298,480 research outputs found
An overview of the ATLAS High Level Trigger Dataflow and Supervision.
No full textThe ATLAS high-level trigger (HLT) system provides software-based event selection after the initial LVL1 hardware trigger. It is composed of two stages, the LVL2 trigger and the event filter (EF). The LVL2 trigger performs event selection with optimized algorithms using selected data guided by Region of Interest pointers provided by the LVL1 trigger. Those events selected by LVL2 are built into complete events, which are passed to the EF for a further stage of event selection and classification using off-line algorithms. Events surviving the EF selection are passed for off-line storage. The two stages of HLT are implemented on processor farms. The concept of distributing the selection process between LVL2 and EF is a key element in the architecture, which allows it to be flexible to changes (luminosity, detector knowledge, background conditions, etc.) Although there are some differences in the requirements between these subsystems there are many commonalities. An overview of the dataflow (event selection) and supervision (control, configuration, monitoring) activities in the HLT is given, highlighting where commonalities between the two subsystems can be exploited and indicating where requirements dictate that implementations differ. An HLT prototype system has been built at CERN. Functional testing is being carried out in order to validate the HLT architecture
Algorithms for the ATLAS High Level Trigger.
No full textFollowing rigorous software design and analysis methods, an object-based architecture has been developed to derive the second- and third-level trigger decisions for the future ATLAS detector at the LHC. The functional components within this system responsible for generating elements of the trigger decisions are algorithms running within the software architecture. Relevant aspects of the architecture are reviewed along with concrete examples of specific algorithms and their performance in "vertical" slices of various physics selection strategies
Second Level Trigger of the ATLAS Experiment at CERN's LHC.
No full textThe ATLAS trigger reduces the rate of interesting events to be recorded for off-line analysis in three successive levels from 40 MHz to ∼100 kHz, ∼2 kHz and ∼200 Hz. The high level triggers and data acquisition system are designed to profit from commodity computing and networking components to achieve the required performance. In this paper, we discuss data flow aspects of the design of the second level trigger (LVL2) and present results of performance measurements
How trigger warnings shoot down free debate
No full textThe only thing we need ‘trigger warnings’ about on campus are trigger warnings. I expect British satirical website the Daily Mash will soon start selling t-shirts with the words ‘TRIGGER WARNING’ on them. If it does, every academic worthy of the name should buy one and proudly wear it on campus
Performance of the ATLAS trigger system in 2010
No full textProton–proton collisions at Ös=7s=7 TeV and heavy ion collisions at Ö{sNN}=2.76sNN=276 TeV were produced by the LHC and recorded using the ATLAS experiment’s trigger system in 2010. The LHC is designed with a maximum bunch crossing rate of 40 MHz and the ATLAS trigger system is designed to record approximately 200 of these per second. The trigger system selects events by rapidly identifying signatures of muon, electron, photon, tau lepton, jet, and B meson candidates, as well as using global event signatures, such as missing transverse energy. An overview of the ATLAS trigger system, the evolution of the system during 2010 and the performance of the trigger system components and selections based on the 2010 collision data are shown. A brief outline of plans for the trigger system in 2011 is presented
Enforcing International Trade Agreements with Imperfect Private Monitoring: Private Trigger Strategies and the Possible Role of the WTO
No full textInternational trade disputes often involve the WTO as a third party that generates impartial opinions on potential violations when countries receive imperfect and private signals of violations. To identify the role that the WTO plays in enforcing trade agreements, this paper first explores what countries can achieve without the WTO by characterizing optimal private trigger strategies (PTS) under which each country triggers a punishment phase by imposing an explicit tariff based on privately-observed imperfect signals of the other country's concealed trade barriers. It identifies the condition under which countries can restrain the use of concealed barriers based on PTS and establishes that countries will not reduce the cooperative protection level to its minimum attainable level under the optimal PTS. This paper then considers third-party trigger strategies (TTS) under which the WTO allows each country to initiate a punishment phase based on the WTO's judgment (i.e., its signals) about potential violations. The WTO thus changes the nature of punishment-triggering signals from private into public, enabling countries to use punishment phases