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Ujaran kebencian masa kekhalifahan Ali Bin Abi Thalib dan relevansinya dengan regulasi di Indonesia: sebuah kajian sejarah Hukum Islam
Full text linkPerpecahan umat pada masa kekhalifahan Ali bin Abi Thalib
disebabkan oleh maraknya ujaran kebencian. Penelitian bertujuan untuk
mengurai dari sudut pandang sejarah hukum Islam bagaimana
penanggulangan kejahatan tersebut. Di Indonesia ujaran kebencian
dapat menyebabkan pecahnya persatuan dan kesatuan. Perlu adanya
kontribusi pemikiran yang memperkuat regulasi dalam menanggulangi
ujaran kebencian. Penelitian ini untuk menjawab permasalahan utama
mengapa masa Khalifah Ali bin Abi Thalib memiliki kontribusi
penting dalam penanganan masalah ujaran kebencian? Dengan
rincian: (1) Bagaimana konteks munculnya ujaran kebencian pada masa
kekhalifahan Ali bin Abi Thalib? (2) Bagaimanakah Ali bin Abi Thalib
menangani masalah itu? (3) Apa relevansinya bagi regulasi di
Indonesia? Permasalahan tersebut dibahas dengan pendekatan sejarah
hukum Islam dan yuridis normatif untuk analisis regulasi. Data
diperoleh dari kajian pustaka yang berkaitan dengan fokus kajian
meliputi sumber primer dan sekunder. Analisis data bersifat kualitatif
normatif, deskriptif, evaluatif dan preskriptif.
Kajian ini menunjukkan bahwa: (1) Konteks terbunuhnya
Khalifah Utsman melatar belakangi munculnya berbagai fitnah, adapun
aktor penyemai fitnah dan ujaran kebencian pada masa kekhalifahan Ali
bin Abi Thalib adalah kelompok Sabaiyyah, Khawarij dan Syiah.
Bentuk ujaran kebencian berupa menghina, mencemarkan nama baik,
menghasut, menyebarkan berita bohong yang merupakan pelanggaran
terhadap hak asasi manusia dan diskriminasi atas dasar entitas tertentu
maupun individu. (2) Kebijakan dalam menanggulangi ujaran kebencian
adalah dengan pendekatan hukum pidana dan sosial. Metode ijtihad Ali
bin Abi Thalib tentang larangan ujaran kebencian adalah berdasarkan
Al-Quran, Sunah, Ijma’, Qiyas dan metode ijtihad maqa>sidi. (3)
Relevansi ujaran kebencian menurut Ali bin Abi Thalib dan regulasi di
Indonesia adalah dalam bentuk perbuatan, hukuman dan perlindungan
hak asasi manusia dari diskriminasi. Perbedaan terdapat dalam konsep
pembagian kategori antara penghinaan biasa dan ujaran kebencian.
Konsekuensinya adalah perbedaan bentuk delik dan hukuman. Ali
tindak membedakan keduanya, sehingga bentuk hukuman berupa takzir
dapat fleksibel diterapkan sesuai dengan bahayanya suatu tindakan dan
akibat yang ditimbulkan. Dalam menanggulangi ujaran kebencian Ali
mengedepankan persatuan dan kesatuan, keadilan dan perlindungan hak
asasi manusia serta nilai etika
The Public Value of e-Government at The Village Level
Full text linkThe villages as a local government directly serve the public should always provide good public services. On this basis, this article analyzes how the implementation of e-Government by village governments can contribute positively to village`s governance and public service seen from a public values perspective. The research method used in this research is the descriptive research method with a qualitative approach. Sources of data come from secondary sources from books, journal articles and other relevant documents. The results of the analysis revealed that there are at least 3 (three) public values from the adoption of e-Government at the village level, namely: First, the commitment of the village government to provide technology-based public services would create good public services. Second, the implementation of e-Government ensures the public\u27s right to participate in government administration in which the adoption of technology and information provides rights for open and collaborative governance. Third, the implementation of e-Government encourages the acceleration of a digital society which would contribute positively to village development and create public welfare
Relevance of the Position of the Victims in Indonesian Positive Law and Islamic Criminal Law
Full text linkThe position of the victim in the criminal justice system is not considered as a subject or object. These problems are inseparable from the understanding that criminal law only regulates the relationship between the state and individuals. Positive laws governing the position of victims are contained in the Criminal Code and Criminal Procedure Code as well as regulations outside the criminal justice system. The regulation is very limited to the victim as a legal object, not a determinant. In the perspective of Islamic law, the position of the victim is regulated in the crime of qisas and takzir. Victims get the right to determine punishment for criminals by implementing qisas, forgiveness or diyat. In the takzir crime, the ruler or judge can determine to compensate the victim as a forgiving or reducing crime. This research is a normative juridical research with a comparative approach. The results of