30 research outputs found
Infragravity wave resonance over coral reef lined coasts
No full textCoral reefs are vital to the prosperity of the world and the local communities by providing food and coastal protection. Coral reefs are home to 25% of marine life and have therefore gained the nickname ’rainforest of the sea’. However, the reefs are being damaged by climate change and human intervention, resulting in an alarming rate of degradation. The combination of higher water levels on reef flats and the reduced friction due to reef degradation lead to greater risks of flooding and overwash on low-lying islands.These aforementioned effects already present a threat to small islands that are naturally fronted by coral reefs. However, there is one more threat of damage to these islands: resonance. The characteristic bathymetry of the coral reefs can induce this type of threat, which is likely to be enhanced through climate change. Fringing reefs can display harbour-like resonance under the right conditions, because of their generally steep fore reefs and shallow horizontal reef flats. This has been shown to occur during various occasions, but the conditions that lead to are still unclear. What drives the occurrence and magnitude of resonance?Resonance has been observed during high-energy events on various pacific islands, and though it occurs only 3.6% of the time, its damaging potential is larger than any other form of infragravity (IG) wave propagation. Various numerical models have been set up to study the behaviour and drivers of resonance, yet the defining characteristics and drivers of the phenomenon remain enigmatic.To get a better understanding of the parameters that influence the occurrence and magnitude of resonance in fringing reef environments, a SWASH model is used. The amplification of the incoming IG wave is determinedby comparing the incoming IG wave energy at the beach toe for a beach boundary to an absorbing sponge layer boundary. If the ratio of incoming IG energy is greater than unity, resonance is expected to occur.The magnitude of the AR is largely dependent on the characteristics of the incoming SS wave field and coral reef bathymetry: a great modulation and a gentle fore reef slope lead to a large amplification. Additionally, a lot of incoming SS wave energy corresponds to a limited amplification of the incoming IG wave, likely due to the interaction of the released bound long wave and the IG wave generated through break point forcing, which are 180° out of phase. Therefore, the largest amplification occurs for a strongly modulated wave field without being too energetic. There is no clear relationship between the incoming SS wave periods and the amplification, the height of the incoming IG wave is similar for various situations. The amplification appears to depend on the combination of the fore reef slope and incoming SS wave periods. Different SS wave periodslead to different amplifications depending on the slope of the fore reef they pass over. The height of the incoming IG wave is largest for the steepest slopes under consideration. Thus, for these conditions, the risk of flooding is largest. However, the greatest amplification occurs for the gentler slopesunder the considered conditions. It should be noted that this relationship is heavily dependent on the combination of incoming SS periods and the steepness of the fore reef slopes.The period for which resonance occurs is always higher than the theoretical fundamental eigenperiod, which is found through water depth integration from the location of minimum IG wave height to the beach toe. Integrating the water depth from the most offshore point of break point forcing leads to a smaller deviation of the theoretical fundamental eigenperiod from the observed period, yet this method needs further exploration. The insights acquired by this research can be used as a base for site-specific modelling, which can provide circumstances under which certain areas are at risk of flooding due to IG wave resonance.Civil Engineering | Hydraulic Engineering | Coastal Engineerin
Modeling the effect of wave-vegetation interaction on wave setup
No full textAquatic vegetation in the coastal zone attenuates wave energy and reduces the risk of coastal hazards, e.g., flooding. Besides the attenuation of sea-swell waves, vegetation may also affect infragravity-band (IG) waves and wave setup. To date, knowledge on the effect of vegetation on IG waves and wave setup is lacking, while they are potentially important parameters for coastal risk assessment. In this study, the storm impact model XBeach is extended with formulations for attenuation of sea-swell and IG waves, and wave setup effects in two modes: the sea-swell wave phase-resolving (nonhydrostatic) and the phase-averaged (surfbeat) mode. In surfbeat mode, a wave shape model is implemented to capture the effect of nonlinear wave-vegetation interaction processes on wave setup. Both modeling modes are verified using data from two flume experiments with mimic vegetation and show good skill in computing the sea-swell and IG wave transformation, and wave setup. In surfbeat mode, the wave setup prediction greatly improves when using the wave shape model, while in nonhydrostatic mode (nonlinear) intrawave effects are directly accounted for. Subsequently, the model is used for a range of coastal geomorphological configurations by varying bed slope and vegetation extent. The results indicate that the effect of wave-vegetation interaction on wave setup may be relevant for a range of typical coastal geomorphological configurations (e.g., relatively steep to gentle slope coasts fronted by vegetation)
Incident, infragravity and very low frequency wave motions on an atoll reef platform