of any length under TTS, which in turn facilitates a better cooperative equilibrium. The optimal TTS will involve an asymmetric and minimum punishment if the probability of a punishment phase being triggered is lower than a critical level, but it will entail punishments involving a permanent Nash tariff war if the probability of a punishment phase is higher than a certain level. A numerical comparison of the optimal TTS and optimal PTS indicates that the contribution of the WTO is likely to be significant when the signals of potential violations are relatively accurate, as this enables countries to use a more efficient punishment, such as an asymmetric and minimum punishment.Concealed Trade Barriers, Imperfect Private Monitoring, International Trade Agreements, Repeated Game, Trade Disputes, Trigger Strategies, WTO
Trigger System Design Requirements
No full textThis document describes the requirements for the full multi-level BABAR trigger system as well as more specific functional and interface requirements for the Level 1 trigger. The three sections of this document are the (I) introduction to the physics, backgrounds and trigger, the (II) executive summary for the trigger system and the (III) detailed list of requirements. I-A The Electronics Syste
Experimental validation of FEA modelling of touch trigger probes
No full textThe authors have previously proposed the use of finite element method (FEM) for the modeling of coordinate measuring machine probes. Whilst the modeling results have been published previously, this paper presents the detailed experimental validation to compare the FEM and experimental results. The comparison shows that the agreement is generally good with probing contacts at lower latitudes near the equator of the reference sphere. The differences between the modeling and experimental results become large at higher latitudes. This is believed to be mainly caused by the sliding effects which occur during probing contact in the experiments
Comparison between Dry Cupping and Manual Ischemic Compression in the treatment of Trigger Points
No full textreservedMotivazioni e Ragioni della Tesi:
Dagli studi condotti in Italia (Rossettini et al. 2016) e in Australia (McMahon, Stiller, and Trott 2006) si può osservare come i trattamenti manuali, e in particolare quelli diretti ai Trigger Points, possano condurre nel tempo all’insorgenza di dolore alla mano nell’operatore sanitario, soprattutto al primo raggio. Il Dry Cupping, una terapia di origine orientale con una storia secolare alle spalle, è sempre più utilizzata negli ultimi anni per il trattamento del dolore muscolo-scheletrico. Il suo utilizzo nella terapia del Trigger Point è ancora poco studiato da un punto di vista scientifico. Il nostro studio si pone l’obiettivo di fare chiarezza sull’utilizzo di questa tecnica nel trattamento dei Trigger Points e valutarne l’impiego, comparandola alla Compressione Ischemica Manuale. (CIM).
Materiali e Metodi dello studio:
Lo studio condotto è uno studio randomizzato controllato; da un reclutamento di 25 pazienti, dopo l’applicazione dei criteri di inclusione ed esclusione, sono stati selezionati 20 pazienti che presentassero Trigger Points al collo ed alla spalla (scapola). I pazienti sono stati suddivisi in due gruppi di 10 pazienti ciascuno: uno di controllo, trattato con la CIM e uno sperimentale, trattato utilizzando il Dry Cupping. Tutti i soggetti sono stati sottoposti ad un trattamento composto da tre sedute in tre giornate successive in cui la tecnica veniva proposta 3 volte per ogni punto trigger individuato alla valutazione iniziale. È stata registrata, ad ogni seduta e per ogni punto, la variazione della Pressure Pain Threshold (PPT); Mentre la disabilità percepita al collo e all’arto superiore sono state misurate all’inizio a ad una settimana dal termine del trattamento (misurate tramite questionari NDI e DASH.
Risultati:
Dai risultati ottenuti si può osservare come entrambi i trattamenti abbiano diminuito significativamente la PPT e la disabilità percepita dai partecipanti ad entrambi i gruppi (P 0,5); tuttavia, considerando il valore iniziale e conclusivo della PPT e i risultati dei questionari, non emerge una differenza statisticamente significativa fra i due gruppi (P > 0,05). Emerge una differenza nel mantenimento giornaliero dell’aumento della PPT: il gruppo di controllo alla misurazione iniziale di ogni nuova giornata è ritornato mediamente ad un valore comparabile con il valore del primo giorno (P> 0,05); mentre il gruppo sperimentale ogni giorno e ad ogni misurazione è riuscito a mantenere un aumento della stessa (P < 0,05).
Discussione e Conclusioni:
Bisogna considerare che il campionamento di questo studio risulta limitato e poco rappresentativo per una popolazione così vasta. Va segnalato che alcuni questionari non sono stati riconsegnati al controllo dopo il trattamento, riducendone la validità. Osservando i risultati ottenuti dalla PPT, si osserva come il trattamento del Dry Cupping possa essere comparabile alla CIM, se non superiore nel mantenere un aumento della soglia della PPT anche nelle ore e fino al giorno successivo al trattamento.
