40 research outputs found
Se préparer aux épidémies ? Généalogie de la preparedness et chorégraphies ontologiques de la surveillance: à propos de "Andrew Lakoff, Unprepared. Global health in a Time of Emergency, 2017"
No full textInternational audienceUnprepared published in 2017 brings together the work published by Andrew Lakoff between 2007 and 2016. The author offers a genealogy of preparedness and describes the assemblage of technologies, utopias and scenarios that constitute it. Lakoff analyzes the passage from an actuarial logic underlying risk prevention - calculating the probability of a risk occurring - to the norms of preparedness - which aim to support preparation for an anticipated risk based on sentinels. These works are discussed here in the light of the COVID-19 pandemic and with the aim to both extend this reflection by proposing the notion of ontological choreography taken from Charis Cussins (1996) to analyze the concrete practices of surveillance and to broaden the extension of preparedness to the consideration of the memory of populations as an experience and competence of risk management.L’ouvrage Unprepared paru en 2017 rassemble les travaux publiés par Andrew Lakoff entre 2007 et 2016. L’auteur propose une généalogie de la preparedness et décrit l’assemblage de technologies, d’utopies et de scénarios qui la constituent. Lakoff analyse le passage d’une logique actuarielle qui sous-tend la prévention des risques – calcul de la probabilité pour un risque d’advenir – aux normes de preparedness – qui entendent soutenir la préparation à un risque anticipé à partir de sentinelles. Ces travaux sont ici relus et discutés à l’aune de la pandémie de COVID-19 et visent à la fois à prolonger cette réflexion en proposant la notion de chorégraphie ontologique reprise à Charis Cussins (1996) pour analyser les pratiques concrètes de surveillance et à élargir l’extension de la préparation à la prise en compte de la mémoire des populations comme expérience et compétence de gestion du risque
The COVID-19 pandemic in francophone West Africa: from the first cases to responses in seven countries
No full textInternational audienceBackground: In early March 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic hit West Africa. In response, countries in the region quickly set up crisis management committees and implemented drastic measures to stem the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. The objective of this article is to analyse the epidemiological evolution of COVID-19 in seven Francophone West African countries (Benin, Burkina Faso, Côte d'Ivoire, Guinea, Mali, Niger, Senegal) as well as the public health measures decided upon during the first 7 months of the pandemic. Methods: Our method is based on quantitative and qualitative data from the pooling of information from a COVID-19 data platform and collected by a network of interdisciplinary collaborators present in the seven countries. Descriptive and spatial analyses of quantitative epidemiological data, as well as content analyses of qualitative data on public measures and management committees were performed. Results: Attack rates (October 2020) for COVID-19 have ranged from 20 per 100,000 inhabitants (Benin) to more than 94 per 100,000 inhabitants (Senegal). All these countries reacted quickly to the crisis, in some cases before the first reported infection, and implemented public measures in a relatively homogeneous manner. None of the countries implemented country-wide lockdowns, but some implemented partial or local containment measures. At the end of June 2020, countries began to lift certain restrictive measures, sometimes under pressure from the general population or from certain economic sectors. Conclusion: Much research on COVID-19 remains to be conducted in West Africa to better understand the dynamics of the pandemic, and to further examine the state responses to ensure their appropriateness and adaptation to the national contexts
Re-assessing the inner city of Johannesburg : an exploration into emerging African urbanism and the discovery of black agency in Phaswane Mpe's Welcome to our Hillbrow and Kgebetli Moele's Room 207
