30 research outputs found
Enhancing Students’ Reading Comprehension Through The Attainment Model
No full textContrastive analysis and error analysis in understanding the challenges faced by Indonesian students in learning English. Using a qualitative approach, this study analyzes data on errors made by students in the use of tenses , vocabulary, and pronunciation, which are influenced by interference from Indonesian. Data were collected through English tests and interviews with students, then analyzed using the contrastive and error analysis framework. The results show that the main difficulties faced by students lie in the differences in tense structures , errors in vocabulary selection, and pronunciation difficulties influenced by the phonetic habits of Indonesian. This study suggests that English teaching needs to focus more on the structural differences between the two languages and provide intensive practice to correct frequent errors
PICTURE SERIES TO INCREASE WRITING SKILL OF EFL JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS
No full textThe purpose of this study was to find out whether picture series media was effective on writing knowledge in EFL students of eighth grade at SMPN 31 Gresik in the 2020/2021 school year. The participants in this study were students in eighth grade at SMPN 31 Gresik. The number of samples in this study was 64 students. The classes are divided into two classes; experimental class and controlled class. The method used is a quantitative method that adopts a quasi-experimental design. The instrument used was a recount text writing test consisting of a pre-test and a post-test. After collecting student scores from the two tests, the author uses SPSS v.22 to analyze normality and homogeneity to determine whether the data are normally distributed and homogeneous or not. After analyzing the normality and homogeneity, the writer also tested the hypothesis by using a paired sample test to determine whether there was the effectiveness of using picture series in learning to write recount text. The study's findings found that the average post-test score in the experimental class was higher than the post-test mean in the control class (82.58 > 53.20). Furthermore, the paired sample test analysis proved that the post-test p-score was 0.00 with a significance level of 5% (0.05). In other words, it can be concluded that the p-value (0.00) there is a significant difference between students' writing recount text using picture series and without picture series. That is, picture series is effective and applicable as a medium in writing recount text
Worldwide trends in body-mass index, underweight, overweight, and obesity from 1975 to 2016: a pooled analysis of 2416 population-based measurement studies in 128·9 million children, adolescents, and adults
No full textAcuin, Cecilia (IRRI author
De-mystifying the Muslimah: Exploring Different Perceptions of Selected Young Muslim Women in Britain
No full textIn this research I argue that although Islam as a faith is inherently emancipatory, Muslim
women are doubly marginalised: by patriarchal interpretations of their faith within Muslim
communities and by pluralist society that often does not understand the faith-based values
and practices of Muslim women. The empowerment of Muslim women is crucial not just for
the women themselves but also for socio-political dynamics within the Muslim community
and its relationships in pluralist society. It is from this context, and acknowledging the paucity
of academic literature written by Muslim women, that I set out to give voice to them, so that
their opinions may be heard in discourses that they think are relevant to their lives. By
encouraging Muslim women to take voice and by facilitating mechanisms for these voices to
be heard, this research presents alternate narratives of Muslim women that challenge
dominant media imagery of the oppressed and subjugated Muslim woman. These narratives,
which are by and for Muslim women, portray instead the inherent diversity in the category
'Muslim woman' and thus add more facets to the category 'woman'.
I used an ethnographic methodology that involved participants as contributors in the creation
of new knowledge. Semi-structured interviews with 45 young university-educated Muslim
women and 7 group discussions were used as initial data-gathering tools. The penultimate
ethnographic stage involved Muslim women creating 3-minute long self-representational
digital stories (DSTs), which consist of an autobiographical narrative accompanied by still
pictures. This was a process of self-reflection for the women and an opportunity to take voice
and to be heard. The subsequent screening of these DSTs to audiences who were not
Muslim resulted in discussion and active debate about the reasons for prevalent
(mis)understandings of Muslim women and stereotypes were challenged. In its initiation of
more balanced representations of Muslim women this research empowers Muslim women,
and by contributing to dialogue and cohesion it also empowers pluralist society as a whole.
