1,357,529 research outputs found
Factors contributing to nass consumption among iranian Turkmen: A qualitative study
No full textINTRODUCTION Nass is a smokeless tobacco product. Iranian Turkmen have a long history of nass consumption. However, the factors contributing to nass consumption among Iranian Turkmen are not known. The purpose of the present study is to examine the factors contributing to nass consumption among Iranian Turkmen. METHODS This qualitative study was conducted between January and March 2016 in four Turkmen cities of Golestan province in Iran. Participants included 34 male Turkmen nass consumers. Data were collected through individual and group interviews and were analyzed by content analysis. Data management was done by qualitative data analysis software MAXQDA, Version 10. RESULTS The results of data analysis revealed the following as the main reasons for nass consumption by the study population: 1) cultural, social, and environmental facilitators, 2) nass was considered as an alternative to cigarette smoking, 3) nass was believed to intensify the effects of opium and other drugs, 4) specific occupations and circumstances, and 5) beliefs related to nass. CONCLUSIONS Cultural and historical backgrounds, convenient access to nass at a very low price, curiosity, emulation, and peer pressure were the main factors driving nass consumption among Iranian Turkmen. Various beliefs, such as the idea that nass intensifies the effects of opium and alcohol, calms the nerves, and helps individuals quit smoking were also found to contribute to this phenomenon. Finally, individuals in certain lines of work, such as fishing, driving combines, and military service, were more likely to consume nass. © 2018 Sighaldeh S. S
Nijazov’s Turkmen Sultanism: Regime Analysis
No full textThe author describes the political regime of Nijazov’s Turkmenistan and explores the possibility of its classification as “sultanistic regime”. A historical perspective on the creation of the modern Turkmen nation in the USSR and the path to independence are provided, along with a description of its unique political institutions. Later, the concept of the sultanistic regime is introduced and Turkmen political praxis is discussed within that framework. In conclusion, the author briefly sketches perspectives of the regime
Turkmen
No full textTurkmen is close to Khorasan Oghuz and together with it forms an East Oghuz subbranch. Regarding the systematic maintenance of Proto-Turkic primary long vowels, Turkmen forms a subgroup of Turkic together with Yakut and Khalaj. Turkmen exhibits several areal typological commonalities with the Kipchak and Karluk Turkic languages in Central Asia. Phonemic distinctions are neutralized after the prime syllables. As a result of progressive assimilations due to the palatal and labial harmony, suffixes have allomorphs depending on the quality of the preceding syllable. Progressive or regressive assimilations of adjacent consonants are a further source of morphophonological variations both in and after prime syllables. Stem-final and suffix-initial consonants widely assimilate each other regarding various phonological features. Turkmen is highly characterized by secondary vowel lengthening due to the contractions at morpheme boundaries involving stem-final and suffix-initial phonemes. Turkmen has several bound morphemes used as participant nominals in relative clauses or as action nominals in complement clauses.</p
Computer analysis of the Turkmen language morphology
No full textThis paper describes the implementation of a two-level morphological analyzer for the Turkmen Language. Like all Turkic languages, the Turkmen Language is an agglutinative language that has productive inflectional and derivational suffixes. In this work, we implemented a finite-state two-level morphological analyzer for Turkmen Language by using Xerox Finite State Tools
Prevalence of esophageal cancer risk factors among Turkmen and non-Turkmen ethnic groups in a high incidence area in Iran