Questi risultati ci permettono di consigliare quindi l’uso del Dry Cupping nei pazienti con Trigger Points presenti e che non mostrano controindicazioni a tale trattamento, in particolar modo la consigliamo come alternativa per quei terapisti che presentano dolore o patologie alle mani, che li precluderebbero dall’applicazione delle classiche tecniche manuali o come prevenzione di patologie lavoro-correlate legate alla terapia manuale. I risultati di questo studio non sono conclusivi, in particolar modo sulla disabilità percepita dai pazienti e sulla metodologia applicativa del Dry Cupping; pertanto, si auspica che questo studio sia anche stimolo per ulteriori lavori futuri che possano fare maggior chiarezza su questi argomenti.Motivations and Reasons for the Thesis
From studies conducted in Italy (Rossettini et al. 2016) and Australia (McMahon, Stiller, and Trott 2006), it can be observed how manual treatments, and especially ones directed at the Trigger Points, may lead over time to the onset of hand pain in the healthcare practitioner, especially at the first ray. Dry Cupping, a therapy of oriental origin with a centuries-old history behind itself, has been increasingly used in recent years for the treatment of musculoskeletal pain. Its use in Trigger Point therapy is still under-researched from a scientific point of view. Our study aims to shed light on the use of this technique in the treatment of Trigger Points and evaluate its use, comparing it to Manual Ischaemic Compression. (MIC)
Materials and Methods of the study
The conducted study is a randomized controlled trial; starting from 25 recruited patients, and after the application of inclusion and exclusion criteria, 20 patients presenting with Trigger Points at the neck and shoulder (scapula) were selected. The patients were divided into two groups of 10 patients each: a control group, treated with MIC, and an experimental group, treated using Dry Cupping. All subjects underwent a treatment consisting of three sessions on three consecutive days in which the technique was proposed three times for each trigger point identified at the initial assessment. The change in Pressure Pain Threshold (PPT) was recorded at each session and for each point; whereas perceived disability in the neck and upper limb were measured at the start and one week after the end of treatment (measured by NDI and DASH questionnaires).
Results
From the results obtained, it can be observed that both treatments significantly decreased PPT and the perceived disability of the participants in both groups (P 0.5); however, considering the initial and final value of PPT and the results of the questionnaires, no statistically significant difference emerged between the two groups (P > 0.05). A difference emerges in the daily retention of the increase in PPT: the control group at the initial measurement of each new day returned on average to a value comparable with the value of the first day (P > 0.05); on the other hand, the experimental group managed to maintain an increase in PPT every day and at each measurement (P < 0.05).
Discussion and Conclusion
It must be considered that the sampling in this study is in any case limited and unrepresentative for such a large population. It should be noted that some questionnaires were not returned to the control after treatment, reducing the validity of their data. Looking at the results obtained from the PPT, the Dry Cupping treatment can be comparable to MIC, if not superior in maintaining an increase in the PPT threshold even in the hours and up to the day after treatment.
These findings therefore allow us to recommend the use of Dry Cupping in patients with Trigger Points present and who do not show contraindications to such treatment, especially we recommend it as an alternative for those therapists who present pain or pathologies in their hands, which would preclude them from the application of classic manual techniques or as prevention of work-related pathologies linked to manual therapy.
The results of this study cannot be conclusive, especially regarding the perceived disability of patients and the application methodology of Dry Cupping; therefore, hopefully this study will also be a stimulus for additional future work that might provide more clarity on these topics
Instal·lació i disseny de protocols d'operació del subdetector SPD. de LHCb. Algorismes de trigger.
No full textEstudi elaborat a partir d’una estada al Laboratori Europeu de Física de Partícules (CERN), Suissa, entre maig i setembre del 2006. L’estada al laboratori CERN ha tingut dues vessants complementàries, les dues relacionades amb la imminent posada en marxa de l'experiment LHCb a finals del 2007, quan l'accelerador LHC comenci a funcionar. D'una banda, s’ha treballat en la integració del subdetector SPD en LHCb, i de l'altra al desenvolupament dels algorismes de trigger de LHCb.Report for the scientific sojourn at the European Organization for Nuclear Research
(CERN ) , Swiss , from Mai until September 2006. The stage CERN had two different aspects, both related with the comissioning of the LHCb experiment, which will start operations at the end of 2007, when the LHC detector will start colliding protons. First, the author has worked on the integration of the SPD subdetector in LHCb, and secondly on the developement of trigger algorithms for LHCb
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