first form of privation of human freedom under economical goals until the middle of the XVI century reaching the present day with the privatization/tercerization of the jailhouses, this paper will investigate which, indeed, have been the function performed by the prison penalty. It also compares what is declared to that which, in fact, happens in the jailhouse ambience, - in every ages and in every places # it concludes that there is a complete dissonancy. The main problem which presents itself intends to perquire which the effective functions attributed to the lack of freedom under the development and maintenance of the system of capitalist production. The wished goal which is formulated with our central hypothesis of investigation is to demonstrate that the punishment cutting man#s liberty, far from to reach its declared officially goals, only is used, on the contrary, as a main instrument to the work of power in order to maintain the social inequalities. So, it is not its effective functions the correct retribution, the intimidation, the reaffirmation of the values of the norm, also the ressocialization or the neutralization of criminal people. As a final goal its defended the interpretation that the punishment cutting man#s freedom, along his history, always played a role directed to the implantation, developed and supporting of the economical system which created it # capitalism
    Repositório Institucional da UFSC

    Strategies and performance of the CMS silicon tracker alignment during LHC Run 2

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    The strategies for and the performance of the CMS silicon tracking system alignment during the 2015-2018 data-taking period of the LHC are described. The alignment procedures during and after data taking are explained. Alignment scenarios are also derived for use in the simulation of the detector response. Systematic effects, related to intrinsic symmetries of the alignment task or to external constraints, are discussed and illustrated for different scenarios
    Archivio Istituzionale della Ricerca - Università degli Studi di Pavia
    DESY
    CERN Document Server

    Extracting the speed of sound in the strongly interacting matter created in ultrarelativistic lead-lead collisions at the LHC

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    International audienceUltrarelativistic nuclear collisions create a strongly interacting state of hot and dense quark-gluon matter that exhibits a remarkable collective flow behavior with minimal viscous dissipation. To gain deeper insights into its intrinsic nature and fundamental degrees of freedom, we extracted the speed of sound in this medium created using lead-lead (PbPb) collisions at a center-of-mass energy per nucleon pair of 5.02 TeV. The data were recorded by the CMS experiment at the CERN LHC and correspond to an integrated luminosity of 0.607 nb−1^{-1}. The measurement is performed by studying the multiplicity dependence of the average transverse momentum of charged particles emitted in head-on PbPb collisions. Our findings reveal that the speed of sound in this matter is nearly half the speed of light, with a squared value of 0.241 ±\pm 0.002 (stat) ±\pm 0.016 (syst) in natural units. The effective medium temperature, estimated using the mean transverse momentum, is 219 ±\pm 8 (syst) MeV. The measured squared speed of sound at this temperature aligns precisely with predictions from lattice quantum chromodynamic (QCD) calculations. This result provides a stringent constraint on the equation of state of the created medium and direct evidence for a deconfined QCD phase being attained in relativistic nuclear collisions
    Archives ouvertes de Paris-Saclay
    HAL-IN2P3
    Archivio Istituzionale della Ricerca - Università degli Studi di Pavia
    Portail HAL de l'Institut Polytechnique de Paris
    Portail HAL de l’Université Claude Bernard Lyon
    HAL Université de Savoie
    HAL-CEA
    CERN Document Server
    HAL
    HAL-Polytechnique

    Observation of γγ→ττ {\gamma\gamma\to\tau\tau} in proton-proton collisions and limits on the anomalous electromagnetic moments of the τ \tau lepton