No full textIncludes bibliographical references (leaves 121-131).At present, we are witnessing an exciting moment in African urban discourse, one that sees writers and theorists engaging with new avenues in which the African city can be configured and read. The discourse reflects and focuses on the myriad, creative ways in which African urbanites capitalise on their environments, exploring the kinds of challenges and freedoms generated by a life in the African city. Underlying this exploration is the notion that through the development of creative tactics, African urbanites can lay claim to agency amidst difficult conditions and can also shape their urban environments into flexible and enabling spaces. This approach challenges the idea that African cities are simply 'dysfunctional' or 'chaotic'. Simultaneously, this allows the stigma attached to the entire 'sign' of Africa to be challenged. The following study uses this basis of African urban discourse and applies it to a South African context. Indeed, one local urban centre that has always garnered a wealth of interest is the inner city of Johannesburg. Recent theory and research around African cities allows me to delve deeper into the intricacies of its social and geo-political landscape. The purpose of this is ultimately to shape a literary study. The discourse will aid me as I analyse two novels set in the inner city, namely Phaswane Mpe's Welcome to Our Hillbrow and Kgebteli Moele's Room 207. The theoretical framework creates a context in which I explore the impact of these two, post-apartheid novels. The texts also provide a crossover point that enables me to explore the ideas propagated by emerging African urban theory in depth. Both novels are realistic and semi- autobiographical accounts of life in the inner city. In a sense, the novels provide a semi-fictionalised 'ethnographic' frame for my research. This is not to imply that literature can challenge social theory or that the two naturally should correspond. What this approach does allow for is for me to show how valuable the writer is in this kind of environment, as well as how the city generates a particular kind of story and storytelling. Furthermore, it gives me a space in which the central tenets of African urban thought can be explored and applied in detail. For these reasons, the following research is multidisciplinary, using a range of social, urban theory to understand two creative, urban texts. The contribution it aims to make is to both to the field of literature and to the study of (South) African city spaces
South African primary health care in the era of HIV/AIDS treatment and care : understanding the organisation and delivery of nursing care
No full textThe integration of Antiretroviral Treatment (ART) for HIV in to South African primary health
care (PHC) and task shifting are increasing nurses' role in ART and H/V care. There is
evidence this role is motivating nurses to adopt more patient-centred care. This study
explored this potential emergence of more patient centred care in PHC in the Free State
province, South Africa.
A multi-site, mixed-method observational approach was used, building on ethnographic
principles. A purposive sample of four clinics, two providing ART and two not, were the
focus for observation and interviews through four phases of data collection. Emerging
findings were explored in an additional six clinics in later phases of data collection. 34
professional nurses, 6 members of clinic staff and 21 patients were interviewed. A thematic
analysis that aimed to develop theory grounded in the study contexts through integrating
existing theory with inductively identified themes was used.
The study found care is patient centred and integrated to a limited extent, while ART and
HIV care are more likely to be patient centred than other aspects of PHC. These care
routines are then shown to emerge from nurses' agency mediating different levels of
structure: the rules of clinic interaction and then the clinic context. Further analysis of
nurses' agency explores how it is shaped by a complex identity and a health system context
of constant change.
The study provides in-depth understanding of a little explored health services issue, and is
the basis for recommendations to support patient centred and integrated care. The
analysis supports the reconceptualisation of patient centred care to consider Issues of
convenience, as a response to the specific context of nurse-led PHC in South Africa. The
study also introduces a structure-agency theoretical framework that can be applied to the
context of nurse-led PHC
Fashioning anatomies : figurations of the sexed and gendered body on the early modern English stage
No full textThis dissertation is an investigation into the representation of the sexed and gendered body
on the English stage between the years 1570 and 1635. The parameters of the study are
fully set out in the introduction, however, a summary that might prove useful to the general
reader is as follows:
The thesis commences with an account of the 'one-sex' anatomical model - as recently set out
by Thomas Laqueur in Making Sex: Body and Gender from the Greeks to Freud (Cambridge.
Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1990). It then proceeds to question the dominance of such an
anatomical paradigm throughout the entire Renaissance - and, in its first chapter, sets out
evidence from various medical treatises in order to outline the emergence of a contrasting 'two-sex'
model of human reproductive biology.