the study indicate that there are similarities and differences in the regulation regarding the position of victims in positive law and Islamic law. Equality lies in the types of rights received by victims in the form of material compensation, compensation, restitution and rehabilitation except in takzir in the form of a decision to marry a rape victim. The difference lies in the position of the victim in positive law which does not include the victim as part of the criminal justice system, while in Islamic law as in qisas, the victim is an inseparable part of the criminal justice system.Kedudukan korban dalam sistem peradilan pidana tidak dianggap sebagai subjek ataupun objek. Permasalahan tersebut tidak terlepas dari pemahaman bahwa hukum pidana hanya mengatur hubungan antara negara dan individu. Hukum positif yang mengatur tentang kedudukan korban terdapat dalam KUHP dan KUHAP serta regulasi di luar sistem peradilan pidana. Pengaturannya sangat terbatas kepada korban sebagai objek hukum bukan penentu. Dalam perspektif hukum Islam kedudukan korban diatur dalam tindak pidana qisas dan takzir. Korban mendapatkan hak sebagai penentu hukuman bagi pelaku tindak pidana dengan pelaksanaan qisas, pemaafan atau diyat. Pada tindak pidana takzir penguasa atau hakim dapat menentukan mengganti kerugian korban sebagai pemaaf atau pengurang tindak pidana. Penelitian merupakan penelitian yuridis normatif dengan pendekatan perbandingan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat persamaan dan perbedaan pengaturan tentang kedudukan korban dalam hukum positif maupun hukum Islam. Persamaan terletak pada jenis hak yang diterima korban berupa pengganti kerugian materi, konpensasi, restitusi dan rehabilitasi kecuali dalam takzir berupa putusan untuk menikahi seorang korban perkosaan. Perbedaan terletak pada kedudukan korban dalam hukum positif yang tidak memasukan korban bagian dalam sistem peradilan pidana, sedangkan dalam hukum Islam sebagaimana qisas, korban merupakan bagian yang tidak terpisahkan dari sistem peradilan pidan
Analisis Yuridis Agresi Israel Di Palestina Perspektif Hukum Pidana Internasional Dan Hukum Pidana Islam Terkait Sanksi Genosida Dalam Statuta Roma Bagian 7 No. 77 Tahun 1998
Full text linkThe prolonged and systematic aggression by Israel against Palestine has sparked urgent debates in the fields of international criminal law and Islamic criminal law. This study seeks to examine the issue of whether the acts committed by Israel against Palestinian civilians constitute genocide, analyzed from both perspectives. The objective is to explore the legal classification, the elements of the crime, and the applicable sanctions from international and Islamic frameworks. This research adopts a normative juridical approach using conceptual, statutory, and comparative methods. The study analyzes primary and secondary legal sources to construct a comprehensive understanding of the crime’s legal dimensions. Findings indicate that the aggression fulfills essential criteria of genocide, particularly concerning intent, systematic targeting of civilians, and the scale of destruction. From the Islamic perspective, the acts also correspond to grave offenses that endanger life, dignity, and communal safety. Both legal systems emphasize the protection of life and impose severe sanctions for crimes of such magnitude. This study underscores the need for integrated global legal accountability that aligns universal values with religious justice.
Keywords: Genocide Prosecution, Israeli Aggression, Islamic Criminal Law, International Criminal Justice, Palestine ConflictAgresi sistematis dan berkepanjangan yang dilakukan oleh Israel terhadap Palestina telah memunculkan perdebatan mendalam dalam ranah hukum pidana internasional dan hukum pidana Islam. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji apakah tindakan-tindakan Israel terhadap warga sipil Palestina dapat dikategorikan sebagai genosida, serta bagaimana tinjauan kedua sistem hukum tersebut memberikan penilaian terhadap kejahatan tersebut. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan yuridis normatif dengan metode pendekatan konseptual, perbandingan, dan doktrinal. Data diperoleh dari sumber hukum primer dan sekunder yang relevan dan dianalisis secara kualitatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tindakan Israel memenuhi unsur-unsur genosida, khususnya dalam hal niat untuk menghancurkan kelompok tertentu, pola serangan sistematis, serta dampak kehancuran yang meluas. Dalam perspektif hukum pidana Islam, tindakan tersebut termasuk dalam kategori jarimah berat yang mengancam nyawa, kehormatan, dan keselamatan umat. Kedua sistem hukum menekankan perlindungan terhadap jiwa dan menjatuhkan sanksi berat terhadap pelaku kejahatan berat. Penelitian ini menekankan pentingnya pertanggungjawaban hukum global yang sejalan dengan nilai-nilai universal dan keadilan syariah.
