Masaryk University Journals / Časopisy Masarykovy univerzity
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Subject didactics conference: retrospectively. On the significance and role of language in education (Subject didactics conference – spring 2025 – Faculty of Education, Masaryk University)
No full textStriving for accuracy attenuates the positive relationship between cyberbullying bystanders’ dispositional empathy and tendencies to help victims
No full textEmpathy is a key predictor of bystanders’ helping behaviors, yet its role in cyberbullying contexts has yielded inconsistent findings. This study investigated whether accuracy motivation, the drive to form correct and well-reasoned judgments, moderates the relationship between dispositional empathy and helping tendencies among cyberbullying bystanders. In Study 1, 164 Taiwanese undergraduates (61 males, 100 females, 3 unknown; Mage = 22.96, SD = 14.25) read a cyberbullying scenario and completed measures of empathy, helping tendencies, and need for cognition (NFC), a personality trait reflecting enjoyment of cognitively effortful tasks, widely used as a proxy for accuracy motivation. Results showed that the positive association between empathy and helping tendencies was weaker among participants with higher NFC scores (i.e., higher accuracy motivation). In Study 2, 180 undergraduates (67 males, 113 females; Mage = 20.96, SD = 5.44) were randomly assigned to either control or high accuracy motivation group. Findings revealed that, for participants in the control group, empathy predicted helping through increased feelings of responsibility. This mediational pathway was not observed in the high accuracy motivation condition. These findings suggest that accuracy motivation may attenuate the influence of empathy on helping behavior in cyberbullying contexts. Theoretically, this provides a possible explanation for the mixed results observed in prior research. Practically, it highlights the importance of encouraging individuals to prioritize providing timely support in cyberbullying incidents, rather than becoming overly focused on verifying the authenticity of online messages
Využití jazykových korpusů ve výuce odborného cizího jazyka na vysoké škole
No full textTento přehledový článek zkoumá, jak mohou jazykové korpusy zlepšit výuku cizích jazyků, zejména angličtiny pro specifické účely (ESP), v terciárním vzdělávání. Představuje teoretické základy korpusové lingvistiky a analyzuje nedávné studie z klíčových časopisů zaměřených na ESP. Zjištění ukazují, že korpusy podporují rozvoj slovní zásoby a gramatiky, mohou být využity pro tvorbu výukových materiálů, plánování a hodnocení kurikula. Článek zdůrazňuje praktické využití a navrhuje zavedení metod založených na korpusech (nejen) do vysokoškolského vzdělávání.This review article explores how language corpora can enhance the teaching of foreign languages, especially English for Specific Purposes (ESP) at universities. It presents theoretical foundations of corpus linguistics and analyses recent studies from key ESP journals. Findings show that corpora support vocabulary and grammar development, material design, curriculum planning and evaluation. The article highlights practical applications and suggests implementing corpora-based methods (not only) into higher education
Beyond military: Defining and addressing the transnational security threats in the contemporary Arctic
Full text linkThe Arctic states face a broad spectrum of specific regional security issues centred around two complementary aspects, defending humans from extremes of nature (climate) and protecting the natural environment against damage caused by human activities (pollution). The first group of challenges encompasses extreme weather patterns, melting sea ice and permafrost, and rising sea levels. The second group includes various pollutants, including persistent organic pollutants, heavy metals, plastics, a significant military and nuclear presence, industrial development, and shipping. In addition, hybrid threats, illegal activities, and the interests of non-Arctic states represent a new and emerging category of security challenges for the region. Most of these challenges are multiplying threats that do not respect borders or sectoral boundaries and require coordinated transnational action. Given the limited capacity of individual states to address security threats promptly and the trans-national nature of certain issues, regional cooperation is a prerequisite for achieving success. History shows us that during the Cold War, the most politically frozen time of all, the Arctic states, including the United States and the Soviet Union, were able to overcome their animosity and cooperate on environmental challenges. One of the outcomes of this cooperation was the establishment of the Arctic Council in 1996. Is it realistic to expect a similar development today? The Russian invasion of Ukraine has largely ended cooperation between Moscow and other Arctic countries. Can shared security challenges enhance cooperation in the region and beyond? How important are environmental issues for the states? Can Arctic science diplomacy be a useful approach to the improvement of relations? These are some of the research questions that this chapter addresses. The author also investigates mechanisms for cooperation in times of conflict and the role of international scientific cooperation in the Arctic. The chapter concludes with an exploration of possible future scenarios in the region