This research clarifies the overlapping priorities and identities of young British Muslim
women and initiates new discourses, as narrated by the women, on subjects including
religious interpretation and practice, feminism, media representation and social cohesion. In
the research findings I propose an evolving British-Muslim identity among Muslim youth (in
this case young women) which is distinct from that of their parents; a theological articulation
of a 'feminist' struggle for women's rights; and the need to engage with the media and others
to create positive representations of Muslim women. Experiences with DSTs indicate the
potential of personal narratives and interaction for the purposes of inter-community dialogue
Author Correction: Mapping local patterns of childhood overweight and wasting in low- and middle-income countries between 2000 and 2017
No full textBurden of human papillomavirus-related cervical disease in the extended Middle East and North Africa - A comprehensive literature review
No full textOBJECTIVE: This study aimed to analyze the burden of human papillomavirus (HPV) in the Extended Middle East and North Africa (EMENA) region and to discuss the potential impact on HPV-related diseases derived from changing sexual behaviors and perceptions. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A comprehensive retrospective review of the available epidemiological data (publications in the past 30 years until January 2011) on HPV and its related diseases (especially as they relate to the cervix) in the EMENA region was carried out. RESULTS: Analysis of the burden of HPV in the EMENA region highlights an unexpectedly high prevalence of HPV, with rates of HPV ranging from 0percent to 25percent in low-risk women with normal cytology and up to 98percent in those with genital warts and preinvasive and invasive lesions. In addition, cervical cancer screening practices are, at best, opportunistic in most countries of the region; therefore, the observed change in social and sexual behavior in the EMENA population, particularly in youths, could lead to an increase in HPV and its related diseases especially cervical cancer. CONCLUSIONS: This article emphasizes the need for the introduction and standardization of screening practices in the region. Moreover, surveillance studies are needed to enable the identification of HPV type distribution and to determine the potential impact of the introduction of HPV vaccines. These socio-epidemiological data are of marked value to health care decision and policymakers in prioritizing available public health interventions. © 2012 The American Society for Colposcopy and Cervical Pathology.Abdel Aziz MT, 2006, MED SCI MONITOR, V12, pMT43; Agacfidan A, 2001, SEX TRANSM DIS, V28, P630, DOI 10.1097-00007435-200111000-00004; Ahmed MI, 2001, CLIN BIOCHEM, V34, P491, DOI 10.1016-S0009-9120(01)00243-0; Alami K, 2002, East Mediterr Health J, V8, P794; Al-Awadhi R, 2011, J MED VIROL, V83, P453, DOI 10.1002-jmv.21981; Ali F, 1996, J Egypt Public Health Assoc, V71, P553; Al-Muammar T, 2007, ANN SAUDI MED, V27, P1, DOI 10.4103-0256-4947.51540; Al-Mutairi N, 2007, INT J DERMATOL, V46, P594, DOI 10.1111-j.1365-4632.2007.02843.x; Amrani M, 2003, J CLIN VIROL, V27, P286, DOI 10.1016-S1386-6532(02)00227-5; [Anonymous], SEX TRANSM DIS SURV; [Anonymous], 2013, TELEGRAPH; [Anonymous], 1994, STUD FAM PLANN, V25, P191; ANWAR K, 1991, INT J