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    The production of a pair of τ \tau leptons via photon-photon fusion, γγ→ττ {\gamma\gamma\to\tau\tau} , is observed for the first time in proton-proton collisions, with a significance of 5.3 standard deviations. This observation is based on a data set recorded with the CMS detector at the LHC at a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV and corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 138 fb−1 ^{-1} . Events with a pair of τ \tau leptons produced via photon-photon fusion are selected by requiring them to be back-to-back in the azimuthal direction and to have a minimum number of charged hadrons associated with their production vertex. The τ \tau leptons are reconstructed in their leptonic and hadronic decay modes. The measured fiducial cross section of γγ→ττ {\gamma\gamma\to\tau\tau} is σobsfid= \sigma^\text{fid}_\text{obs}= 12.4−3.1+3.8 ^{+3.8}_{-3.1} fb. Constraints are set on the contributions to the anomalous magnetic moment (aτ a_{\tau} ) and electric dipole moments (dτ d_{\tau} ) of the τ \tau lepton originating from potential effects of new physics on the γττ \gamma\tau\tau vertex: aτ= a_{\tau}= 0.0009−0.0031+0.0032_{-0.0031}^{+0.0032} and ∣dτ∣< |d_{\tau}| < 2.9×\times 10−17^{-17} e.cm (95% confidence level), consistent with the standard model.The production of a pair of τ leptons via photon–photon fusion, {{\unicode{x03B3}\unicode{x03B3}\to\unicode{x03C4}\unicode{x03C4}}}, is observed for the first time in proton–proton collisions, with a significance of 5.3 standard deviations. This observation is based on a data set recorded with the CMS detector at the LHC at a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV and corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 138 fb−1^{−1}. Events with a pair of τ leptons produced via photon–photon fusion are selected by requiring them to be back-to-back in the azimuthal direction and to have a minimum number of charged hadrons associated with their production vertex. The τ leptons are reconstructed in their leptonic and hadronic decay modes. The measured fiducial cross section of {{\unicode{x03B3}\unicode{x03B3}\to\unicode{x03C4}\unicode{x03C4}}} is σobsfid=12.4−3.1+3.8 fb\sigma^\text{fid}_\text{obs} = 12.4 ^{+3.8}_{-3.1}\,\textrm{fb}. Constraints are set on the contributions to the anomalous magnetic moment ({a_{\unicode{x03C4}}}) and electric dipole moments ({d_{\unicode{x03C4}}}) of the τ lepton originating from potential effects of new physics on the \unicode{x03B3}\unicode{x03C4}\unicode{x03C4} vertex: {a_{\unicode{x03C4}}} = 0.0009_{-0.0031}^{+0.0032} and |{d_{\unicode{x03C4}}}| \lt 2.9\times 10^{-17}\,{e}\,\textrm{cm} (95% confidence level), consistent with the standard model.The production of a pair of τ\tau leptons via photon-photon fusion, γγ\gamma\gamma→\toττ\tau\tau, is observed for the first time in proton-proton collisions, with a significance of 5.3 standard deviations. This observation is based on a data set recorded with the CMS detector at the LHC at a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV and corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 138 fb−1^{-1}. Events with a pair of τ\tau leptons produced via photon-photon fusion are selected by requiring them to be back-to-back in the azimuthal direction and to have a minimum number of charged hadrons associated with their production vertex. The τ\tau leptons are reconstructed in their leptonic and hadronic decay modes. The measured fiducial cross section of γγ\gamma\gamma→\toττ\tau\tau is σobsfid\sigma^\text{fid}_\text{obs} = 12.4 −3.1+3.8^{+3.8}_{-3.1} fb. Constraints are set on the contributions to the anomalous magnetic moment (aτa_\tau) and electric dipole moments (dτd_\tau) of the τ\tau lepton originating from potential effects of new physics on the γττ\gamma\tau\tau vertex: aτa_\tau = 0.0009 −0.0031+0.0032_{-0.0031}^{+0.0032} and ∣dτ∣\lvert d_\tau \rvert<\lt 2.9 ×\times 10−17^{-17}e e\,cm (95% confidence level), consistent with the standard model
    Archives ouvertes de Paris-Saclay
    HAL-IN2P3
    Archivio Istituzionale della Ricerca - Università degli Studi di Pavia
    Archivio istituzionale della Ricerca - Scuola Normale Superiore
    HAL Université de Savoie
    HAL-CEA
    CERN Document Server
    HAL
    HAL Portal UDL Université de Lyon
    HAL-Polytechnique