No full textCoral reefs are hard structures that front many coasts in tropical and subtropical climates and protect them against wave attack and erosion. Despite reducing incoming wave energy by up to 98%, coral reefs are not a guarantee that mainland or island coasts are safe from being flooded. This was demonstrated by a series of wave-driven flooding events in 2008, that caused widespread damage to infrastructure and freshwater resources at islands in the western Pacific Ocean (e.g. Micronesia, the Marshall Islands, Kiribati, Papua New Guinea and the Solomon Islands). In particular atoll islands were exposed as they are only 2-5m above sea level. Atolls are typically ring shaped and enclose a lagoon in the center. The actual landmass is small and therefore offers little space for rainwater to accumulate under the subsurface and form a fresh water lens. Coastal managers are concerned that future overwash events may get more frequent due to climate change related sea levels rise and thereby cause permanent salinification of the natural fresh water sources. The United States Geological Survey (USGS), the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and the University of Hawaii jointly initiated an investigation on the processes that are involved in the flooding of atoll islands. Eventually, research aims at the prediction of hazardous flooding events by utilizing computer models. Plenty of nearshore processes have been described for reef systems in general, however, few studies have been devoted to the understanding of wave run-up. For sandy beaches the latter is typically a combination of wave induced set-up, incident short wave and incident infragravity swash. In case of coral reefs the physics behind wave run-up can get far more complex. On reefs with a steep reef face and long shallow flats, strong amplification or even resonance of low frequency harmonics have been observed, both of which are likely to increase surf beat. During a field experiment at the Kwajalein atoll between 3-Nov-2013 and 13-Apr-2014, hydrodynamic data were collected by the USGS to study run-up at a typical atoll reef with a steep fore reef (1:18) and a long horizontal reef flat. In previous research these data have been used to force one dimensional XBeach models and to subsequently validate the model performance with respect to set-up, short and long wave heights and wave run-up on the beach. The models performed well with exception of the reproduced wave run-up that was systematically underestimated. The current study continued on this subject, i.e. investigating wave run-up at Kwajalein atoll. The report was divided into two parts. For the first part, subharmonic wave motions were analyzed using the available field data. For the second part wave run-up was reexamined with one dimensional (non-hydrostatic and surfbeat) XBeach models. More specifically, the purpose of the data analysis was to get a detailed description of the (long) wave hydrodynamics and to find out how major run-up events distinguish themselves from the ordinary situation. Focal points were: Generation mechanism associated with subharmonic motions across the reef site and the amplification of very low frequencies (VLF) on the reef flat. Subsequently, 1D-XBeach modelling plugged in on the open question whether run-up would eventually be predictable by XBeach. Roi-Namur was shown to be sensitive to wave climates with long peak periods, that generally induced strong VLF amplification across the reef flat. Concurrently, fundamental resonant periods were strikingly similar to the most energetic VLFs observed on the inner reef flat. Tidal differences also impacted the combined low frequency (LF) energy inshore as the response was larger during high tide. Instead of bound long wave release, evidence was found that free long waves were generated by a moving breakpoint. This was also confirmed by high values of the relative bedslope parameter. Further investigation of the breakpoint mechanism moreover suggested that the relative effectiveness of generating infragravity (IG) waves varied for different wave conditions, which was explained by changes in the length of the breakpoint excursion. It was found that non-hydrostatic models used in the first Kwajalein study underrated wave induced set-up because the mean sea level (MSL) was imposed 0.5 m too low on the model boundary. Taking this water level offset into account, the performance of XBeach-Surfbeat (XB-SB) was compared to XBeach-Non-hydrostatic (XB-NH). The former captured enough physics to compete with the non-hydrostatic XBeach mode in terms of the representation of wave induced set-up, short wave heights and long wave heights. However, XB-SB fell short on the prediction of run-up, which is a crucial weakness since the models are ultimately meant to estimate just that. Furthermore, two distinct ways of boundary forcing were tried, i.e. with measured spectra or idealized JONSWAP spectra. Bulk LF energy was best reproduced by models that were forced with measured spectra. Onset of idealized JONSWAP spectra introduced erroneously high LF amplitudes at the fore reef. This problem could be improved upon by changing the value of the peak enhancement factor. Run-up heights were well reproduced by non-hydrostatic simulations, in contrast to simulations with XB-SB that underestimated them. It was reasoned that incident short wave swash in XB-NH was key to better run-up predictions. Combining the findings of the data and model analyses it could be concluded that both LF waves as well as nonlinear solitary waves significantly contribute to wave run-up on the beach.Hydraulic EngineeringHydraulic EngineeringCivil Engineering and Geoscience
DOSIS SUBLETAL S/NPV DAN PENGARUHNYA TERHADAP TRANSMISI VERTIKAL PADA LARVA Spodoptera litura F.