CANCER, V47, P675, DOI 10.1002-ijc.2910470508; Aras S, 2007, J BIOSOC SCI, V39, P121, DOI 10.1017-S0021932006001258; Aras S, 2007, J SCH HLTH, V77, P79; Aras S, 2007, J SCHOOL HEALTH, V77, P359, DOI 10.1111-j.1746-1561.2007.00220.x; Assaad R, YOUTH MIDDLE E N AFR; Awwad Ziad M., 2003, International Journal of Infectious Diseases, V7, P206, DOI 10.1016-S1201-9712(03)90053-1; Aydin Faruk, 2002, Mikrobiyoloji Bulteni, V36, P85; Aydin Y, 2010, EUR J GYNAECOL ONCOL, V31, P72; Badrinath P., 2004, BMC WOMENS HEALTH, V4, P3, DOI 10.1186-1472-6874-4-3; Bamberger ES, 2003, EMERG INFECT DIS, V9, P1344; BARAM A, 1995, ISRAEL J MED SCI, V31, P349; Bashawri LA, 2002, SAUDI MED J, V23, P555; Ben Hamida A, 1999, REV EPIDEMIOL SANTE, V47, P397; Biri A, 2007, MATURITAS, V58, P236, DOI 10.1016-j.maturitas.2007.08.010; BOSCH FX, 1995, J NATL CANCER I, V87, P796, DOI 10.1093-jnci-87.11.796; Bosch FX, 2008, VACCINE, V26, pK1, DOI 10.1016-j.vaccine.2008.05.064; Bruni L, 2010, J INFECT DIS, V202, P1789, DOI 10.1086-657321; Burchell AN, 2006, VACCINE S3, V24, pS52, DOI DOI 10.1016-J.VACEINE.2006.05.031; Chaouki N, 1998, INT J CANCER, V75, P546, DOI 10.1002-(SICI)1097-0215(19980209)75:4546::AID-IJC93.0.CO;2-T; Cirpan T, 2007, EUR J GYNAECOL ONCOL, V28, P302; Cobb JC, 1997, AM J PUBLIC HEALTH, V87, P1380, DOI 10.2105-AJPH.87.8.1380; Crochard A, 2009, GYNECOL ONCOL, V115, pS7, DOI 10.1016-j.ygyno.2009.06.003; Cwikel Julie G, 2006, Sex Health, V3, P301, DOI 10.1071-SH06048; De Marco F, 2006, J MED VIROL, V78, P950, DOI 10.1002-jmv.20646; de Sanjose S, 2010, LANCET ONCOL, V11, P1048, DOI 10.1016-S1470-2045(10)70230-8; Dolapci I, 2005, SAUDI MED J, V26, P64; Dominique Tabutin, 2005, POPULATION E, V60, P505, DOI 10.2307-4148186; Dursun P, 2009, BMC INFECT DIS, V9, DOI 10.1186-1471-2334-9-191; el-All Howayda S Abd, 2007, Infect Agent Cancer, V2, P12; Ergunay K, 2007, MIKROBIYOL BUL, V41, P219; Faisel A, 2006, SEX TRANSM INFECT, V82, P307, DOI 10.1136-sti.2005.018762; Farjadian S, 2003, PATHOL ONCOL RES, V9, P121; Finan RR, 2006, CLIN MICROBIOL INFEC, V12, P927, DOI 10.1111-j.1469-0691.2006.01479.x; Finer LB, 2007, PUBLIC HEALTH REP, V122, P73; FRIEDMAN HL, 1992, J ADOLESCENT HEALTH, V13, P345, DOI 10.1016-1054-139X(92)90026-8; Gazzaz FSB, 2007, SAUDI MED J, V28, P1810; Gdoura R, 2001, EUR J CONTRACEP REPR, V6, P102, DOI 10.1080-713604209; Gdoura R, 2008, J ANDROL, V29, P198, DOI 10.2164-jandrol.107.003566; Ghaffari Saeed Reza, 2006, Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, V7, P529; Ghanaat Javad, 2003, Med Sci Monit, V9, pCR91; Ghazal-Aswad S, 2006, J OBSTET GYNAECOL RE, V32, P63, DOI 10.1111-j.1447-0756.2006.00352.x; Grisaru D, 2008, J CLIN MICROBIOL, V46, P1602, DOI 10.1128-JCM.02483-07; Guney AI, 1997, EUR J GYNAECOL ONCOL, V18, P546; Hajjaj AA, 2006, SAUDI MED J, V27, P487; Hamkar R, 2002, East Mediterr Health J, V8, P805; Hammouda D, 2005, INT J CANCER, V113, P483, DOI 10.1002-ijc.20600; Hashemi FB, 2007, INFECT DIS OBSTET GY; Hassen E, 1999, Tunis Med, V77, P497; Hassen E, 2003, INFECTION, V31, P143, DOI 10.1007-s15010-003-3112-7; Heikel J, 1999, EUR J EPIDEMIOL, V15, P711, DOI 10.1023-A:1007639928462; Inal MM, 2007, INT J GYNECOL CANCER, V17, P1266, DOI 10.1111-j.1525-1438.2007.00944.x; ISACSOHN M, 1994, ISRAEL J MED SCI, V30, P383; Joffe H, 2006, ISRAEL MED ASSOC J, V8, P333; Kafi SK, 2000, UPSALA J MED SCI, V105, P249; Khair M Meftah El, 2009, J Med Virol, V81, P678, DOI 10.1002-jmv.21279; Khan