125,039 research outputs found
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
No full textThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
No full textWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
Organophosphate in Niederschlag, stehenden Oberflächengewässern und Grundwasser städtischer sowie abgelegener Gebiete
No full textWithin the present study the occurrence and fate of the organophosphorus flame retardants and plasticizers tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), tris(2-chloro-1-methylethyl) phosphate (TCPP), tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCP), tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBEP), tri-iso-butyl phosphate (TiBP), and tri-n-butyl phosphate (TnBP) in precipitation, lake water, surface runoff and groundwater from urban and remote areas in Germany was investigated between June 2007 and October 2009. 255 samples of precipitation, 210 samples of lentic surface water and 72 samples of groundwater were analyzed for the six organophosphates (OPs) by solid phase extraction followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The research focused on aspects concerning (1) the atmospheric washout of OPs by precipitation, (2) the temporal variation of OP concentrations in precipitation and in lentic surface waters as well as (3) the pollution of groundwater by OPs. The results of the study emphasize the importance of precipitation as an all-season entry-pathway for OPs in the aquatic environment, particularly in densely populated urban environments with high traffic volume and abundant usage of flame-protected products. No seasonal trends were observed for all analytes in precipitation at the urban sampling site. TCPP dominated in all precipitation and storm water holding tank (SWHT) water samples with maximum levels exceeding 1 µg/L. An accumulation of OPs deposited in SWHTs was observed with concentrations often exceeding those observed in wet precipitation. Median concentrations of TCPP (880 ng/L), TDCP (13 ng/L), and TBEP (77 ng/L) at the urban SWHT were more than twice as high as those measured at the urban precipitation sampling site (403 ng/L, 5 ng/L, 21 ng/L) located close to the SWHT. OP levels in more remote lakes were often below or close to the limits of quantitation (LOQ). Nevertheless, TCPP was the substance with the highest median concentration in rural volcanic lakes (7–18 ng/L) indicating an atmospheric transport of the compound. At urban lakes the median OP concentrations were in the range of 23–61 ng/L (TCEP), 85–126 ng/L (TCPP), 0.1 µg/L) were determined in groundwater polluted by percolating leachate from contaminated sites or groundwater recharged via bank filtration of OP-loaded recipients. Concentrations of TCEP, TCPP, TiBP and TnBP in groundwater decreased rapidly (89–97%) during bank filtration with increasing distance from the recipient due to adsorption processes and/or biotransformation. Although TCEP and TCPP are stable within the aquifer, they are not suitable as conservative organic tracers in groundwater.Die chlorierten und unchlorierten Organophosphate Tris(2-chlorethyl)phosphat (TCEP), Tris(1-chlor-2-propyl)phosphat (TCPP), Tris(1,3-dichlor-2-propyl)phosphat (TDCP), Tri-iso-butylphosphat (TiBP), Tri-n-butylphosphat (TnBP) und Tris(2-butoxyethyl)phosphat (TBEP) gehören zu den dominierenden Fremdstoffen in Oberflächengewässern. Bisher wurde ihr Vorkommen in Oberflächengewässern und im Grundwasser hauptsächlich der Einleitung geklärter Abwässer zugeschrieben. Allerdings ist der Eintrag von Organophosphaten durch nasse und trockene Deposition als weitere Quelle für das Vorkommen dieser Substanzen in Oberflächengewässern in Betracht zu ziehen. Ausgehend von den Hauptemittenten Ballungsraum und Straßenverkehr wird ein Transport dieser Substanzen über die Atmosphäre diskutiert. Vor diesem Hintergrund bestand die Zielsetzung in der Klärung der noch offenen Frage, in welchem Ausmaß chlorierte und unchlorierte Organophosphate über die Atmosphäre transportiert und in stehende Oberflächengewässer durch Niederschläge eingetragen werden. Des Weiteren sollte geklärt werden, ob photochemischer Abbau der Organophosphate in den Gewässern als Eliminationspfad relevant ist und inwieweit Grundwasser bei der natürlichen Grundwasserneubildung bzw. Grundwasseranreicherung durch organophosphat-belastete Niederschläge und Oberflächengewässer beeinflusst wird. Dazu wurden von Juni 2007 bis Oktober 2009 insgesamt 255 Regen- und