No full textBackground: Golestan Province in north-eastern Iran has one of the highest incidence rates for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) worldwide. Earlier studies have reported higher incidence rates in the areas of Golestan which are mainly inhabited by individuals of the Turkmen ethnic group. However, it is not clear whether in those areas the incidence among Turkmens is higher in comparison to non-Turkmens. Some previous studies have suggested that environmental factors might play a more essential role in ESCC carcinogenesis in Golestan than a genetic background. If environmental factors instead of a genetic background are the major risk factors, therefore the prevalence of known environmental risk factors would not significantly differ among ESCC cases of different ethnic groups. To investigate the role of environmental factors versus genetic background by using the above concept, we have compared the prevalence of known risk factors for ESCC among Turkmen and non-Turkmen ESCC cases. Methods: Study participants were histopathologically proven ESCC cases from Golestan Province. They were recruited in the study from December 2003 to June 2007. The prevalence of the most important known risk factors for ESCC in Turkmen and non-Turkmen ESCC cases was compared using Chi-squared and Fisher's exact tests. Results: Of 300 ESCC cases recruited in the study, 171 (57.0%) and 129 (43.0%) cases were Turkmen and non-Turkmen, respectively. In the majority of the investigated risk factors which included tobacco, nass, and opium use, hot and extremely hot tea consumption, as well as decreased levels of education; there was no significant difference between Turkmen and nonTurkmen ESCC cases in the prevalence of exposure. Conclusion: Our findings support the suggestion that a substantial difference between Turkmens and non-Turkmens in terms of genetic susceptibility to ESCC is unlikely. Nevertheless, the moderate effect of genetic factors cannot be ruled out. Further studies to investigate potential environmental and genetic risk factors of ESCC in Golestan and the interaction between environmental and genetic factors are warranted
The Iraqi Turkmen (1921-2005)
No full textCataloged from PDF version of article.This thesis evaluates the situation of the Iraqi Turkmen between 1921-2005 in
terms of the important developments in Iraq. The Iraqi Turkmen could not organize
politically due to the oppressive Iraqi regimes in the period between 1921-1991.
They started to carry out political activities openly after the Gulf War II in Northern
Iraq. The Turkmen who are the third largest ethnic population in Iraq, pursue the
policy of keeping the integrity of Iraqi territory, enjoying the same equal rights as
the other ethnic groups and being a founding member in the constitution. The
Turkmen are still maintaining their political activities to prove their existence in Iraq
even in 2005. Turkey has defended the idea that the Turkmen should have the same
political, social and cultural rights as the other ethnic groups in Iraq. The future of
Kirkuk where the Turkmen live would be a model for Iraq or the start of serious
conflicts.Kayılı, Ali Gökha
Iraqi Turkmen women authors
No full textIrak Türkmen edebiyatı, Türk edebiyatı tarihi bağlamında değerlendirildiğine belli bir geleneği ve bütünlüğü olan bir edebiyattır. Osmanlı döneminde klasik edebiyatla aynı paralelde olan Türkmen edebiyatı, özellikle hızlı değişimin görüldüğü Cumhuriyet ve sonrası dönemde farklılaşır. Tarihsel nedenlerle sınırların değişmesi, egemenlik ve dil politikalarında meydana gelen zorunlu haller, Türkmen edebiyatının Türk edebiyatı içindeki yeri ve çizgisinde kopuşlara neden olmuştur. Bu nedenle Irak Türkmen edebiyatı iki ana döneme ayrılmıştır. 1918'den önceki Türkmen edebiyatı ve 1918'den sonraki Türkmen edebiyatı şeklinde adlandırılmıştır. Türkmen kadın edebiyatçılar, 1918'den önceki Türkmen edebiyatında hemen hemen hiç varlık göstermemişlerdir. Bu dönem, erkek edebiyatçıların görüldüğü ve neredeyse kadının edebi hayatta hiçbir rolünün olmadığı bir devirdir. Fakat 1918' den sonraki Türkmen edebiyatının başlamasıyla yeni bir dönem yaşanmıştır. Bu dönemde artık yavaş yavaş kadın edebiyatçıların Türkmen edebiyatında varlık gösterdikleri tespit edilmektedir. Tanzimat sonrası dönemden günümüze kadar olan Türkmen edebiyatı çizgisini takip ederek yetişen otuzdan fazla Türkmen kadın edebiyatçı tespit edilmiştir. Bunlar, "hayat-sanat-eser" bağlamında incelmeye tabi tutulmuştur. Bu kadın edebiyatçıların