S, 2007, INT J INFECT DIS, V11, P313, DOI 10.1016-j.ijid.2006.06.007; Khanani Rafiq, 1994, JPMA (Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association), V44, P70; Kharfi M, 2000, Tunis Med, V78, P508; Kocak N, 2004, J INT MED RES, V32, P671; Lalaoui K, 2003, CLIN MICROBIOL INFEC, V9, P144, DOI 10.1046-j.1469-0691.2003.00494.x; Lubbad A M, 2007, West Afr J Med, V26, P138; Maleknejad Parviz, 2006, Daru, V14, P78; Massoud M, 1991, J Egypt Public Health Assoc, V66, P411; Mawajdeh Salah M, 2003, Health Care Women Int, V24, P635, DOI 10.1080-07399330390217734; Menczer J, 2000, EUR J GYNAECOL ONCOL, V21, P30; MITRANIROSENBAUM S, 1988, EUR J CANCER CLIN ON, V24, P725, DOI 10.1016-0277-5379(88)90306-9; Mortazavi S, 2002, ASIAN PAC J CANCER P, V3, P69; Mostafa S R, 1999, East Mediterr Health J, V5, P740; Mroueh AM, 2002, EUR J GYNAECOL ONCOL, V23, P429; Murillo R., 2009, INFECT DIS OBSTET GY, V2009; Mutlu Birsen, 2004, Mikrobiyoloji Bulteni, V38, P445; Nabi Souad, 2006, Tunis Med, V84, P170; OMER EFE, 1982, TROP DOCT, V12, P208; Onan MA, 2005, EUR J GYNAECOL ONCOL, V26, P632; Ortayli N, 2001, SEX TRANSM DIS, V28, P58, DOI 10.1097-00007435-200101000-00013; Ozcelik B, 2003, EUR J GYNAECOL ONCOL, V24, P157; Ozdag D, 2007, MIKROBIYOL BUL, V41, P51; Ozturk CE, 2006, SAUDI MED J, V27, P1503; Ozturk Sual, 2004, Mikrobiyoloji Bulteni, V38, P223; Planned Parenthood Federation of America Inc., OUT; Radouani F, 1997, PATHOL BIOL, V45, P491; Raza SA, 2010, BRIT J CANCER, V102, P1657, DOI 10.1038-sj.bjc.6605664; Rehan N, 2006, J Pak Med Assoc, V56, pS60; Safaei A, 2010, INDIAN J PATHOL MICR, V53, P681, DOI 10.4103-0377-4929.72030; Sami Shehla, 2005, JPMA Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association, V55, P242; Saxena AK, 2002, SCAND J INFECT DIS, V34, P88, DOI 10.1080-00365540110077353; Sellami Amina, 2003, Tunis Med, V81, P162; Sellors JW, 2000, CAN MED ASSOC J, V163, P503; Seoud M, 2010, GYNECOL ONCOL, V116, pS39; Sirmatel F, 2005, JPN J INFECT DIS, V58, P41; Smith JS, 2008, J ADOLESCENT HEALTH, V43, p[S5, S25, e1]; Srugo I, 2003, ISRAEL MED ASSOC J, V5, P24; Sughayer MA, 2010, INT J GYNECOL OBSTET, V108, P74, DOI 10.1016-j.ijgo.2009.08.025; Sullam S A, 2001, East Mediterr Health J, V7, P139; Sultan F, 2007, INT J INFECT DIS, V11, P407, DOI 10.1016-j.ijid.2006.10.004; TAHA OMA, 1979, BRIT J VENER DIS, V55, P313; Tamim H, 2002, DIAGN MICR INFEC DIS, V43, P277, DOI 10.1016-S0732-8893(02)00403-0; Trottier Helen, 2006, Vaccine, V24 Suppl 1, pS1; Unicef World Health Organization, IMM SUMM; United Nations, 2008, WORLD MARR DAT 2008; US Department of State, SAUD AR COUNTR SPEC; Usubutun A, 2009, INT J GYNECOL PATHOL, V28, P541, DOI 10.1097-PGP.0b013e3181aaba0d; Weinstock H, 2004, PERSPECT SEX REPRO H, V36, P6, DOI 10.1111-j.1931-2393.2004.tb00002.x; Wellings K, 2006, LANCET, V368, P1706, DOI 10.1016-S0140-6736(06)69479-8; WHO, 2010, HUM PAP REL CANC SUM; World Health Organization, WHO ICO INF CTR HUM; World Health Organization, AIDS SEX TRANSM DIS; Zirak-Zadah T, 1977, Trop Doct, V7, P57; Znazen Abir, 2003, Tunis Med, V81, P32969
Global, regional, and national burden of suicide mortality 1990 to 2016: systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016