    Operation and performance of the CMS silicon strip tracker with proton-proton collisions at the CERN LHC

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    International audienceSalient aspects of the commissioning, calibration, and performance of the CMS silicon strip tracker are discussed, drawing on experience during operation with proton-proton collisions delivered by the CERN LHC. The data were obtained with a variety of luminosities. The operating temperature of the strip tracker was changed several times during this period and results are shown as a function of temperature in several cases. Details of the system performance are presented, including occupancy, signal-to-noise ratio, Lorentz angle, and single-hit spatial resolution. Saturation effects in the APV25 readout chip preamplifier observed during early Run 2 are presented, showing the effect on various observables and the subsequent remedy. Studies of radiation effects on the strip tracker are presented both for the optical readout links and the silicon sensors. The observed effects are compared to simulation, where available, and they generally agree well with expectations
    HAL-IN2P3
    Portail HAL de l'Institut Polytechnique de Paris
    Portail HAL de l’Université Claude Bernard Lyon
    HAL Université de Savoie
    HAL-CEA
    CERN Document Server
    HAL Portal UDL Université de Lyon
    HAL-Polytechnique

    Mortality and pulmonary complications in patients undergoing surgery with perioperative SARS-CoV-2 infection: an international cohort study

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    Background: The impact of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) on postoperative recovery needs to be understood to inform clinical decision making during and after the COVID-19 pandemic. This study reports 30-day mortality and pulmonary complication rates in patients with perioperative SARS-CoV-2 infection. Methods: This international, multicentre, cohort study at 235 hospitals in 24 countries included all patients undergoing surgery who had SARS-CoV-2 infection confirmed within 7 days before or 30 days after surgery. The primary outcome measure was 30-day postoperative mortality and was assessed in all enrolled patients. The main secondary outcome measure was pulmonary complications, defined as pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, or unexpected postoperative ventilation. Findings: This analysis includes 1128 patients who had surgery between Jan 1 and March 31, 2020, of whom 835 (74·0%) had emergency surgery and 280 (24·8%) had elective surgery. SARS-CoV-2 infection was confirmed preoperatively in 294 (26·1%) patients. 30-day mortality was 23·8% (268 of 1128). Pulmonary complications occurred in 577 (51·2%) of 1128 patients; 30-day mortality in these patients was 38·0% (219 of 577), accounting for 82·6% (219 of 265) of all deaths. In adjusted analyses, 30-day mortality was associated with male sex (odds ratio 1·75 [95% CI 1·28–2·40], p<0·0001), age 70 years or older versus younger than 70 years (2·30 [1·65–3·22], p<0·0001), American Society of Anesthesiologists grades 3–5 versus grades 1–2 (2·35 [1·57–3·53], p<0·0001), malignant versus benign or obstetric diagnosis (1·55 [1·01–2·39], p=0·046), emergency versus elective surgery (1·67 [1·06–2·63], p=0·026), and major versus minor surgery (1·52 [1·01–2·31], p=0·047). Interpretation: Postoperative pulmonary complications occur in half of patients with perioperative SARS-CoV-2 infection and are associated with high mortality. Thresholds for surgery during the COVID-19 pandemic should be higher than during normal practice, particularly in men aged 70 years and older. Consideration should be given for postponing non-urgent procedures and promoting non-operative treatment to delay or avoid the need for surgery. Funding: National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), Association of Coloproctology of Great Britain and Ireland, Bowel and Cancer Research, Bowel Disease Research Foundation, Association of Upper Gastrointestinal Surgeons, British Association of Surgical Oncology, British Gynaecological Cancer Society, European Society of Coloproctology, NIHR Academy, Sarcoma UK, Vascular Society for Great Britain and Ireland, and Yorkshire Cancer Research
    University of Liverpool Repository
    Archivio istituzionale della ricerca - Università dell'Insubria
    Catalogo dei prodotti della ricerca Università degli Studi di Verona
    Archivio istituzionale della ricerca - Università di Cagliari
    Archivio istituzionale della ricerca - Università di Ferrara
    Archivio istituzionale della ricerca - Università di Genova
    White Rose Research Online
    Archivio Istituzionale della Ricerca- Università del Piemonte Orientale
    Archivio istituzionale della ricerca - Università di Palermo
    AIR Universita degli studi di Milano
    UCrea
    Ghent University Academic Bibliography
    Archivsystem Ask23
    Archivio istituzionale della ricerca - Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna
    University of Melbourne Institutional Repository
    HAL
    Explore Bristol Research
    PubliCatt
    University of Birmingham Research Portal
    CINECA IRIS Institutial research information system UNISS
    Spiral - Imperial College Digital Repository
    Queen Mary Research Online
    Archivio Istituzionale della Ricerca - Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli"
    IRIS UniSR (’Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele)
    Repositorio Documental de la Universidad de Valladolid
    UCL Discovery
    Archivio della Ricerca - Università di Pisa
    University of East Anglia digital repository
    Archivio della ricerca- Università di Roma La Sapienza
    St George's Online Research Archive
    Portail HAL UNIV-RENNES