Chapter two then uses evidence from a 'two-sex' model in order to re-examine the homo-erotic
implications of theatrical narratives that present (or imply) spontaneous sex changes (by means
of an analysis of John Lyly's Gallathea and Shakespeare's Falstaff plays). In chapter three,
attention turns to the female body in early modern English society and attempts to assess the
implications of an emergent 'two-sex' model on female cultural and social agency in the period
(by means of an analysis of actual female-to-male cross-dressers and the anatomical
representations of the female body that were undertaken in elite cultural forms such as the Court
Masque). Chapter four then turns back to the professional English transvestite stage in order to
examine the strategies of recuperation of the female body that were employed in a production
environment that was exclusively controlled by men (and this is undertaken by means of an
analysis of Middleton and Dekker's The Roaring Girl and Beaumont and Fletcher's The Maid's
Tradedy).
Chapter five turns its attention to an analysis of theatre and anatomy hall architecture in order to
examine the ways in which one exclusive private theatre (Christopher Beeston's Phoenix, in
Drury Lane) sought to exploit an architectural accident in order to provide elite audiences with a
staged representation of the processes of anatomical dissection. Finally, chapter six examines
four plays by John Ford: The Witch of Edmonton, The Broken Heart, Love's Sacrifice and 'Tis
Pity She's A Whore in order to examine the anatomical emblazonment of the female body in two
specific Private theatres.
The dissertation also contains four appendices:
I) Selections from the Published Debate Between Jean Riolan and
Jacques Duval Concerning the Case of Marie Le Marcis, the
Hermaphrodite of Rouen
II) The List of Sex Changes from Johann Schenck von Graffenberg's
Observationum Medicarum Rarum (Frankfurt, 1600)
III) Selections From Thomas Artus' L'Isle des Hermaphrodites
IV) Selections From The Boke of Duke Huon ofBurdeux, translated by Sir
John Bourchier (Lord Berners] (Wynkyn de Worde, 1534)
V) Anthony Wood, Athena Oxonienses. An Exact history of all the Writers and Bishops who have had their Education in the most Ancient and
Famous University ofOxford(a Biography of William Petty
Are hospitalized or ambulatory patients with heart failure treated in accordance with European Society of Cardiology guidelines? Evidence from 12,440 patients of the ESC Heart Failure Long-Term Registry.
No full textAimsTo evaluate how recommendations of European guidelines regarding pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments for heart failure (HF) are adopted in clinical practice.Methods and resultsThe ESC-HF Long-Term Registry is a prospective, observational study conducted in 211 Cardiology Centres of 21 European and Mediterranean countries, members of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). From May 2011 to April 2013, a total of 12 440 patients were enrolled, 40.5% with acute HF and 59.5% with chronic HF. Intravenous treatments for acute HF were heterogeneously administered, irrespective of guideline recommendations. In chronic HF, with reduced EF, renin-angiotensin system (RAS) blockers, beta-blockers, and mineralocorticoid antagonists (MRAs) were used in 92.2, 92.7, and 67.0% of patients, respectively. When reasons for non-adherence were considered, the real rate of undertreatment accounted for 3.2, 2.3, and 5.4% of the cases, respectively. About 30% of patients received the target dosage of these drugs, but a documented reason for not achieving the target dosage was reported in almost two-thirds of them. The more relevant reasons for non-implantation of a device, when clinically indicated, were related to doctor uncertainties on the indication, patient refusal, or logistical/cost issues.ConclusionThis pan-European registry shows that, while in patients with acute HF, a large heterogeneity of treatments exists, drug treatment of chronic HF can be considered largely adherent to recommendations of current guidelines, when the reasons for non-adherence are taken into account. Observations regarding the real possibility to adhere fully to current guidelines in daily clinical practice should be seriously considered when clinical practice guidelines have to be written. © 2013 Published on behalf of the European Society of Cardiology. All rights reserved. © The Author 2013. For permissions please email: [email protected]