No full textObjectives: To use the estimates from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016 to describe patterns of suicide mortality globally, regionally, and for 195 countries and territories by age, sex, and Socio-demographic index, and to describe temporal trends between 1990 and 2016. Design: Systematic analysis. Main outcome measures: Crude and age standardised rates from suicide mortality and years of life lost were compared across regions and countries, and by age, sex, and Socio-demographic index (a composite measure of fertility, income, and education). Results: The total number of deaths from suicide increased by 6.7% (95% uncertainty interval 0.4% to 15.6%) globally over the 27 year study period to 817 000 (762 000 to 884 000) deaths in 2016. However, the age standardised mortality rate for suicide decreased by 32.7% (27.2% to 36.6%) worldwide between 1990 and 2016, similar to the decline in the global age standardised mortality rate of 30.6%. Suicide was the leading cause of age standardised years of life lost in the Global Burden of Disease region of high income Asia Pacific and was among the top 10 leading causes in eastern Europe, central Europe, western Europe, central Asia, Australasia, southern Latin America, and high income North America. Rates for men were higher than for women across regions, countries, and age groups, except for the 15 to 19 age group. There was variation in the female to male ratio, with higher ratios at lower levels of Socio-demographic index. Women experienced greater decreases in mortality rates (49.0%, 95% uncertainty interval 42.6% to 54.6%) than men (23.8%, 15.6% to 32.7%). Conclusions: Age standardised mortality rates for suicide have greatly reduced since 1990, but suicide remains an important contributor to mortality worldwide. Suicide mortality was variable across locations, between sexes, and between age groups. Suicide prevention strategies can be targeted towards vulnerable populations if they are informed by variations in mortality rates
Author Correction: Mapping local patterns of childhood overweight and wasting in low- and middle-income countries between 2000 and 2017 (Nature Medicine, (2020), 26, 5, (750-759), 10.1038/s41591-020-0807-6)
No full textAn amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper
Mapping geographical inequalities in childhood diarrhoeal morbidity and mortality in low-income and middle-income countries, 2000–17: analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017
No full textBackground Across low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs), one in ten deaths in children younger than
5 years is attributable to diarrhoea. The substantial between-country variation in both diarrhoea incidence and
mortality is attributable to interventions that protect children, prevent infection, and treat disease. Identifying
subnational regions with the highest burden and mapping associated risk factors can aid in reducing preventable
childhood diarrhoea.
Methods We used Bayesian model-based geostatistics and a geolocated dataset comprising 15072746 children
younger than 5 years from 466 surveys in 94 LMICs, in combination with findings of the Global Burden of Diseases,
Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2017, to estimate posterior distributions of diarrhoea prevalence, incidence,
and mortality from 2000 to 2017. From these data, we estimated the burden of diarrhoea at varying subnational levels
(termed units) by spatially aggregating draws, and we investigated the drivers of subnational patterns by creating
aggregated risk factor estimates.