No full textKetcrganlungan pada insektisida kimia dalam pengendalian serangga hama kapas merupakan salah satu alasan pemanfaatan patogen serangga, khususnya S/NPV untuk mengendalikan larva S. litura. Mcskipun secara tcknis agen pengendalian ini cukup potensial mengendalikan hama sasaran, tetapi pemanfaatannya secara luas masih menghadapi banyak kendala, salah satunya adalah tcrbalasnya produk komersial yang menyebabkan aplikasi kurang optimal. Fcnomena transmisi vetikal S/NPV pada generasi hama bcikutnya cukup berpotensi mengendalikan inangnya secara langsung. Penelitian ini dilakukan di l-aboratorium Hama Balai Penelitian Tanaman Tembakau dan Serat Malang, mulai April hingga Agustus 2002. Tujuannya adalah untuk memperoleh informasi mengenai pengaruh dosis subletal S/NPV pada perkembangan larva S. lilura dan potensinya dalam mentransmisikan infeksi S/NPV pada generasi bcrikutnya (FI). Penelitian disusun secara faktorial dengan rancangan acak kelompok (RAK) yang terdiri atas dua faktor. Faktor petama adalah instar larva S. litura terdiri atas dua taraf, yailu: (1) instar ketiga, dan (2) instar kelima. Faktor kedua adalah dosis subletal S/NPV terdiri atas liga laraf, yaitu 5000. 50 000: dan 500 000 PlB'larva. Sebagai pembanding perlakuan digunakan kontrol (tanpa perlakuan S/NPV), dan setiap perlakuan diulang empat kali. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pengaruh dosis subletal S/NPV pada larva S. litura instar ketiga dan kelima, selain menyebabkan motalitas larva, juga mengurangi bobot pupa dan jumlah lelur Larva instar ketiga lebih peka icrhadap infeksi S/NPV yang menyebabkan pupanya mcmiliki bobol (erendah, yaitu 211.5 mg pada laraf dosis 50 000 PIB/larva. Rendahnya bobol pupa berkorelasi positif dengan menurunnya jumlah telur imago, yaitu hanya mencapai 30% (502 butir) dari jumlah telur pada kontrol Peningkatan laraf dosis subletal meningkatkan persentase telur ter¬ kontaminasi polihedra, yaitu tertinggi 24% pada taraf dosis 500 000 PIB/larva, dan juga menurunkan daya tetas telur. Sterilisasi berpotensi menghambat transmisi vetikal S/NPV pada generasi berikutnya (FI), sehingga menurunkan persentase motalitas larva neonate FI. Tanpa sterilisasi pada lelur, motalitas larva neonate IT mencapai t 20%, tetapi dengan sterilisasi menyebabkan motalilas larva rendah yaitu t 5%.Kata kunci : Dosis subletal, entomopatogen S/NPV, transmisi vertikal, S. litura, instar, mortalitas, pupa, neonate, cpizootik. kapas ABSTRACTSublelhal dose of SINPV and its effects on vertical transmission on larvae of Spodoptera lituraOne reason of the use of cnlomopathogen is to reduce chemical inscctisides application on cotton pest insect control S/NPV is one of ihe effective entomopathogen to control S. litura larvae. Technically, this biological agent is effective to control the insect pest, however it is not used widely because of its limited commercial product. Solving this problem is needed such as searching for another information about killing potential of S/NPV to the next generation of the insect pest, especially to anticipate the less frequency of its application. Therefore, infection through vetical transmission is one of ihe solutions. The research were conducted al the Laboratory of F-ntomology of Indonesian Tobacco and Fibre Crops Research Institute (ITOFCRI), Malang, from April to August 2003. The aim of the study was to get information about sublcthal doses of S/NPV and its effect to S litura larvae development and vetical transmission potency to Ihe next larval generation (FI) of Ihe insect pesl. This study was arranged in factorial by using Randomized Block Design with 2 factors: (1) instar of larvae (third