Schneeproben, 210 Oberflächenwasserproben und 72 Grundwasserproben aus städtischen sowie abgelegenen Gebieten in Deutschland gesammelt. Die Analyse der Wasserproben erfolgte mittels Festphasenextraktion und anschließender Gaschromatographie-Massenspektroskopie. Die Ergebnisse belegen, dass in urbanen Gebieten, aber auch in abgelegenen Höhenlagen, der Niederschlag ganzjährig als ein wichtiger Eintragspfad von Organophosphaten in Oberflächengewässer angesehen werden muss. TCPP wurde am Häufigsten im städtischen Regen und Regenwasserabfluss (Frankfurt/Main) mit Konzentrationen deutlich über 1 µg/L nachgewiesen. Generell lagen die in den Regenwasserrückhaltebecken gemessenen Konzentrationen signifikant über den in den Niederschlägen gemessenen Konzentrationen. Obwohl einige der Substanzen starken Konzentrationsschwankungen im Niederschlag unterlagen, konnten keine saisonalen Trends an der städtischen Messstelle beobachtet werden. TiBP und TnBP zeigten jedoch in den Sommermonaten eine Konzentrationsabnahme in den Regenproben der ländlichen Messstelle. Es wurde gefolgert, dass atmosphärische Photooxidation insbesondere in Sommermonaten mit höherer Globalstrahlung die Konzentration an unchlorierten Organophosphaten während des Transports von urbanen zu abgelegenen Gebieten reduziert. Die unchlorierten Organophosphate wurden in Laborversuchen mit dotierten Seewasserproben unter natürlicher Sonneneinstrahlung photochemisch abgebaut. TiBP und TnBP zeigten in den Sommermonaten eine Konzentrationsabnahme im Oberflächenwasser des städtischen Regenwasserrückhaltebeckens. In beiden städtischen Seen konnten für die unchlorierten Organophosphate aber keine signifikanten Trends beobachtet werden. Saisonale Trends wurden bei den chlorierten Organophosphaten nicht beobachtet. In den Seen der abgelegenen Gebiete lagen die Konzentrationen der Organophosphate oftmals unterhalb oder nahe der Bestimmungsgrenze. TCPP wurde in den drei abgelegenen vulkanischen Seen mit den höchsten Median-Konzentrationen (7–18 ng/L) gemessen. TCEP, TCPP und TnBP wurden des Weiteren in Trinkwassertalsperren nachgewiesen. Das Vorkommen der Organophosphate in diesen abgelegenen Seen und Talsperren bestätigt die Annahme, dass diese Substanzen über die Atmosphäre transportiert und durch nasse und trockene Deposition in die Oberflächengewässer eingetragen werden. Das Vorkommen der Organophosphate im Grundwasser ist vom anthropogenen Einfluss während der Grundwasserneubildung bzw. -anreicherung abhängig. Die Infiltration von Niederschlag stellte in ländlichen Gebieten keinen bedeutenden Eintragspfad für Organophosphate ins Grundwasser dar. Dennoch ist in städtischen Gebieten aufgrund deutlich stärker belasteter Niederschläge und Oberflächenabflüsse von einem Eintrag dieser Substanzen ins Grundwasser auszugehen. Höchste Konzentrationen an Organophosphaten (>0,1 µg/L) wurden in mit Deponie-Sickerwasser belastetem Grundwasser sowie in durch Uferfiltration beeinflusstem Grundwasser gemessen. Im Oderbruch nahmen die im Fluss Oder gemessenen Konzentrationen von TCEP, TCPP, TiBP und TnBP während der Uferfiltration in den Grundwasserproben nach dreijähriger Passage im Aquifer um 89–97% ab. Dass TCEP und TCPP mit Konzentrationen im Bereich 4–9 ng/L in Proben von Messstellen mit einem Grundwasseralter zwischen 20 und 45 Jahren gemessen wurden, bestätigt ihre Stabilität im Grundwasserleiter unter anaeroben Bedingungen
Pragmatic Case Studies as a Source of Unity in Applied Psychology
No full textTo unify or not to unify applied psychology: that is the question. In this article we review pendulum swings in the historical efforts to answer this question—from a comprehensive, positivist, “top-down,” deductive yes between the 1930s and the early 60s, to a postmodern no since then. A rationale and proposal for a limited, “bottom-up,” inductive yes in applied psychology is then presented, employing a case-based paradigm that integrates both positivist and postmodern themes and components. This paradigm is labeled “pragmatic psychology” and, its specific use of case studies, the “Pragmatic Case Study Method” (“PCS Method”). We call for the creation of peer-reviewed journal-databases of pragmatic case studies as a foundational source of unifying applied knowledge in our discipline. As one example, the potential of the PCS Method for unifying different angles of theoretical regard is illustrated in an area of applied psychology, psychotherapy, via the case of Mrs. B. The article then turns to the broader historical and epistemological arguments for the unifying nature of the PCS Method in both applied and basic psychology.Peer reviewe