Findings The greatest declines in diarrhoeal mortality were seen in south and southeast Asia and South America,
where 54·0% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 38·1–65·8), 17·4% (7·7–28·4), and 59·5% (34·2–86·9) of units,
respectively, recorded decreases in deaths from diarrhoea greater than 10%. Although children in much of Africa
remain at high risk of death due to diarrhoea, regions with the most deaths were outside Africa, with the highest
mortality units located in Pakistan. Indonesia showed the greatest within-country geographical inequality; some
regions had mortality rates nearly four times the average country rate. Reductions in mortality were correlated to
improvements in water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) or reductions in child growth failure (CGF). Similarly, most
high-risk areas had poor WASH, high CGF, or low oral rehydration therapy coverage.
Interpretation By co-analysing geospatial trends in diarrhoeal burden and its key risk factors, we could assess
candidate drivers of subnational death reduction. Further, by doing a counterfactual analysis of the remaining disease
burden using key risk factors, we identified potential intervention strategies for vulnerable populations. In view of the
demands for limited resources in LMICs, accurately quantifying the burden of diarrhoea and its drivers is important
for precision public health
Global, regional, and national mortality among young people aged 10-24 years, 1950-2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019
No full textBackground Documentation of patterns and long-term trends in mortality in young people, which reflect huge changes in demographic and social determinants of adolescent health, enables identification of global investment priorities for this age group. We aimed to analyse data on the number of deaths, years of life lost, and mortality rates by sex and age group in people aged 10-24 years in 204 countries and territories from 1950 to 2019 by use of estimates from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019.
Methods We report trends in estimated total numbers of deaths and mortality rate per 100 000 population in young people aged 10-24 years by age group (10-14 years, 15-19 years, and 20-24 years) and sex in 204 countries and territories between 1950 and 2019 for all causes, and between 1980 and 2019 by cause of death. We analyse variation in outcomes by region, age group, and sex, and compare annual rate of change in mortality in young people aged 10-24 years with that in children aged 0-9 years from 1990 to 2019. We then analyse the association between mortality in people aged 10-24 years and socioeconomic development using the GBD Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a composite measure based on average national educational attainment in people older than 15 years, total fertility rate in people younger than 25 years, and income per capita. We assess the association between SDI and all-cause mortality in 2019, and analyse the ratio of observed to expected mortality by SDI using the most recent available data release (2017).
Findings In 2019 there were 1.49 million deaths (95% uncertainty interval 1.39-1.59) worldwide in people aged 10-24 years, of which 61% occurred in males. 32.7% of all adolescent deaths were due to transport injuries, unintentional injuries, or interpersonal violence and conflict; 32.1% were due to communicable, nutritional, or maternal causes; 27.0% were due to non-communicable diseases; and 8.2% were due to self-harm. Since 1950, deaths in this age group decreased by 30.0% in females and 15.3% in males, and sex-based differences in mortality rate have widened in most regions of the world. Geographical variation has also increased, particularly in people aged 10-14 years. Since 1980, communicable and maternal causes of death have decreased sharply as a proportion of total deaths in most GBD super-regions, but remain some of the most common causes in sub-Saharan Africa and south Asia, where more than half of all adolescent deaths occur. Annual percentage decrease in all-cause mortality rate since 1990 in adolescents aged 15-19 years was 1.3% in males and 1.6% in females, almost half that of males aged 1-4 years (2.4%), and around a third less than in females aged 1-4 years (2.5%). The proportion of global deaths in people aged 0-24 years that occurred in people aged 10-24 years more than doubled between 1950 and 2019, from 9.5% to 21.6%.
Interpretation Variation in adolescent mortality between countries and by sex is widening, driven by poor progress in reducing deaths in males and older adolescents. Improving global adolescent mortality will require action to address the specific vulnerabilities of this age group, which are being overlooked. Furthermore, indirect effects of the COVID-19 pandemic are likely to jeopardise efforts to improve health outcomes including mortality in young people aged 10-24 years. There is an urgent need to respond to the changing global burden of adolescent mortality, address inequities where they occur, and improve the availability and quality of primary mortality data in this age group. Copyright (C) 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation
