2,070,874 research outputs found
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
No full textThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
No full textWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
From Sandy Bay [picture] /
No full textRex Nan Kivell Collection NK6840/B.; Title from inscription l.r
Measurement of the ratio of branching fractions B(B0→K∗0γ )/B(B0s→φγ ) and the directCP asymmetry inB 0→K∗0γ
No full textThe ratio of branching fractions of the radiative B decays B0→K⁎0γ and B0s→ϕγ has been measured using an integrated luminosity of 1.0 fb−1 of pp collision data collected by the LHCb experiment at a centre-of-mass energy of s√=7TeV. The value obtained is
B(B0→K⁎0γ)B(B0s→ϕγ)=1.23±0.06(stat.)±0.04(syst.)±0.10(fs/fd),
where the first uncertainty is statistical, the second is the experimental systematic uncertainty and the third is associated with the ratio of fragmentation fractions fs/fd. Using the world average value for B(B0→K⁎0γ), the branching fraction B(B0s→ϕγ) is measured to be (3.5±0.4)×10−5.
The direct CP asymmetry in B0→K⁎0γ decays has also been measured with the same data and found to be
ACP(B0→K⁎0γ)=(0.8±1.7(stat.)±0.9(syst.))%.
Both measurements are the most precise to date and are in agreement with the previous experimental results and theoretical expectations
Branching fraction and CP asymmetry of the decays B+→K0Sπ+ and B+→K0SK+
No full textAn analysis of B+ → K0
Sπ+ and B+ → K0
S K+ decays is performed with the LHCb experiment. The pp
collision data used correspond to integrated luminosities of 1 fb−1 and 2 fb−1 collected at centre-ofmass
energies of
√
s = 7 TeV and
√
s = 8 TeV, respectively. The ratio of branching fractions and the
direct CP asymmetries are measured to be B(B+ → K0
S K+
)/B(B+ → K0
Sπ+
) = 0.064 ± 0.009 (stat.) ±
0.004 (syst.), ACP(B+ → K0
Sπ+
) = −0.022 ± 0.025 (stat.) ± 0.010 (syst.) and ACP(B+ → K0
S K+
) =
−0.21 ± 0.14 (stat.) ± 0.01 (syst.). The data sample taken at
√
s = 7 TeV is used to search for
B+
c
→ K0
S K+ decays and results in the upper limit ( fc · B(B+
c
→ K0
S K+
))/( fu · B(B+ → K0
Sπ+
)) <
5.8 × 10−2 at 90% confidence level, where fc and fu denote the hadronisation fractions of a ¯b
quark
into a B+
c or a B+ meson, respectively
Measurement of b-hadron masses
No full textMeasurements of b-hadron masses are performed with the exclusive decay modes B +→J/ψK +, B 0→J/ψK +, B0→J/ψKS0, Bs0→J/ψφ and Λb0→J/ψΛ using an integrated luminosity of 35pb -1 collected in pp collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of 7 TeV by the LHCb experiment. The momentum scale is calibrated with J/ψ→μ +μ - decays and verified to be known to a relative precision of 2 ×10 -4 using other two-body decays. The results are more precise than previous measurements, particularly in the case of the Bs0 and Λb0 masses
Observations of Bºs→ψ(2S)η and Bº(s)→ψ(2S)π+π- decays
No full textFirst observations of the B0s
→ψ(2S)η, B0 →ψ(2S)π
+
π
− and B0s
→ψ(2S)π
+
π
− decays are made
using a dataset corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 1.0 fb−1 collected by the LHCb experiment in
proton–proton collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of
√
s = 7 TeV. The ratios of the branching fractions
of each of the ψ(2S) modes with respect to the corresponding J/ψ decays are
B(B0s
→ψ(2S)η)
÷
B(B0s
→J/ψη)
= 0.83± 0.14 (stat)±0.12 (syst) ±0.02 (B),
;
B(B0→ψ(2S)π
+
π
−
)
÷
B(B0→J/ψπ
+
π
−
)
= 0.56± 0.07 (stat)±0.05 (syst)± 0.01 (B),
;
B(B0s
→ψ(2S)π
+
π
−
)
÷
B(B0s
→J/ψπ
+
π
−
)
= 0.34± 0.04 (stat)±0.03 (syst)± 0.01 (B),