Dr. Edwin Wright Collection: Author Unknown
No full textNotes - The author relates several short stories about his neighbours including Alex McDonell, homesteading and life around Meanook and Athabasca (1 page
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
No full textWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Measurement of the ratio of branching fractions B(B0→K∗0γ )/B(B0s→φγ ) and the directCP asymmetry inB 0→K∗0γ
No full textThe ratio of branching fractions of the radiative B decays B0→K⁎0γ and B0s→ϕγ has been measured using an integrated luminosity of 1.0 fb−1 of pp collision data collected by the LHCb experiment at a centre-of-mass energy of s√=7TeV. The value obtained is
B(B0→K⁎0γ)B(B0s→ϕγ)=1.23±0.06(stat.)±0.04(syst.)±0.10(fs/fd),
where the first uncertainty is statistical, the second is the experimental systematic uncertainty and the third is associated with the ratio of fragmentation fractions fs/fd. Using the world average value for B(B0→K⁎0γ), the branching fraction B(B0s→ϕγ) is measured to be (3.5±0.4)×10−5.
The direct CP asymmetry in B0→K⁎0γ decays has also been measured with the same data and found to be
ACP(B0→K⁎0γ)=(0.8±1.7(stat.)±0.9(syst.))%.
Both measurements are the most precise to date and are in agreement with the previous experimental results and theoretical expectations
The construction of Karen Karnak: The multi-author-function
No full textThis thesis is situated within the comparatively recent developments of Web 2.0 and the emergence of interactive WikiMedia, and explores the mode of authorship within a Read/Write culture compared to that of a Read/Only tradition. The hypothesis of this study is that the role of the audience has become merged with the author, and as such, represents new functions and attributes, distinct from a more conventional concept of authorship, in which the roles of audience and author are more separate. Read/Write and participatory culture, as defined by this study, is focused on collaboration, and includes the influences of D.I.Y. culture, Open-Source practices and the production of text by multiple authors. Multi-authorship presents a re-thinking of several concepts which support the notion of the individual author, since the focus of multi-authorship is not on attribution and ownership of a finished text, but on the continued malleability of a text. Modes of multi-authorship, demonstrated in the use of the pseudonyms Alan Smithee and Karen Eliot, represent declarative authors whose names signify multiple origins, whilst concurrently indicating a distinct body of work. The function of these names form an important context to this study, since primary research involves the construction of an experimental mode of multi-authorship utilising WikiMedia technology and the interaction of thirty nine participants, who are invited to create a body of work under the collective pseudonym Karen Karnak. The data generated by this experiment is analysed using aspects of Michel Foucault's author-function to identify and determine power structures inherent in the WikiMedia context. The interplay of power structures, including concepts such as identity, ownership and the body of work, affect the resulting mode of authorship and contribute to the construction of Karen Karnak, suggesting further areas of research into the emerging multi-author
Branching fraction and CP asymmetry of the decays B+→K0Sπ+ and B+→K0SK+
No full textAn analysis of B+ → K0
Sπ+ and B+ → K0
S K+ decays is performed with the LHCb experiment. The pp
collision data used correspond to integrated luminosities of 1 fb−1 and 2 fb−1 collected at centre-ofmass
energies of
√
s = 7 TeV and
√
s = 8 TeV, respectively. The ratio of branching fractions and the
direct CP asymmetries are measured to be B(B+ → K0
S K+
)/B(B+ → K0
Sπ+
) = 0.064 ± 0.009 (stat.) ±
0.004 (syst.), ACP(B+ → K0
Sπ+
) = −0.022 ± 0.025 (stat.) ± 0.010 (syst.) and ACP(B+ → K0
S K+
) =
−0.21 ± 0.14 (stat.) ± 0.01 (syst.). The data sample taken at
√
s = 7 TeV is used to search for
B+
c
→ K0
S K+ decays and results in the upper limit ( fc · B(B+
c
→ K0
S K+
))/( fu · B(B+ → K0
Sπ+
)) <
5.8 × 10−2 at 90% confidence level, where fc and fu denote the hadronisation fractions of a ¯b
quark
into a B+
c or a B+ meson, respectively
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