Kata Kunci: Penuntutan Genosida, Agresi Israel, Hukum Pidana Islam, Keadilan Pidana Internasional, Konflik Palestin
Criminal Policy to Treat Delices Against Religion and Beliefs Harmony
Full text linkThe protection of the rights to freedom of religion and belief in the constitution aims to create a community life based on morals based on divinity. As a country with a high level of plurality from the aspects of religion and belief, protection of religious harmony and belief is necessary to achieve this goal. Based on the above points of thought, several problems can be formulated, namely how is the current criminal policy in overcoming offenses against religious and belief harmony. And what will the future criminal policy be in overcoming offenses against religious harmony and belief. The method used in this research is a normative juridical approach, where the data used are secondary sources in the form of primary legal materials, secondary legal materials and tertiary legal materials.This research is a descriptive analytical study, namely research to describe the problem, analyze the problem and classify the problem for research purposes which are presented descriptively. The results of this study indicate that the criminal acts formulated in the Criminal Code are very limited, including not protecting beliefs protected by the constitution and there is still a divergence by including religious offenses in the Chapter on Public Order. In the non-penal policy, the regulations governing religious harmony are still ineffective and the current government is not serious about creating harmony between religious and believers. Future penal efforts can be made by updating the Criminal Code. As an effort to improve, the concept of the Criminal Code can formulate the provisions of offenses by looking at the provisions of offenses contained in the Draft Law on Religious Harmony. In non-penal efforts, the approach is through the formulation and implementation of government programs. Among them are approaches to understanding theology, education, dialogue and conflict resolution.Perlindungan atas hak kebebasan beragama dan berkepercayaan dalam konstitusi bertujuan supaya tercipta kehidupan masyarakat yang berlandaskan moral atas dasar ketuhanan. Sebagai negara dengan tingkat pluralitas yang tinggi dari aspek agama dan kepercayaan, maka perlindungan terhadap kerukunan umat beragama dan berkepercayaan mutlak dibutuhkan untuk mencapai tujuan tersebut. Berdasarkan pokok pemikiran di atas, maka dapat dirumuskan beberapa permasalahan, yaitu bagaimanakah kebijakan kriminal saat ini dalam menanggulangi delik-delik terhadap kerukunan umat beragama dan berkepercayaan. Dan bagaimanakah kebijakan kriminal yang akan datang dalam menanggulangi delik-delik terhadap kerukunan umat beragama dan berkepercayaan. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah pendekatan yuridis normatif, dimana data yang digunakan adalah sumber sekunder berupa bahan hukum primer, bahan hukum sekunder maupun bahan hukum tersier. Adapun penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif analitis, yaitu penelitian untuk mendeskripsikan masalah, menganalisis masalah dan mengklasifikasi masalah untuk kepentingan penelitian yang disajikan secara deskriptif. Hasil dari penelitian ini bahwa tindak pidana yang dirumuskan dalam KUHP sangatlah terbatas, diantaranya belum melindungi kepercayaan yang dilindungi konstitusi serta masih terdapat divergensi dengan memasukan delik agama dalam Bab Ketertiban Umum. Dalam kebijakan non penal, regulasi yang mengatur tentang kerukunan umat beragama masih kurang efektif serta pemerintah saat ini tidak serius menciptakan harmonisasi antar umat beragama dan berkepercayaan. Upaya penal yang akan datang dapat dilakukan dengan pembaharuan KUHP. Sebagai upaya penyempurnaan, Konsep KUHP dapat memformulasikan ketentuan delik dengan melihat ketentuan delik yang terdapat dalam RUU Kerukunan Umat Beragama. Dalam upaya non penal, pendekatan melalui penyusunan dan pelaksanaan program pemerintah. Diantaranya dengan pendekatan pemahaman teologi, pendidikan, dialog dan resolusi konflik
Striking a Balance: Exploring Harmony in Indonesian Criminal Law and Islamic Jurisprudence
