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Scaling the Cosmos in the Modern Era: Images, Tools, and Instruments
No full textIl convegno Scaling the Cosmos in the Modern Era: Images, Tools, and Instruments ruota attorno al concetto di scaling inteso come riferimento critico e metodologico che va oltre la semplice misurazione, ma attraversa dimensioni spaziali, temporali e cognitive, trasformando il modo in cui comprendiamo, rappresentiamo e percepiamo l’universo. Il convegno esaminerà i diversi modi in cui immagini, strumenti e dispositivi sono stati utilizzati per misurare il cosmo. Dai primi orologi astronomici e globi celesti alle moderne simulazioni digitali, ogni tipo di misurazione rivela sia le possibilità che i limiti dei nostri tentativi di comprendere l’universo.Avvalendosi delle metodologie delle scienze umane e delle scienze naturali, il convegno intende ridefinire il concetto stesso di scaling. Questo approccio interdisciplinare evidenzia l’evoluzione delle pratiche e permette di comprendere l’universo non solo come realtà fisica, ma come una complessa struttura culturale, epistemica e storica.Il convegno è frutto della collaborazione tra il CNRS/Centre André-Chastel e il Museo Galileo. È parte del progetto di ricerca “Celestial Spectacles” (CNRS/Centre André-Chastel), finanziato dalla Chair Professor Junior ARVIGRAPH del CNRS e si avvale del sostegno scientifico del PEPR “Origins” (CNRS), dedicato a indagare le origini dei pianeti e della vita. L’iniziativa si colloca all’interno delle celebrazioni per il centenario dell’Istituto di Storia della Scienza (fondato nel 1925) e prende spunto dalle recenti esposizioni Ore italiane (2023) e Splendori celesti (2023-2024), ideate e organizzate dal Museo Galileo. Il convegno, inoltre, commemora il 400° anniversario della nascita di Giovanni Domenico Cassini
Critique écosystémique des droits humains
No full textInternational audienceL'urgence écologique exige la mise en place de contraintes sur le système productif, et donc sur les modes de consommation qui en découlent. Mais celles-ci sont bien souvent repoussées comme autant d'atteintes aux libertés fondamentales. Semble ainsi s'opérer une confusion entre liberté individuelle et mode de vie non soutenable, qui façonne les représentations individuelles, sociétales, médiatiques, politiques, jusqu'à rejaillir dans la sphère juridique où se manifestent les tensions entre protection de l'environnement et préservation des libertés fondamentales. Cet amalgame court-circuite la réflexion sur les changements sociétaux à conduire pour faire face à l'urgence écologique via le spectre de l'« écologie punitive » ou de la « dictature verte ». Le projet de recherche CritÉcoDhu -Critique écosystémique des droits humains : repenser les « droits de l'Homme » à l'aune des limites planétaires -vise à repenser la fondamentalité des droits dans le cadre d'un nouveau contrat social lié à l'urgence écologique. Ce premier ouvrage collectif, issu d'un séminaire de cadrage entre juristes, philosophes, politistes, anthropologues et climatopaléontologue, réunit tout à la fois des études de cas, des analyses inédites et des relectures critiques de textes fondamentaux qui confrontent libertés individuelles, urgence environnementale et démocratie
Uptake and feasibility of task-shifting of Xpert MTB/RIF Ultra testing from laboratory technicians to nurses to increase access and reduce time to results: a multi-country mixed method research
No full textInternational audienceAbstract Introduction Task-shifting of tuberculosis (TB) rapid molecular testing from laboratory technicians to nurses could help decentralizing TB diagnosis at Primary Health Centers (PHC) and allow in-ward testing to shorten treatment decision for very sick patients. We assessed the feasibility of XpertMTB/RIF Ultra (Ultra) testing on nasopharyngeal aspirate (NPA) by nurses in children with presumptive TB at PHCs and in hospitalized children with severe pneumonia within the TB-Speed project in seven countries. Methods Of 23 PHCs and 15 paediatric wards, 9 and 4 respectively had nurses trained to perform Ultra using the battery-operated GeneXpert Edge. Laboratory technicians performed the testing in the other sites. We compared proportion of samples tested, invalid or error results, TB detection yield, Turnaround Time (TAT) between sample reception and result at PHC, and between sample collection and result delivery to clinicians in paediatric wards between nurses and laboratory technicians. External Quality Assessment (EQA) and site support supervision assessed performances. Self-administered questionnaire and semi-structured individual interviews assessed nurses’ perceptions. Results Ultra was done in 253/254 (99.6%) and 258/258 (100%) samples for PHC and hospital nurses vs 895/897 (99.8%) and 874/874 (100%) for laboratory technicians, respectively. At PHC, the TAT was below 1h30 for 158/252 (62.7%) samples tested by nurses vs 677/893 (75.8%) by laboratory