    Multiplicity dependence of Υ\Upsilon production at forward rapidity in pp collisions at s\sqrt{s} = 13 TeV

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    International audienceThe measurement of Υ\Upsilon(1S), Υ\Upsilon(2S), and Υ\Upsilon(3S) yields as a function of the charged-particle multiplicity density, dNch/dη\textrm{d}N_{\textrm{ch}}/\textrm{d}\eta, using the ALICE experiment at the LHC, is reported in pp collisions at s=\sqrt{s} = 13 TeV. The Υ\Upsilon meson yields are measured at forward rapidity (2.5<y<42.5 < y < 4) in the dimuon decay channel, whereas the charged-particle multiplicity is defined at central rapidity (∣η∣<1|\eta| < 1). Both quantities are divided by their average value in minimum bias events to compute the self-normalized quantities. The increase of the self-normalized Υ\Upsilon(1S), Υ\Upsilon(2S), and Υ\Upsilon(3S) yields is found to be compatible with a linear scaling with the self-normalized dNch/dη\textrm{d}N_{\textrm{ch}}/\textrm{d}\eta, within the uncertainties. The self-normalized yield ratios of excited-to-ground Υ\Upsilon states are compatible with unity within uncertainties. Similarly, the measured double ratio of the self-normalized Υ\Upsilon(1S) to the self-normalized J/ψ\psi yields, both measured at forward rapidity, is compatible with unity for self-normalized charged-particle multiplicities beyond one. The measurements are compared with theoretical predictions incorporating initial or final state effects
    HAL Mines Nantes

    First measurement of prompt and non-prompt D∗+{\rm D^{*+}} vector meson spin alignment in pp collisions at s=13\sqrt{s} = 13 TeV