Socio-Economic Variations Determine the Clinical Presentation, Aetiology and Outcome of Infective Endocarditis: a Prospective Cohort Study from the ESC-EORP EURO-ENDO (European Infective Endocarditis) Registry
No full textInternational audienceAims - Infective endocarditis (IE) is a life-threatening disease associated with high mortality and morbidity worldwide. We sought to determine how socioeconomic factors might influence its epidemiology, clinical presentation, investigation and management, and outcome, in a large international multicentre registry. Methods and results - The EurObservational Programme (EORP) of the European Society of Cardiology EURO-ENDO (European Infective Endocarditis) registry comprises a prospective cohort of 3113 adult patients admitted for IE in 156 hospitals in 40 countries between January 2016 and March 2018. Patients were separated in three groups, according to World Bank economic stratification [group 1: high income (75.6%); group 2: upper-middle income (15.4%); group 3: lower-middle income (9.1%)]. Group 3 patients were younger [median age (interquartile range, IQR): group 1, 66 (53-75) years; group 2, 57 (41-68) years; group 3, 33 (26-43) years; P < 0.001] with a higher frequency of smokers, intravenous drug use, and human immunodeficiency virus infection (all P < 0.001) and presented later [median (IQR) days since symptom onset: group 1, 12 (3-35); group 2, 19 (6-54); group 3, 31 (12-62); P < 0.001] with a higher likelihood of developing congestive heart failure (13.6%, 11.1%, and 22.6%, respectively; P < 0.001) and persistent fever (9.8%, 14.2%, and 27.9%, respectively; P < 0.001). Among 2157 (69.3%) patients with theoretical indication for cardiac surgery, surgery was performed less frequently in group 3 patients (75.5%, 76.8%, and 51.3%, respectively; P < 0.001), who also demonstrated the highest mortality (15.0%, 23.0%, and 23.7%, respectively; P < 0.001). Conclusion - Socioeconomic factors influence the clinical profile of patients presenting with IE across the world. Despite younger age, patients from the poorest countries presented with more frequent complications and higher mortality associated with delayed diagnosis and lower use of surgery
Surgery and outcome of infective endocarditis in octogenarians: prospective data from the ESC EORP EURO-ENDO registry
No full textPurpose: High mortality and a limited performance of valvular surgery are typical features of infective endocarditis (IE) in octogenarians, even though surgical treatment is a major determinant of a successful outcome in IE. Methods: Data from the prospective multicentre ESC EORP EURO-ENDO registry were used to assess the prognostic role of valvular surgery depending on age. Results: As compared to < 80 yo patients, ≥ 80 yo had lower rates of theoretical indication for valvular surgery (49.1% vs. 60.3%, p < 0.001), of surgery performed (37.0% vs. 75.5%, p < 0.001), and a higher in-hospital (25.9% vs. 15.8%, p < 0.001) and 1-year mortality (41.3% vs. 22.2%, p < 0.001). By multivariable analysis, age per se was not predictive of 1-year mortality, but lack of surgical procedures when indicated was strongly predictive (HR 2.98 [2.43–3.66]). By propensity analysis, 304 ≥ 80 yo were matched to 608 < 80 yo patients. Propensity analysis confirmed the lower rate of indication for valvular surgery (51.3% vs. 57.2%, p = 0.031) and of surgery performed (35.3% vs. 68.4%, p < 0.0001) in ≥ 80 yo. Overall mortality remained higher in ≥ 80 yo (in-hospital: HR 1.50[1.06–2.13], p = 0.0210; 1-yr: HR 1.58[1.21–2.05], p = 0.0006), but was not different from that of < 80 yo among those who had surgery (in-hospital: 19.7% vs. 20.0%, p = 0.4236; 1-year: 27.3% vs. 25.5%, p = 0.7176). Conclusion: Although mortality rates are consistently higher in ≥ 80 yo patients than in < 80 yo patients in the general population, mortality of surgery in ≥ 80 yo is similar to < 80 yo after matching patients. These results confirm the importance of a better recognition of surgical indication and of an increased performance of surgery in ≥ 80 yo patients
Characteristics, management, and outcomes of patients with left-sided infective endocarditis complicated by heart failure: a substudy of the ESC-EORP EURO-ENDO (European infective endocarditis) registry