technicians, p<0.001. Ultra results were available to clinicians within 3h in 201/258 (77.9%) samples for nurses vs 464/874 (53.1%) for laboratory technicians in hospitals, p<0.001. EQA results <87.5% was more common for PHC nurses than PHC laboratory technicians or hospital nurses. Technical difficulties, lack of practice and workload were the main challenges, and training and supervision the main facilitators reported by nurses. Conclusion Task shifting of Ultra testing from laboratory technicians to nurses under close supervision could support decentralisation of TB diagnosis and shorten time to treatment decision for very sick patients. Key Messages What is already known on this topic Centralisation of childhood tuberculosis cares in many high burden and low middle income countries (LMICs) contribute to the important gap of childhood tuberculosis diagnosis. In 2022, WHO recommended the decentralisation of childhood tuberculosis diagnosis to increase access. The rapid tuberculosis molecular XpertMTB/RIF Ultra test recommended by WHO can be deployed at primary health care level but there is still limited data on its use at this level of care and no data for settings without a laboratory. Another diagnostic challenge is the diagnostic delay, which can be fatal in very sick children. There is no data on in-ward Xpert Ultra testing to shorten diagnostic delays in very sick children. What this study adds As part of the TB-Speed operational research in 6 countries, we trained nurses from primary health centres without laboratory to perform Xpert Ultra tests on nasopharyngeal aspirate sample, using the GeneXpert Edge equipment. With close supervision and sufficient training, task-shifting of NPA Xpert Ultra testing from laboratory technicians to nurses was feasible and well accepted. Similarly, in order to reduce diagnostic delays in very sick children, we trained hospital nurses to perform in-ward Xpert Ultra tests on nasopharyngeal aspirate in 6 countries. Nurses were able to achieve similar performance as laboratory technicians and the time to treatment decision was shorter when Xpert Ultra testing was done by nurses as compared to laboratory technician. To our knowledge this is the first study assessing Xpert Ultra testing by nurses in high tuberculosis burden and LMICs. How this study might affect research, practice or policy It is our hope that results from this study will foster the development of content and context specific approach of task-shifting to increase access and quality of healthcare services for TB diagnosis within the same labour force especially in LMICs
Starbursts hiding in the main sequence: a pathway toward quenching?
No full textInternational audienceStar-forming galaxies spend most of their lifetimes on the star-forming main sequence, which establishes a tight empirical and statistical relation between stellar mass and star-formation rate. Occasional episodes of rapid star formation can push them temporarily above this sequence, turning them into starbursts. Yet some galaxies display starburst-like traits -- rapid, dense, and compact star formation -- while still remaining within the scatter of the main sequence. These "starbursts in the main sequence" (SBMSs) reveal the complexity and diversity of star formation modes, making them crucial for understanding how galaxies evolve and transition between different regimes. In this paper, we identify SBMSs in the cosmological simulation NewHorizon and follow their evolution across time to uncover their physical origins and the role of this special regime in shaping galaxy evolution. We explain the existence of SBMSs by a comparatively earlier assembly of their stellar mass, driven in particular by more frequent and repeated mergers as the other galaxies, as well as exceptionally productive starburst events triggered by these interactions. As a result, this regime appears preferentially -- though not exclusively -- in the most massive galaxies. The SBMS behavior is not continuous within individual galaxies but instead arises intermittently as a short-lived (~ 30 Myr) evolutionary mode. Nevertheless, such SBMS episodes exist throughout cosmic time across the galaxy population... [abridged
The Emergent Basis of Expert Trust
No full textInternational audienceGoldman (2001) asks how novices can trust putative experts when background knowledge is scarce. We develop a reinforcement-learning model, adapted from Barrett, Skyrms, and Mohseni (2019), in which trust arises from experience rather than prior expertise labels. Agents incrementally weight peers who outperform them. Using a large dataset of human probability judgments as inputs, we simulate communities that learn whom to defer to. Both a strictly individual-learning variant and a reputation-sharing variant yield performance-sensitive deference, the latter accelerating convergence. Our results offer an empirically grounded account of how communities identify and trust experts without blind deference