6 research outputs found
Climate change exacerbates the environmental impacts of agriculture
No full textAgriculture’s global environmental impacts are widely expected to continue expanding, driven by population and economic growth and dietary changes. This Review highlights climate change as an additional amplifier of agriculture’s environmental impacts, by reducing agricultural productivity, reducing the efficacy of agrochemicals, increasing soil erosion, accelerating the growth and expanding the range of crop diseases and pests, and increasing land clearing. We identify multiple pathways through which climate change intensifies agricultural greenhouse gas emissions, creating a potentially powerful climate change–reinforcing feedback loop. The challenges raised by climate change underscore the urgent need to transition to sustainable, climate-resilient agricultural systems. This requires investments that both accelerate adoption of proven solutions that provide multiple benefits, and that discover and scale new beneficial processes and food products.We thank the reviewers for their constructive comments and suggestions.
Funding: This research was partly supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (52370193) and the US National Science Foundation (DEB-1831944).
Author contributions: Y.Y. conceptualized the study; Y.Y., D.T., Z.J., C.B.B., D.B.L., P.S., Y-G.Z., J.B., P.D., P.F., J.F., J.C.F., M.C.R., L.S., K.J.G., P.C.W., L.Z., and A.M.M. led the writing effort; and the group authors reviewed and edited the manuscript. All authors made substantial contributions to discussions of the content of the manuscript.
Competing interests: J.B. is a board member of Aspen Global Change Institute (unpaid); served as an adviser and completed a scoping project for FAIRR on net zero food systems in 2023 (paid, completed); and served a term as science adviser to the DNC Environment and Climate Crisis Committee (ended 2023; unpaid). D.B.L. completed a working paper on mitigation opportunities in agriculture for the Asia Development Bank (ended 2022; paid). All authors declare that they have no competing interests
Linking Small-scale Solar Wind Properties with Large-scale Coronal Source Regions through Joint Parker Solar Probe-Metis/Solar Orbiter Observations
No full textThe solar wind measured in situ by Parker Solar Probe in the very inner heliosphere is studied in combination with the remote-sensing observation of the coronal source region provided by the METIS coronagraph aboard Solar Orbiter. The coronal outflows observed near the ecliptic by Metis on 2021 January 17 at 16:30 UT, between 3.5 and 6.3 R⊙ above the eastern solar limb, can be associated with the streams sampled by PSP at 0.11 and 0.26 au from the Sun, in two time intervals almost 5 days apart. The two plasma flows come from two distinct source regions, characterized by different magnetic field polarity and intensity at the coronal base. It follows that both the global and local properties of the two streams are different. Specifically, the solar wind emanating from the stronger magnetic field region has a lower bulk flux density, as expected, and is in a state of well-developed Alfvénic turbulence, with low intermittency. This is interpreted in terms of slab turbulence in the context of nearly incompressible magnetohydrodynamics. Conversely, the highly intermittent and poorly developed turbulent behavior of the solar wind from the weaker magnetic field region is presumably due to large magnetic deflections most likely attributed to the presence of switchbacks of interchange reconnection origin. © 2022. The Author(s)
Late Gothic architecture in South West England : four major centres of building activity at Wells, Bristol, Sherbourne and Bath
No full textBy 1360 the Perpendicular style was established as the successor to Decorated
architecture. During the subsequent one hundred and eighty years, until the Reformation,
major building work was carried out at four great churches in the south west of England.
The complete reconstructions of St Mary Redcliffe, Sherborne Abbey and Bath Abbey, and
considerable work to the precinct at Wells Cathedral during this period, form the basis for
this thesis. Through a study of each of these major centres, the issues of workshop identity
and stylistic trendsetters are considered.
It is shown how the interpretation of documentary evidence has impeded an
understanding of these buildings, which can be revealed by an analysis of the fabric. Based
primarily on a methodology of buildings archaeology and assessment of moulding profiles,
traditional assumptions concerning the chronology and patronage are challenged.
The new chronology for works at Sherborne Abbey, and the redating of the
commencement of Bath Abbey further our understanding of the nature of masons'
workshops, patronage and stylistic development within a regional context. Introspection in
masons' workshops during the 15th century, and retrospection in later design in the region,
demonstrates a reliance on the innovations of the 14th century, and the significance of the
parish church tradition in the region, respectively. The thesis concludes with a discussion on
the influence of major church workshops on domestic architecture, and the impact of the
dissemination of the lodges in the early 16th century
Environmental, geographical and time-related impacts on avian malaria infections in native and introduced populations of house sparrows (Passer domesticus), a globally invasive species
No full textAC K N OW L E D G M E N T S
This study was funded by projects: IB20089 from the Consejería
de Economía, Ciencia y Agenda Digital of the Junta de Extremadura
and Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional, P11-RNM-7038
from Junta de Andalucía, and PR(19_ECO_0070) from Ayudas
Fundación BBVA a Equipos de Investigación Científica 2019. MF
was supported by a Juan de la Cierva 2017 Formación contract
(FJCI-2017-34394) from the Ministry of Science, Innovation and
Universities, by the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and
innovation programme under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie (grant
agreement No 844285, ‘EpiEcoMod’) and she is currently funded
by a Ramón y Cajal postdoctoral contract (RYC2021- 031613-I) from
the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (MICINN). JJP was
supported by the Fundación Tatiana Pérez de Guzmán el Bueno.