where the third uncertainty corresponds to the uncertainties of the dilepton branching fractions of the J/ψ
and ψ(2S) meson decays
Evidence for the decay B0→J/ψω and measurement of the relative branching fractions of meson decays to J/ψη and J/ψη′
No full textFirst evidence of the B 0 → J / ψ ω decay is found and the B s 0 → J / ψ η and B s 0 → J / ψ η ′ decays are studied using a dataset corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 1.0 fb -1 collected by the LHCb experiment in proton-proton collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of sqrt(s) = 7 TeV. The branching fractions of these decays are measured relative to that of the B 0 → J / ψ ρ 0 decay:frac(B (B 0 → J / ψ ω), B (B 0 → J / ψ ρ 0)) = 0.89 ± 0.19 (stat) - 0.13 + 0.07 (syst),frac(B (B s 0 → J / ψ η), B (B 0 → J / ψ ρ 0)) = 14.0 ± 1.2 (stat) - 1.5 + 1.1 (syst) - 1.0 + 1.1 (frac(f d, f s)),frac(B (B s 0 → J / ψ η ′), B (B 0 → J / ψ ρ 0)) = 12.7 ± 1.1 (stat) - 1.3 + 0.5 (syst) - 0.9 + 1.0 (frac(f d, f s)), where the last uncertainty is due to the knowledge of f d / f s, the ratio of b-quark hadronization factors that accounts for the different production rate of B 0 and B s 0 mesons. The ratio of the branching fractions of B s 0 → J / ψ η ′ and B s 0 → J / ψ η decays is measured to befrac(B (B s 0 → J / ψ η ′), B (B s 0 → J / ψ η)) = 0.90 ± 0.09 (stat) - 0.02 + 0.06 (syst)
Digging into Gold(I) Catalysis: Silver and Counterion Effects and Total Synthesis of Nardoaristolone B
No full textAmb la finalitat d'estudiar una mica més a fons diferents processos catalitzats per l’or(I), hem avaluat la influència de l'ordre d'addició de salts de plata en reaccions catalitzades per or(I). Quan es mesclen complexes tipus LAuCl (L = lligand) i una sal de plata en un dissolvent no-coordinant en l’absència de substrat, es generen complexes binuclears d’or amb un clorur àtom pont [(LAu)2Cl]+ X– (X = contraió). La robustesa d’aquests complexes pot ser perjudicial en reaccions en les quals el substrat no és capaç d’associar-se a un dels ors.
A més a més, hem estudiat el mecanisme de la reacció cicloaddició intermolecular [2+2] entre alquins i alquens. La utilització del complex [tBuXPhosAuNCMe] amb BARF com a contraió millora significativament els rendiments de la reacció. L’elevada voluminositat així com la baixa basicitat del nou contraió redueix la formació dels complexes σ,π-dior, els quals són “dead-ends” del cicle catalític. Els ordres de reacció obtinguts (primer ordre per l’alquí i el complex d’or i ordre zero per l’alquè) expliquen un escenari en el qual l’etapa limitant de la reacció és el primer intercanvi de lligant per generar les espècies actives (η2-fenilacetilè)or(I).
Finalment, hem aconseguit sintetitzar enantioselectivament per primera vegada el producte natural nardoaristolone B en 7 passos i amb un rendiment total del 10%. Com a passos clau presenta una addició conjugada enantioselectiva atrapant l’enolat format i una ciclació oxidant amb or(I). Seguint un procediment similar, es presenta una aproximació a la síntesis de (–)-aristolone i kanshone H.Con el fin de estudiar algo más a fondo diferentes procesos catalizados por el oro(Y), hemos evaluado la influencia de la orden de adición de saltos de plata en reacciones catalizadas por oro(I). Cuando se mezclan complejos tipos LAuCl (L = ligando) y una sal de plata en un disolvente no-coordinante en la ausencia de sustrato, se generan complejos binucleares de oro con un cloruro átomo puente [(LAu)2Cl]+ X– (X = contraión). La robustez de estos complejos puede ser perjudicial en reacciones en las cuales el sustrato no es capaz de asociarse a uno de los oros.