and fith instar), (2) sublethal doses of S/NPV (5 000; 50 000, and 500 000 PIB.larvac) and one control (untreated) as a comparison to treatments. The result showed thai the effect of sublelhal doses of S/NPV on (he third and fith instars of S. litura larvae was nol only caused mortality, but also less pupal weight and egg numbers. The third instar of larvae was more susceptible to S/NPV infection which caused lowest weight of pupae ca. 211.5 mg at 50 000 PIB/larva level of dose. There was positive correlation between less pupal weight and decreased of egg numbers which only 30% (502 eggs) of that in control Increasing sublethal dose of S/NPV would increased polyhcdra- contaminatcd eggs by 24% at 500 000 PIB/larvae and decrease the egg hatch. Egg surface sterilization would obstruct vetical transmission of S/NPV to their new generation of larvae (FI), so it decreases the percentage of neonate larval motality rom 20% to 5% when untreated and treated surface egg sterilization, respectively.Key words: Sublethal dose, entomopathogenic S/NPV. vetical transmission, S. lilura, instar, mortality, pupae, neonate, epizootic, cotto
Prompt charm production in pp collisions at √<span style="text-decoration:overline">s</span>=7 TeV
Get PDFCharm production at the LHC in pp collisions at s√=7 TeV is studied with the LHCb detector. The decays D0→K−π+, D+→K−π+π+, D⁎+→D0(K−π+)π+, D+s→ϕ(K−K+)π+, Λ+c→pK−π+, and their charge conjugates are analysed in a data set corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 15 nb−1. Differential cross-sections dσ/dpT are measured for prompt production of the five charmed hadron species in bins of transverse momentum and rapidity in the region 0<pT<8 GeV/c and 2.0<y<4.5. Theoretical predictions are compared to the measured differential cross-sections. The integrated cross-sections of the charm hadrons are computed in the above pT-y range, and their ratios are reported. A combination of the five integrated cross-section measurements gives
σ(cc¯)pT<8 GeV/c,2.0<y<4.5=1419±12(stat)±116(syst)±65(frag) μb,
where the uncertainties are statistical, systematic, and due to the fragmentation functions
Structural insights into Siglec-15 reveal glycosylation dependency for its interaction with T cells through integrin CD11b
Get PDFFunding Information:
X-ray diffraction experiments described in this paper were performed using beamlines XALOC synchrotron at ALBA (Spain) and PXIII in Swiss Light Source (Switzerland). The NMR spectrometers are part of the National NMR Network (PTNMR) and are partially supported by Infrastructure Project No 22161 (co-financed by FEDER through COMPETE 2020, POCI and PORL and FCT through PIDDAC). F.M. and J.J.-B. acknowledge to the European funding for the GLYCOTwinning project (No. 101079417) and -COST Action GLYCONANOPROBES. A.P.’s research is funded by “La Caixa” Foundation (HR21-00925), AECC (LABAE211744PALA), Fundación FERO, Ikerbasque, and BIOEF EITB MARATOIA BIO19/CP/002. We thank Agencia Estatal de Investigación of Spain for grants PID2019-107956RA-I00 (A.P.), PID2019-107770RA-I00 (J.E.-O.), RTI2018-099592-B-C21 (F.C.), ID2020-114178GB (R.B. and J.D.S.), RYC2018-024183-I (A.P.), and the Severo Ochoa Center of Excellence Accreditation CEX2021-001136-S, all funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and by El FSE invierte en tu futuro, as well as CIBERES, and initiative of Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII, Spain) A.A.-V. receives funding from “La Caixa” Foundation (ID 100010434, LCF/BQ/DR20/11790022). A. B. (AECC Bizkaia Scientific Foundation, PRDVZ19003BOSC). F.C. acknowledges the Mizutani Foundation for Glycoscience (Grant 220115).