No full textAims: To evaluate the current management and survival of patients with left-sided infective endocarditis (IE) complicated by congestive heart failure (CHF) in the ESC-EORP European Endocarditis (EURO-ENDO) registry. Methods and results: Among the 3116 patients enrolled in this prospective registry, 2449 (mean age: 60years, 69% male) with left-sided (native or prosthetic) IE were included in this study. Patients with CHF (n = 698, 28.5%) were older, with more comorbidity and more severe valvular damage (mitro-aortic involvement, vegetations >10 mm and severe regurgitation/new prosthesis dehiscence) than those without CHF (all p ≤ 0.019). Patients with CHF experienced higher 30-day and 1-year mortality than those without (20.5% vs. 9.0% and 36.1% vs. 19.3%, respectively) and CHF remained strongly associated with 30-day (odds ratio[OR] 2.37, 95% confidence interval [CI] [1.73-3.24; p < 0.001) and 1-year mortality (hazard ratio [HR] 1.69, 95% CI 1.39-2.05; p < 0.001) after adjustment for established outcome predictors, including early surgery, or after propensity matching for age, sex, and comorbidity (n = 618 [88.5%] for each group, both p < 0.001). Early surgery, performed on 49% of these patients with IE complicated by CHF, remained associated with a substantial reduction in 30-day mortality following multivariable analysis, after adjustment for age, sex, Charlson comorbidity index, cerebrovascular accident, Staphylococcus aureus IE, streptococcal IE, uncontrolled infection, vegetation size >10 mm, severe valvular regurgitation and/or new prosthetic dehiscence, perivalvular complication, and prosthetic IE (OR 0.22, 95% CI 0.12-0.38; p < 0.001) and in 1-year mortality (HR 0.29, 95% CI 0.20-0.41; p < 0.001). Conclusion: Congestive heart failure is common in left-sided IE and is associated with older age, greater comorbidity, more advanced lesions, and markedly higher 30-day and 1-year mortality. Early surgery is strongly associated with lower mortality but is performed on only approximately half of patients with CHF, mainly because of a surgical risk considered prohibitive
Clinical presentation, aetiology and outcome of infective endocarditis. Results of the ESC-EORP EURO-ENDO (European infective endocarditis) registry: A prospective cohort study
No full textAims: The EURO-ENDO registry aimed to study the management and outcomes of patients with infective endocarditis (IE). Methods and results: Prospective cohort of 3116 adult patients (2470 from Europe, 646 from non-ESC countries), admitted to 156 hospitals in 40 countries between January 2016 and March 2018 with a diagnosis of IE based on ESC 2015 diagnostic criteria. Clinical, biological, microbiological, and imaging [echocardiography, computed tomography (CT) scan, 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (18F-FDG PET/CT)] data were collected. Infective endocarditis was native (NVE) in 1764 (56.6%) patients, prosthetic (PVIE) in 939 (30.1%), and device-related (CDRIE) in 308 (9.9%). Infective endocarditis was community-acquired in 2046 (65.66%) patients. Microorganisms involved were staphylococci in 1085 (44.1%) patients, oral streptococci in 304 (12.3%), enterococci in 390 (15.8%), and Streptococcus gallolyticus in 162 (6.6%). 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography was performed in 518 (16.6%) patients and presented with cardiac uptake (major criterion) in 222 (42.9%) patients, with a better sensitivity in PVIE (66.8%) than in NVE (28.0%) and CDRIE (16.3%). Embolic events occurred in 20.6% of patients, and were significantly associated with tricuspid or pulmonary IE, presence of a vegetation and Staphylococcus aureus IE. According to ESC guidelines, cardiac surgery was indicated in 2160 (69.3%) patients, but finally performed in only 1596 (73.9%) of them. In-hospital death occurred in 532 (17.1%) patients and was more frequent in PVIE. Independent predictors of mortality were Charlson index, creatinine > 2 mg/dL, congestive heart failure, vegetation length > 10 mm, cerebral complications, abscess, and failure to undertake surgery when indicated. Conclusion: Infective endocarditis is still a life-threatening disease with frequent lethal outcome despite profound changes in its clinical, microbiological, imaging, and therapeutic profiles