Full text linkThe long-established the Indonesian Criminal Code follows a liberal individual's tradition of Dutch criminal law that has always changed. The old criminal code is based on classical and neo-classical thinking, emphasising systematic criminal law structures and legal certainty. The basis of balance in the new criminal code is a response to a base that does not reflect the nation's values. For example, Pancasila is included as a foundation, including the value of the most exquisite element of divinity in its formulation. With the value of divinity, it is necessary to review from the perspective of religious teachings, including Islam. Islamic criminal law reflects the spirit of balance in the criminal provisions of hudud, qisas, and takzir. This article uses a comparative approach and a type of normative research. The results of the article show that the relevance of the primary balance in the new criminal code and Islamic Criminal Law is seen in several aspects, such as the relevancy of the pillar values of the balance in Pancasila, the relevancy of the fundamental balance of the mono-dualistic; the significance of the idea of a balance between the protection of victims and the individualization of criminals; and the fundamental relevance to the balance between formal and material criteria.Hukum pidana Indonesia yang sudah lama digunakan mengikuti tradisi individu bebas dari hukum pidana Belanda yang selalu berubah. Hukum Pidana lama didasarkan pada pemikiran klasik dan neo-klasik, menekankan struktur hukum pidana yang sistematis dan kepastian hukum. Dasar keseimbangan dalam Hukum Pidana baru adalah respons terhadap basis yang tidak mencerminkan nilai-nilai bangsa. Misalnya, Pancasila dimasukkan sebagai fondasi, termasuk nilai unsur ilahi yang paling indah dalam formulasinya. Dengan nilai ilahi, perlu untuk meninjau dari perspektif ajaran-ajaran agama, termasuk Islam. Hukum pidana Islam mencerminkan semangat keseimbangan dalam ketentuan pidana hudud, qisas, dan takzir. Artikel ini menggunakan pendekatan komparatif dan jenis penelitian normatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa relevansi keseimbangan primer dalam kode kriminal baru dan hukum pidana Islam terlihat dalam beberapa aspek, seperti relevansi nilai-nilai pilar keseimbangannya di Pancasila, relevansi ekuilibrasi fundamental mono-dualistik; pentingnya gagasan kestabilan antara perlindungan korban dan individualisasi penjahat; dan relevansi fundamental untuk kesequilibrasi kriteria formil dan materiil
Hate Speech During the Caliphate of ‘Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib and Its Relevance to Regulations in Indonesia: The Study of the Islamic Law History
Full text linkThis paper aims to describe the process of overcoming hate speech crimes during the caliphate of 'Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib in the perspective of the history of Islamic law. The important question to be answered in this paper is how did the caliph 'Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib contribute to handling the problem of hate speech? This paper finds three essential things. First, the death of Caliph 'Uthmān became the cause of the emergence of various slander. The main perpetrators were the Sabā’iyyah, Khawarij, and Shia groups. The form of slander is in the form of hate speech, such as insulting, defaming, inciting, spreading hoaxes which are violations of human rights and have discriminated against certain entities and individuals. Second, the policy of overcoming hate speech is pursued by a criminal and social law approach. Third, the relevance between ‘Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib's policy and existing regulations in Indonesia lies in the form of actions, punishments, and protection of human rights from discrimination
KAJIAN HUKUM ISLAM TERHADAP UJARAN KEBENCIAN/HATE SPEECH DAN BATASAN KEBEBASAN BEREKSPRESI
No full textABSTRACTHate speech is a special term for criminal offenses such as hate expression, incitement, libel and defamation on behalf of race, ethnicity, religion, class or gender. That action is flare in public communication, especially in the Internet media. Although there have been various regulations governing, countermeasures against hate speech is not maximized. It could not be separated from the difficulty of determining the boundaries of hate speech with freedom of expression. This study aims to answer these problems in the perspective of Islamic law. The theory used is takzir and Maqasidu al-Syari’ah. The results of this study illustrate that the hate speech is a criminal offense punishable takzir and require a social approach in overcoming it. In the formulation of Islamic law, definition of hate speech is taken from the Korans argument that protect human rights in order to be limiting freedom of expression. Keywords: Speech, Hate, Law, Islam      Â
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
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