çoğu şairlik kimliği taşırken, aralarında kısa öykü yazan kadın edebiyatçıları da bulunmaktadır. Bu edebiyatçıların eserleri, Türkmen edebiyatına ait edebi kaynaklarla dönemin gazete ve dergilerinde yer almaktadır. Tespit edilen kadın edebiyatçıların bir kısmı dilolarak Arapçayı seçmiş, bir kısmı da bir iki çalışma dışında eser üretmemiştir. Bu bağlamda eser veren ve sürekliliği olan edebiyatçılardan on beşi çalışmaya konu olmuştur. Kadın edebiyatçıların biyografileri, eser ve edebi kişilikleri etrafında bütüncül bir çalışma yürütülmüştür.lraqi Turkmen literature is a literature which has a certain tradition and totality as it is evaluated in the context of the history of Turkish literature. Turkmen literature, which is in parallel with classical literature during the Ottoman period, differs especially in the republic and the period af ter. The change in the boundaries due to historical reasons, the compulsory conditions in the sovereignty and language policies, caused the rupture of the position of the Turkmen literature in Turkish literature. Therefore, lraqi Turkmen literature is divided into two main periods. These periods were named as Turkmen literature before 1918 and Turkmen literature after 1918. Turkmen women writers were almost never present in Turkmen literature before 1918. This period is a period in which male literatiists are active and almost women have no role in literary life. But after 1918, a new era begins in Turkmen literature. In this period, it is determined that women writers have gradually existed in Turkmen literature. More than thirty Turkmen women writers have been identifıed by following the line of Turkmen literature from the period after Tanzimat to the present. These women were examined in the context of "Iife-art-work". Even though most of these writers are poets, there are women writers who write short stories. The works of these writers were published in the newspapers and joumals of the literary sources of Turkmen literature. Some of the identified women writers chose Arabic as a writing language, and some of them did not produce more than one work. In this context, fifteen of the literary writers who gave works and has continuity have been the subject of study. Biographies of women writers, works and literary personalities have been carried out around a holistic work
Iraq-Erbil Turkmen dialects
No full textYapılan bu çalışma, Erbil Türkmen ağızını temel almaktadır. Giriş bölümünde Erbil'in tarihi hakkında kısa bir bilgi verildi. Bölgenin coğrafi, mimari ve etnik yapısı hakkında da bilgiler verildi. İnceleme kısmında Erbil Türkmen ağzının fonetik yapısı irdelendi. Bu fonetik inceleme örneklerle desteklendi. Metinler kısmında dokuz derlemenin transkripsiyon alfabesiyle yazımı verildi. Sonra bu derlemeler Arap alfabesiyle yazıldı. Akabinde Türkiye Türkçesine aktarılması yapıldı. Sonuç kısmında Erbil Türkmen ağzının önemli görülen fonetik özelliklerine değinilmiştir. Sözlük kısmında Erbil Türkmen ağızından toplanan metinlerde geçen kelimeler açıklanmıştır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Türk Dili, Türkmen Türkçesi, Irak Türkmenleri, Erbil Ağzı, Ses Bilgisi.This research mainly comprised of Turkmen erbil dialects. Along with the information about the history of Erbil in section of introduction, the information about the geography of the region and ethnic of the region have been mentioned. In the research part, phonetic structure of the Turkmen erbil dialects, Erbil was inspected and supported by illustrations. Compiled in the section of text the nine texts have been written in transcription of arabic alphabet than the transcription transfered into Turkish language. In the part of conclusion the most important phonetical features of Turkmen erbil dialects were stated. In dictionary part the words which were collected from Turkmen erbil dialects that has quality to from a dictionary item were described. Key words: Turkish Language, Turkmen Turkish, Iraqi Turkmens, Turkmen Erbil Dialects, Phonetics
Reduced quantum dynamics with initial system-environment correlations characterized by pure Markov states