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    This letter reports the first measurement of spin alignment, with respect to the helicity axis, for D∗+{\rm D^{*+}} vector mesons and their charge conjugates from charm-quark hadronisation (prompt) and from beauty-meson decays (non-prompt) in hadron collisions. The measurements were performed at midrapidity (|y|D⁎+ vector mesons and their charge conjugates from charm-quark hadronisation (prompt) and from beauty-meson decays (non-prompt) in hadron collisions. The measurements were performed at midrapidity (|y|<0.8) as a function of transverse momentum (pT) in proton–proton (pp) collisions collected by ALICE at the centre-of-mass energy s=13TeV. The diagonal spin density matrix element ρ00 of D⁎+ mesons was measured from the angular distribution of the D⁎+→D0(→K−π+)π+ decay products, in the D⁎+ rest frame, with respect to the D⁎+ momentum direction in the pp centre of mass frame. The ρ00 value for prompt D⁎+ mesons is consistent with 1/3, which implies no spin alignment. However, for non-prompt D⁎+ mesons an evidence of ρ00 larger than 1/3 is found. The measured value of the spin density element is ρ00=0.455±0.022(stat.)±0.035(syst.) in the 5<pT<20GeV/c interval, which is consistent with a Pythia 8 Monte Carlo simulation coupled with the EvtGen package, which implements the helicity conservation in the decay of D⁎+ meson from beauty mesons. In non-central heavy-ion collisions, the spin of the D⁎+ mesons may be globally aligned with the direction of the initial angular momentum and magnetic field. Based on the results for pp collisions reported in this letter it is shown that alignment of non-prompt D⁎+ mesons due to the helicity conservation coupled to the collective anisotropic expansion may mimic the signal of global spin alignment in heavy-ion collisions.This letter reports the first measurement of spin alignment, with respect to the helicity axis, for {\rm D^{*+}}vectormesonsandtheirchargeconjugatesfromcharm−quarkhadronisation(prompt)andfrombeauty−mesondecays(non−prompt)inhadroncollisions.Themeasurementswereperformedatmidrapidity( vector mesons and their charge conjugates from charm-quark hadronisation (prompt) and from beauty-meson decays (non-prompt) in hadron collisions. The measurements were performed at midrapidity (|y|<0.8)asafunctionoftransversemomentum() as a function of transverse momentum (p_{\rm T})inproton−proton(pp)collisionscollectedbyALICEatthecentre−of−massenergy) in proton-proton (pp) collisions collected by ALICE at the centre-of-mass energy \sqrt{s} = 13TeV.Thediagonalspindensitymatrixelement TeV. The diagonal spin density matrix element \rho_{00}of of {\rm D^{*+}}mesonswasmeasuredfromtheangulardistributionofthe mesons was measured from the angular distribution of the {\rm D^{*+}} \to {\rm D}^0 (\to {\rm K}^{-}\pi^{+}) \pi^+decayproducts,inthe decay products, in the {\rm D^{*+}}restframe,withrespecttothe rest frame, with respect to the {\rm D^{*+}}momentumdirectionintheppcentreofmassframe.The momentum direction in the pp centre of mass frame. The \rho_{00}valueforprompt value for prompt {\rm D^{*+}}mesonsisconsistentwith mesons is consistent with 1/3,whichimpliesnospinalignment.However,fornon−prompt, which implies no spin alignment. However, for non-prompt {\rm D^{*+}}mesonsanevidenceof mesons an evidence of \rho_{00}largerthan larger than 1/3isfound.Themeasuredvalueofthespindensityelementis is found. The measured value of the spin density element is \rho_{00}=0.455\pm0.022(\text{stat.})\pm0.035(\text{syst.})inthe in the 5 < p_{\rm T} < 20GeV/ GeV/cinterval,whichisconsistentwithaPYTHIA8MonteCarlosimulationcoupledwiththeEVTGENpackage,whichimplementsthehelicityconservationinthedecayof interval, which is consistent with a PYTHIA 8 Monte Carlo simulation coupled with the EVTGEN package, which implements the helicity conservation in the decay of {\rm D^{*+}}mesonfrombeautymesons.Innon−centralheavy−ioncollisions,thespinofthe meson from beauty mesons. In non-central heavy-ion collisions, the spin of the {\rm D^{*+}}mesonsmaybegloballyalignedwiththedirectionoftheinitialangularmomentumandmagneticfield.Basedontheresultsforppcollisionsreportedinthisletteritisshownthatalignmentofnon−prompt mesons may be globally aligned with the direction of the initial angular momentum and magnetic field. Based on the results for pp collisions reported in this letter it is shown that alignment of non-prompt {\rm D^{*+}}$ mesons due to the helicity conservation coupled to the collective anisotropic expansion may mimic the signal of global spin alignment in heavy-ion collisions
    HAL-IN2P3
    Hal - Université Grenoble Alpes
    HAL Clermont Université
    Portail HAL Nantes Université
    Archives ouvertes Hal IMT Atlantique
    HAL Mines Nantes
    Portail HAL de l’Université Claude Bernard Lyon
    HAL-CEA
    CERN Document Server
    GSI Repository
    HAL
    HAL Portal UDL Université de Lyon