Spatio-temporal variability of soil surface temperature affects adaptation of Antarctic hairgrass populations. 1. Fluctuations of average monthly local temperature near plants influence biometrical, biochemical, and ecological characteristics
Full text linkA spatial-temporal temperature influence on Deschampsia antarctica populations adaptation was studied in the Galindez Island (Argentine Islands, the maritime Anatrctic) during seven consecutive Antarctic summer seasons (2017/19 – 2023/24). The subject of the research is the evaluation of complex adaptability (Iqki) characteristic for eleven populations of Deschampsia antarctica. Another goal was to analyze the temperature variables obtained with the help of microlimate loggers located at eleven sites, and their effects on the measured plant populations adaptability indices and to determine the united indices Itki of their influence on them. Determination of the Itki contribution to the complex index Iqki for eleven populations in the dynamics of seven summer seasons was calculated. Methods of determining the plants number in populations and measuring the morphometric indices of D. antarctica plants populations were used. Reserve and protective seed proteins were studied by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE). The spatial variables of these indices extreme grouping method were applied for eleven populations to obtain an IqkI and Itki. Sets of complex indices were compared by regression technique. The populations forming general population (G-population) were found to develop unevenly depending on microconditions. In particular, individual populations with different frequencies matched into an asynchronous group, the populations of which were not matched of the general development trend of the G-population rest. The Itki contributions to Iqki were shown be not always positive. Negative contributions were observed in the season k=3 (2019/20) and in some individual months of the seasons k=5, 6, 7
Who’s to Blame? Elites and Enemies in Political Party Manifestos – The Case of Poland (2001–2023)
No full textThis article examines the actors subjected to criticism by Polish political parties between 2001 and 2023. It also assesses whether a relationship existed between the degree of anti-elitism or enemy discreditation in party manifestos and a party’s position within the political system or its ideological orientation. Elites were conceptualized as actors occupying a vertical relationship with "the people," whereas enemies were characterized by a horizontal opposition. Five types of elites were identified: political, international, state, symbolic, and economic. Similarly, enemies were classified into five categories: geographical, legal, political, economic, and cultural. The article drew inspiration from the populism studies, particularly in its conceptualization of anti-elitism and the construction of enemies per se. Moreover, proposed was an approach that treated anti-elitism and enemy construction not as binary attributes, but as variable and gradable dimensions that could evolve over time—even within the same political parties—and were not exclusive to parties typically labelled as populist. The analysis was based on 42 political party manifestos of parties that had surpassed the 3% threshold in Polish parliamentary elections between 2001 and 2023
Teachers’ perceptions of justice: Equal treatment vs. tailored approaches
No full textV posledních dekádách přineslo společné vzdělávání výrazné proměny školy a zvýšilo nároky na individualizaci výuky, což mění pojetí spravedlnosti a přináší učitelům nová dilemata. Cílem této studie bylo analyzovat, jak učitelé chápou spravedlnost při hodnocení a podpoře žáků v heterogenních třídách. V rámci širšího výzkumného záměru, zkoumajícího školní neúspěšnost, byly provedeny rozhovory s 12 vyučujícími. Tematická analýza ukázala, že učitelé spravedlnost chápou různě – zatímco někteří zdůrazňují rovnost příležitostí, jiní akcentují férovost ve smyslu zohlednění individuálních potřeb. Nemalá část z nich se pak dostává do dilematu tím, že se snaží dostát nemožnému – naplnit více protichůdných principů spravedlnosti současně. Zjištění poukazují na potřebu větší podpory učitelů při vyvažování těchto principů, aby bylo možné spravedlivě reagovat na rostoucí heterogenitu tříd.In recent decades, inclusive education has brought significant changes to schools and increased the demand for individualized instruction, which has reshaped the concept of justice and introduced new dilemmas for teachers. The aim of this study was to examine how teachers perceive justice in the context of assessment and support for students in heterogeneous classrooms. As part of a broader research project on school failure, interviews were conducted with 12 teachers. Thematic analysis revealed that teachers conceptualize justice in different ways – while some emphasize equality of opportunity, others stress fairness in terms of addressing individual needs. A considerable number of teachers face dilemmas as they attempt to reconcile conflicting principles of justice. The findings highlight the need for greater support for teachers in balancing these principles to ensure fair responses to the growing heterogeneity of classrooms