Publisher Copyright:
© 2023, The Author(s).Sialic acid-binding Ig-like lectin 15 (Siglec-15) is an immune modulator and emerging cancer immunotherapy target. However, limited understanding of its structure and mechanism of action restrains the development of drug candidates that unleash its full therapeutic potential. In this study, we elucidate the crystal structure of Siglec-15 and its binding epitope via co-crystallization with an anti-Siglec-15 blocking antibody. Using saturation transfer-difference nuclear magnetic resonance (STD-NMR) spectroscopy and molecular dynamics simulations, we reveal Siglec-15 binding mode to α(2,3)- and α(2,6)-linked sialic acids and the cancer-associated sialyl-Tn (STn) glycoform. We demonstrate that binding of Siglec-15 to T cells, which lack STn expression, depends on the presence of α(2,3)- and α(2,6)-linked sialoglycans. Furthermore, we identify the leukocyte integrin CD11b as a Siglec-15 binding partner on human T cells. Collectively, our findings provide an integrated understanding of the structural features of Siglec-15 and emphasize glycosylation as a crucial factor in controlling T cell responses.publishersversionpublishe
A scaling-relation for disc galaxies: circular-velocity gradient versus central surface brightness
Get PDFFor disc galaxies, a close relation exists between the distribution of light and the
shape of the rotation curve. We quantify this relation by measuring the inner circular-
velocity gradient dRV (0) for spiral and irregular galaxies with high-quality rotation
curves. We find that dRV (0) correlates with the central surface brightness μ0 over
more than two orders of magnitude in dRV (0) and four orders of magnitudes in μ0.
This is a scaling-relation for disc galaxies. It shows that the central stellar density of a
galaxy closely relates to the inner shape of the potential well, also for low-luminosity
and low-surface-brightness galaxies that are expected to be dominated by dark matter.
Key words: dark matter – galaxies: kinematics and dynamics – galaxies: structure
Measurement of the ratio of prompt χ c to J / ψ production in pp collisions at √s = 7 TeV
Get PDFThe prompt production of charmonium χ c and J / ψ states is studied in proton-proton collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of √s = 7 TeV at the Large Hadron Collider. The χ c and J / ψ mesons are identified through their decays χ c → J / ψ γ and J / ψ → μ + μ - using 36 pb - 1 of data collected by the LHCb detector in 2010. The ratio of the prompt production cross-sections for χ c and J / ψ, σ (χ c → J / ψ γ) / σ (J / ψ), is determined as a function of the J / ψ transverse momentum in the range 2 < p T J / ψ < 15 GeV / c. The results are in excellent agreement with next-to-leading order non-relativistic expectations and show a significant discrepancy compared with the colour singlet model prediction at leading order, especially in the low p T J / ψ region
Nox4-derived reactive oxygen species mediate cardiomyocyte injury in early type 1 diabetes
No full textOxidative stress contributes to diabetic cardiomyopathy. This study explored the role of the NADPH oxidase Nox4 as a source of reactive oxygen species (ROS) involved in the development of diabetic cardiomyopathy. Phosphorothioated antisense (AS) or sense (S) oligonucleotides for Nox4 were administered for 2 wk to rats made diabetic by streptozotocin. NADPH oxidase activity, ROS generation, and the expression of Nox4, but Nox1 or Nox2, were increased in left ventricular tissue of the diabetic rats. Expression of molecular markers of hypertrophy and myofibrosis including fibronectin, collagen, α-smooth