    Search for the Chiral Magnetic Effect with charge-dependent azimuthal correlations in Xe–Xe collisions at sNN=5.44 TeV

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    International audienceCharge-dependent two- and three-particle correlations measured in Xe–Xe collisions at sNN=5.44 TeV are presented. Results are obtained for charged particles in the pseudorapidity range |η|&lt;0.8 and transverse momentum interval 0.2≤pT&lt;5.0 GeV/c for different collision centralities. The three-particle correlator γαβ≡〈cos⁡(φα+φβ−2Ψ2)〉, calculated for different combinations of charge sign α and β, is expected to be sensitive to the presence of the Chiral Magnetic Effect (CME). Its magnitude is similar to the one observed in Pb–Pb collisions in contrast to a smaller CME signal in Xe–Xe collisions than in Pb–Pb collisions predicted by Monte Carlo (MC) calculations including a magnetic field induced by the spectator protons. These observations point to a large non-CME contribution to the correlator. Furthermore, the charge dependence of γαβ can be described by a blast wave model calculation that incorporates background effects and by the Anomalous Viscous Fluid Dynamics model with values of the CME signal consistent with zero. The Xe–Xe and Pb–Pb results are combined with the expected CME signal dependence on the system size from the MC calculations including a magnetic field to obtain the fraction of CME contribution in γαβ, fCME. The CME fraction is compatible with zero for the 30% most central events in both systems and then becomes positive. This yields an upper limit of 2% (3%) and 25% (32%) at 95% (99.7%) confidence level for the CME signal contribution to γαβ in the 0–70% Xe–Xe and Pb–Pb collisions, respectively
    Archives ouvertes de Paris-Saclay
    HAL-IN2P3
    Hal - Université Grenoble Alpes
    HAL Clermont Université
    Portail HAL Nantes Université
    Archives ouvertes Hal IMT Atlantique
    HAL Mines Nantes
    Portail HAL de l’Université Claude Bernard Lyon
    HAL-CEA
    HAL
    HAL Portal UDL Université de Lyon

    Measurement of the angle between jet axes in Pb−-Pb collisions at sNN=5.02\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}} = 5.02 TeV

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    International audienceThis letter presents the first measurement of the angle between different jet axes (denoted as ΔR{\Delta}R) in Pb−-Pb collisions. The measurement is carried out in the 0−-10% most-central events at sNN=5.02\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}} = 5.02 TeV. Jets are assembled by clustering charged particles at midrapidity using the anti-kTk_{\rm T} algorithm with resolution parameters R=0.2R=0.2 and 0.40.4 and transverse momenta in the intervals 40<pTchjet<14040 < p_{\rm T}^{\rm ch jet} < 140 GeV/cc and 80<pTchjet<14080 < p_{\rm T}^{\rm ch jet} < 140 GeV/cc, respectively. Measurements at these low transverse momenta enhance the sensitivity to quark−-gluon plasma (QGP) effects. A comparison to models implementing various mechanisms of jet energy loss in the QGP shows that the observed narrowing of the Pb−-Pb distribution relative to pp can be explained if quark-initiated jets are more likely to emerge from the medium than gluon-initiated jets. These new measurements discard intra-jet pTp_{\rm T} broadening as described in a model calculation with the BDMPS formalism as the main mechanism of energy loss in the QGP. The data are sensitive to the angular scale at which the QGP can resolve two independent splittings, favoring mechanisms that incorporate incoherent energy loss
    HAL Mines Nantes
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