JMP was supported by ProyExcel_00049 financed by Proyectos
I+D+i of Junta de Andalucía 2021. LGL was supported by Junta de
Extremadura (IB20089, Post-Doc grant). JM was supported by a
Juan de la Cierva - Formación contract (FJCI-2017-34109) from the
Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities, and he is currently
supported by a postdoctoral researcher contract for scientific
excellence under the Plan Propio de I+D+i of the Universidad de
Castilla - La Mancha (UCLM), co-funded by the European Social
Fund Plus (ESF+). LZG was supported by funds from the Hungary's
National Research, Development and Innovation Office (K135841,
RRF-2.3.1-21-2022- 00006). We also acknowledge the comments of
four anonymous reviewers who improved the final version of this
manuscript.DATA AVA I L A B I L I T Y S TAT E M E N T
Data supporting the conclusions of this study are available in the
supplementary material to this article. Any further details are
available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.Aim
The increasing spread of vector-borne diseases has resulted in severe health concerns for humans, domestic animals and wildlife, with changes in land use and the introduction of invasive species being among the main possible causes for this increase. We explored several ecological drivers potentially affecting the local prevalence and richness of avian malaria parasite lineages in native and introduced house sparrows (Passer domesticus) populations.
Location
Global.
Time period
2002–2019.
Major taxa studied
Avian Plasmodium parasites in house sparrows.
Methods
We analysed data from 2,220 samples from 69 localities across all continents, except Antarctica. The influence of environment (urbanization index and human density), geography (altitude, latitude, hemisphere) and time (bird breeding season and years since introduction) were analysed using generalized additive mixed models (GAMMs) and random forests.
Results
Overall, 670 sparrows (30.2%) were infected with 22 Plasmodium lineages. In native populations, parasite prevalence was positively related to urbanization index, with the highest prevalence values in areas with intermediate urbanization levels. Likewise, in introduced populations, prevalence was positively associated with urbanization index; however, higher infection occurred in areas with either extreme high or low levels of urbanization. In introduced populations, the number of parasite lineages increased with altitude and with the years elapsed since the establishment of sparrows in a new locality. Here, after a decline in the number of parasite lineages in the first 30 years, an increase from 40 years onwards was detected.
Main conclusions
Urbanization was related to parasite prevalence in both native and introduced bird populations. In invaded areas, altitude and time since bird introduction were related to the number of Plasmodium lineages found to be infecting sparrows.Consejería de Economía, Innovación,
Ciencia y Empleo, Junta de Andalucía,
Grant/Award Number: P11-RNM-7038Fundación BBVA, Grant/Award Number:
PR(19_ECO_0070Junta de Extremadura,
Grant/Award Number: IB20089 and
PO17024Marie Sklodowska- Curie
Actions, Grant/Award Number: 844285Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y
Universidades, Grant/Award Number:
FJCI-2017-34109 and FJCI-2017-34394Proyectos I+D+i of Junta de Andalucía
2021, Grant/Award Number:
ProyExcel_00049Universidad de Castilla-
La Manch
Risk of subsequent primary lymphoma in a cohort of 69,460 five-year survivors of childhood and adolescent cancer in Europe: The PanCareSurFup study.
No full textBACKGROUND
Survivors of Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) are at risk of developing non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) after treatment; however, the risks of developing subsequent primary lymphomas (SPLs), including HL and NHL, after different types of childhood cancer are unknown. The authors quantified the risk of SPLs using the largest cohort of childhood cancer survivors worldwide.
METHODS
The Pan-European Network for Care of Survivors After Childhood and Adolescent Cancer (PanCare) Survivor Care and Follow-Up Studies (PanCareSurFup) cohort includes 69,460 five-year survivors of childhood cancer, diagnosed during 1940 through 2008, from 12 European countries. Risks of SPLs were quantified by standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) and relative risks (RRs) using multivariable Poisson regression.
RESULTS
Overall, 140 SPLs, including 104 NHLs and 36 HLs, were identified. Survivors were at 60% increased risk of an SPL compared with the general population (SIR, 1.6; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.4-1.9). Survivors were twice as likely to develop NHL (SIR, 2.3; 95% CI, 1.9-2.8), with the greatest risks among survivors of HL (SIR, 7.1; 95% CI, 5.1-10.0), Wilms tumor (SIR, 3.1; 95% CI, 1.7-5.7), leukemia (SIR, 2.8; 95% CI, 1.8-4.4), and bone sarcoma (SIR, 2.7; 95% CI, 1.4-5.4). Treatment with chemotherapy for any cancer doubled the RR of NHL (RR, 2.1; 95% CI, 1.2-3.9), but treatment with radiotherapy did not (RR, 1.2; 95% CI, 0.7-2.0). Survivors were at similar risk of developing a subsequent HL as the general population (SIR, 1.1; 95% CI, 0.8-1.5).
CONCLUSIONS
In addition to HL, the authors show here for the first time that survivors of Wilms tumor, leukemia, and bone sarcoma are at risk of NHL. Survivors and health care professionals should be aware of the risk of NHL in these survivors and in any survivors treated with chemotherapy