muscle actin, and β-myosin heavy chain were also increased. These parameters were attenuated by the administration of AS but not S Nox4. Moreover, the impairment of contractility observed in diabetic rats was prevented in AS-but not S-treated animals. Exposure of cultured cardiac myocytes to 25 mM glucose [high glucose (HG)] increased NADPH oxidase activity, the expression of Nox4, and molecular markers of cardiac injury. These effects of HG were prevented in cells infected with adenoviral vector containing a dominant negative form of Nox4. This study provides strong evidence that Nox4 is an important source of ROS in the left ventricle and that Nox4-derived ROS contribute to cardiomyopathy at early stages of type 1 diabetes. © 2012 by the American Physiological Society.Ago T, 2010, CIRC RES, V106, P1253, DOI 10.1161-CIRCRESAHA.109.213116; Aneja A, 2008, AM J MED, V21, P748; Bedard K, 2007, PHYSIOL REV, V87, P245, DOI 10.1152-physrev.00044.2005; Block K, 2009, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V106, P14385, DOI 10.1073-pnas.0906805106; Bondi CD, 2010, J AM SOC NEPHROL, V21, P93, DOI 10.1681-ASN.2009020146; Boudina S, 2007, CIRCULATION, V115, P3213, DOI 10.1161-CIRCULATIONAHA.106.679597; Cave A, 2009, CURR OPIN PHARMACOL, V9, P208, DOI 10.1016-j.coph.2008.10.001; Cucoranu I, 2005, CIRC RES, V97, P900, DOI 10.1161-01.RES.0000187457.24338.3D; Dikalov SI, 2008, FREE RADICAL BIO MED, V45, P1340, DOI 10.1016-j.freeradbiomed.2008.08.013; Dyntar D, 2006, J CLIN ENDOCR METAB, V91, P1961, DOI 10.1210-jc.2005-1904; Eid AA, 2009, DIABETES, V58, P1201, DOI 10.2337-db08-1536; Fiordaliso F, 2004, J MOL CELL CARDIOL, V37, P959, DOI 10.1016-j.yjmcc.2004.07.008; Gao L, 2009, CARDIOVASC RES, V82, P9, DOI 10.1093-cvr-cvp031; Geiszt M, 2004, J BIOL CHEM, V279, P51715, DOI 10.1074-jbc.R400024200; Gorin Y, 2005, J BIOL CHEM, V280, P39616, DOI 10.1074-jbc.M502412200; Gorin Y, 2004, BIOCHEM J, V381, P231, DOI 10.1042-BJ20031614; Gorin Y, 2003, AM J PHYSIOL-RENAL, V285, pF219, DOI 10.1152-ajprenal.00414.2002; Griendling KK, 2004, HEART, V90, P491, DOI 10.1136-hrt.2003.029397; Guzik TJ, 2002, CIRCULATION, V105, P1656, DOI 10.1161-01.CIR.0000012748.58444.08; Hecker L, 2009, NAT MED, V15, P1077, DOI 10.1038-nm.2005; Infanger DW, 2010, CIRC RES, V106, P1763, DOI 10.1161-CIRCRESAHA.109.213025; Kim NH, 2006, AM J PHYSIOL-RENAL, V290, pF741, DOI 10.1152-ajprenal.00313.2005; Kuroda J, 2010, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V107, P15565, DOI 10.1073-pnas.1002178107; Lassegue B, 2003, AM J PHYSIOL-REG I, V285, pR277, DOI 10.1152-ajpregu.00758.2002; Li JM, 2010, DIABETES, V59, P1528, DOI 10.2337-db09-1057; Mann DL, 2007, NEW ENGL J MED, V356, P2644, DOI 10.1056-NEJMcibr072068; Martyn KD, 2006, CELL SIGNAL, V18, P69, DOI 10.1016-j.cellsig.200503.023; Poornima IG, 2006, CIRC RES, V98, P596, DOI 10.1161-01.RES.0000207406.94146.c2; San Martin A, 2007, AM J PHYSIOL-HEART C, V292, pH2073, DOI 10.1152-ajpheart.00943.2006; Serrander L, 2007, BIOCHEM J, V406, P105, DOI 10.1042-BJ20061903; Song Ye, 2007, Rev Diabet Stud, V4, P159, DOI 10.1900-RDS.2007.4.159; Spurney CF, 2008, NEUROMUSCULAR DISORD, V18, P371, DOI 10.1016-j.nmd.2008.03.008; Thandavarayan RA, 2009, AM J PHYSIOL-HEART C, V297, pH911, DOI 10.1152-ajpheart.00124.2009; Von Lohneysen K, 2008, J BIOL CHEM, V283, P35273, DOI 10.1074-jbc.M804200200; Wang Jianxun, 2006, Review of Diabetic Studies, V3, P108, DOI 10.1900-RDS.2006.3.108; Wendt MC, 2005, FREE RADICAL BIO MED, V39, P381, DOI 10.1016-j.freeradbiomed.2005.03.020; Zhang M, 2010, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V107, P18121, DOI 10.1073-pnas.100970010729323