Además, hemos estudiado el mecanismo de la reacción de cicloaddición intermolecular [2+2] entre alquinos y alquenos. La utilización del complejo [t-BuXPhosAuNCMe] con BARF como contraión mejora significativamente los rendimientos de la reacción. La elevada voluminosidad así como la baja basicidad del nuevo contraión reduce la formación de los complejas σ,π-dioro, los cuales son “dead-ends” del ciclo catalítico. Los órdenes de reacción obtenidos (primer orden para el alquino y el complejo de oro y orden cero para el alqueno) explican un escenario en el cual la etapa determinante de la reacción es el primer intercambio de ligando para generar las especies activas (η2-fenilacetileno)oro(I).
Finalmente, hemos conseguido sintetizar enantioselectivamente por primera vez el producto natural nardoaristolone B en 7 pasos y con un rendimiento total del 10%. Como pasos clave, presenta una adición conjugada enantioselectiva atrapando el enolato formado y una ciclación oxidante con oro(I). Siguiendo un procedimiento similar, se presenta una aproximación a la síntesis de (–)-aristolone y kanshone H.In order to shed some light on a series of gold(I)-catalyzed processes, we have evaluated the influence of the addition of silver salts in gold(I)-catalyzed reactions. When LAuCl (L = ligand) and a silver salt are mixed in a non-coordinating solvent in the absence of substrate, chloride-bridged dinuclear complexes [(LAu)2Cl]+ X– (X = counterion) are generated. The robustness of these complexes can be detrimental in reactions in which the substrate is not able to disrupt them leading to false negative results.
In addition, we have studied the mechanism of the intermolecular gold(I)-catalyzed [2+2]-cycloaddition of alkynes and alkenes. The use of [tBuXPhosAuNCMe] with BARF as counterion (BARF = tetrakis 3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenylborate) increases the reaction yields significantly (between 9 and 30%). The high steric bulk and low basicity of this counterion reduces the formation of σ,π-digold complexes, which are dead-ends in the catalytic cycle. The first kinetic order observed for both the alkyne and the gold(I) complex and the zero-order dependence for the alkene are consistent with a scenario in which the rate-determining step of the reaction is the first ligand exchange to generate the active (η2-phenylacetylene)gold(I) complex.
Finally, we have accomplished the first enantioselective total synthesis of nardoaristolone B in 7 steps and 10% overall yield. As key steps, it features a copper-catalyzed enantioselective conjugate addition/enolate trapping and a gold(I)-catalyzed oxidative cyclization. Following a very similar pathway, an approach towards the synthesis of (–)-aristolone and kanshone H is presented
Pragmatic Case Studies as a Source of Unity in Applied Psychology
No full textTo unify or not to unify applied psychology: that is the question. In this article we review pendulum swings in the historical efforts to answer this question—from a comprehensive, positivist, “top-down,” deductive yes between the 1930s and the early 60s, to a postmodern no since then. A rationale and proposal for a limited, “bottom-up,” inductive yes in applied psychology is then presented, employing a case-based paradigm that integrates both positivist and postmodern themes and components. This paradigm is labeled “pragmatic psychology” and, its specific use of case studies, the “Pragmatic Case Study Method” (“PCS Method”). We call for the creation of peer-reviewed journal-databases of pragmatic case studies as a foundational source of unifying applied knowledge in our discipline. As one example, the potential of the PCS Method for unifying different angles of theoretical regard is illustrated in an area of applied psychology, psychotherapy, via the case of Mrs. B. The article then turns to the broader historical and epistemological arguments for the unifying nature of the PCS Method in both applied and basic psychology.Peer reviewe
- …