No full textWOS: 000382717400003Any tripartite state which saturates the strong subadditivity relation for the quantum entropy is defined as the Markov state. A tripartite pure state describing an open system, its environment, and their purifying system is a pure Markov state if and only if the bipartite marginal state of the purifying system and environment is a product state. It has been shown that as long as the purification of the input system-environment state is a pure Markov state, the reduced dynamics of the open system can be described, on the support of the initial system state, by a quantum channel for every joint unitary evolution of the system-environment composite even in the presence of initial correlations. Entanglement, discord, and classical correlations of the initial system-environment states implied by the pure Markov states are analyzed and it has been shown that all these correlations are entirely specified by the entropy of environment. Some implications concerning perfect quantum error correction procedure and quantum Markovian dynamics are presented.Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK)We are grateful to an anonymous referee whose valuable suggestions and comments improved the paper. This work was supported in part by the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK)
The tales of Turkmen
No full textThe subject of this thesis is The Tales of Turkmen. Tales are taken from the book of Türkmen Halk Ertekileri (Turkmen Folk Tales). There are fifty tales in this book. It was prepared and published by Türkmenistan İlimler Akademisi in 1986 in Aşkabat. Redactors of this book are B. Mämmetyazov and Ş. Halmuhammebov. The compiler of tales is B. Veliyev. It contains 213 pages. Researchers like A. Baymıradov and S. Atanıyazov made important contribution to collect, research and document tales. However, no information about collecting tales was given.The purpose of this study is to bring these folk tales prepared and published in Turkmenistan to Turkish literature in the most correct way.This thesis consists of introduction, language study, transcription, translation, dictionary and bibliography.The introduction part is about a research of Turkmen folk tales in Turkmenistan.The first chapter is language study of these twelve Turkmen folk tales relevant to the phonology and morphology.The second chapter is the transcription of these twelve Turkmen folk tales written in Turkmen-Turkish language. They were transcribed in the best approach.The third chapter is the translation of these twelve Turkmen folk tales. They were translated in the most correct way.The Turkmen-Turkish dictionary of these twelve Turkmen tales is provided at the dictionary part.Photocopies of Türkmen Halk Ertekileri written in Cyrillic alphabet are placed at the end of this thesis.Tezimin konusu Türkmen masalları. Eldeki çalışmada yer alan masallar, Türkmen Halk Ertekileri adlı çalışmadan alınmıştır. Bu kitapta elli tane masal bulunmaktadır. Türkmenistan İlimler Akademisi tarafından hazırlanmış ve 1986'da Aşkabat'ta yayınlanmıştır. Eserin redaktörlüğünü B. Mämmetyazov ve Ş. Halmuhammebov yapmıştır. Masalların derleyicisi, B. Veliyev'dir. Eser 213 sayfalıktır. Masalların toplanması, araştırılması ve yazı hâline getirilmesinde, A. Baymıradov ve S. Atanıyazov gibi araştırmacılar büyük katkıda bulunmuşlardır. Ancak masalların derlenmesi konusunda bilgi verilmemiştir.Eldeki çalışmanın amacı, Türkmenistan sahasında derlenmiş ve yayınlanmış olan bu halk masallarının Türkiye literatürüne en doğru şekliyle kazandırmaktır.Eldeki çalışma, giriş, dil incelemesi, transkripsiyonu, tercüme, sözlük ve kaynakça kısımlarından oluşmaktadır.Eldeki çalışmanın Giriş kısmında Türkmenlerdeki masal araştırmaları üzerinde kısaca durulmuştur.Eldeki çalışmanın 1. bölümünde eldeki çalışmada yer alan masalların ses ve şekil bilgisi incelemesi yapılmıştır.Eldeki çalışmanın 2. bölümünde, Türkmen Türkçesinde yazıya geçirilmiş olan 12 masalın transkripsiyonu en doğru şekliyle yapılmıştır.Eldeki çalışmanın 3. bölümünde, çalışmada yer alan masalların en doğru şekliyle tercümesi yapılmaya çalışılmıştır.Çalışmanın sonunda, metinlerde yer alan ve Türkiye Türkçesinden farklılık gösteren sözler, metinde geçen anlamları ile sözlük kısmında yer almıştır.Çalışmanın en sonunda da Kiril harfli metnin fotokopisi sayfa numaraları görünecek şekilde verilmiştir
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