187 research outputs found
sj-docx-1-tag-10.1177_17562848221140659 – Supplemental material for Histologic healing and factors associated with complete remission following conventional treatment in ulcerative colitis
No full textSupplemental material, sj-docx-1-tag-10.1177_17562848221140659 for Histologic healing and factors associated with complete remission following conventional treatment in ulcerative colitis by Øyvind Steinsbø, Arne Carlsen, Ole Gunnar Aasprong, Lars Aabakken, Espen Tvedt-Gundersen, Steinar Bjørkhaug, Rune Gjerde, Lars Normann Karlsen and Tore Grimstad in Therapeutic Advances in Gastroenterology</p
Engelsk stor ordbok
No full textAnmeldte værker:Engelsk stor ordbok for begynnere. Engelsk-norsk / norsk-engelsk. 1.utg. 2001. Hovedredaktør: Espen Mellquist. Oslo: Kunnskapsforlaget.ENGELSK STOR ORDBOK Engelsk-norsk / norsk-engelsk. 1. utg.2000. Prosjektledere/hovedredaksjon: Petter Henriksen og VibeckeC.D. Haslerud. Redaksjonssjef: Øystein Eek. Oslo: Kunnskapsforlaget
The Kenyan ban on plastic bags : a study of attitudes and adaptation in Nairobi
No full textThe attention toward plastic pollution has increased in recent years, especially due to concern over marine pollution and microplastics. Although plastic bags constitute a small share of the total plastic waste, they have become the target of a number of local and national policies that aim to reduce the consumption of these bags. There are a large number of issues related to plastic bag pollution, especially in developing countries where insufficient waste management and lack of infrastructure can exacerbate the problems. However, implementing a policy and establishing new institutions can affect social groups and individuals differently. The effectiveness of such policies depends not only on the nature of the problem, but also the social context.
Plastic bag pollution is a classical environmental problem and a solution requires coordination of human behaviour. From a new institutionalist perspective, I attempt to describe and understand Kenya’s recent ban on plastic bags in terms of how it is affecting behaviour and attitudes among people in Nairobi. Through interviews and a small survey among inhabitants in different parts of the city, I found that the implementation and enforcement of the ban was strict, but there were a number of exemptions. While the views on different aspects of the ban varied, the support for the ban was strong, and the support had increased after the ban was implemented. I also found that awareness of the problems caused by plastic bags seemed high among the respondents. In terms of adaptation, the lack of alternatives to the bags created challenges, especially for people in informal settlements. While the behavioural changes varied between groups and individuals, the ban had affected most of the participants.
Uncovering any actual effects of awareness and attitudes on behaviour under a strict ban is challenging. While the strict enforcement of the ban ensured compliance, long term changes in the motivation and attitudes of the actors are necessary for the ban to last. While a ban may alleviate some of the issues related to plastic bag waste, it cannot solve the underlying problems, including an insufficient system for waste management in a growing city.M-IE
Research priorities in pediatric parenteral nutrition: a consensus and perspective from ESPGHAN/ESPEN/ESPR/CSPEN
No full text\ua9 2021, The Author(s). Abstract: Parenteral nutrition is used to treat children that cannot be fully fed by the enteral route. While the revised ESPGHAN/ESPEN/ESPR/CSPEN pediatric parenteral nutrition guidelines provide clear guidance on the use of parenteral nutrition in neonates, infants, and children based on current available evidence, they have helped to crystallize areas where research is lacking or more studies are needed in order to refine recommendations. This paper collates and discusses the research gaps identified by the authors of each section of the guidelines and considers each nutrient or group of nutrients in turn, together with aspects around delivery and organization. The 99 research priorities identified were then ranked in order of importance by clinicians and researchers working in the field using a survey methodology. The highest ranked priority was the need to understand the relationship between total energy intake, rapid catch-up growth, later metabolic function, and neurocognitive outcomes. Research into the optimal intakes of macronutrients needed in order to achieve optimal outcomes also featured prominently. Identifying research priorities in PN should enable research to be focussed on addressing key issues. Multicentre trials, better definition of exposure and outcome variables, and long-term metabolic and developmental follow-up will be key to achieving this. Impact: The recent ESPGHAN/ESPEN/ESPR/CSPEN guidelines for pediatric parenteral nutrition provided updated guidance for providing parenteral nutrition to infants and children, including recommendations for practice.However, in several areas there was a lack of evidence to guide practice, or research questions that remained unanswered. This paper summarizes the key priorities for research in pediatric parenteral nutrition, and ranks them in order of importance according to expert opinion
Dynamic Cloud Infrastructure
No full textThis thesis will explore and investigate the possibility of implementing nested clouds to increase flexibility. A nested cloud is a private cloud running inside another private or public cloud. The goal is to enable live migration of virtual machines across cloud boundaries.
A virtual machine running in a cloud on top of a hypervisor could not traditionally be migrated to a different cloud using a different hypervisor. This creates boundaries and lock-in situations with loss of flexibility. By nesting a cloud it can span multiple different clouds and hypervisors to create a virtual private cloud. The various underlying platforms will then act similar to different physical server nodes in a traditional cloud.
An implementation using nested clouds was suggested and tested as an evolution of the private hybrid cloud. The working implementation could be a solution to the increasing importance of cloud independence.
For the nested cloud to be feasible it is required that the overhead by having virtualization on two layers is kept at a minimum. Throughout the thesis the performance was measured and analysed to maintain a high performing system, and the behaviour was observed to ensure robustness
ESPGHAN/ESPEN/ESPR/CSPEN guidelines on pediatric parenteral nutrition
No full textBackground: Previous guidelines on Paediatric Parenteral Nutrition (PN) were published in 2010, by the European Society of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition (ESPGHAN) and the European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism (ESPEN), supported by the European Society of Paediatric Research (ESPR) were published. The aim of the present paper was to provide up-to-date evidence for health professionals working with infants, children and adolescents receiving PN.Methods: The current document is a revision of the 2005 guidelines produced by the same 3 organizations (ESPEN, ESPGHAN, ESPR) together with the Chinese Society of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition (CSPEN). Experts participating in the guideline updating process were all professionals with extensive experience in managing PN from a wide range of European countries, Israel and China. The guideline development process was coordinated by a guideline steering committee. Each chapter of the guideline was prepared by a separate author group. These author groups were responsible for screening titles and abstracts identified by a systematic literature search for inclusion, for conducting additional expert searches (including secondary sources such as other published valid guidelines), for evaluating the quality of studies included in the given chapter and assigning evidence levels to the literature. Based on the evidence level of included studies experts formulated and graded recommendations. A consensus conference was held in February 2015. All chapter manuscripts were revised following the recommendations of the consensus conference and then reviewed and edited by the project steering committee. Final consensus on each individual guideline and its individual recommendations was achieved and assessed by online voting. This process lasted until January 2018. Funding for the consensus conference (including travel expenses for participants) was provided by all participating societies. No other funding was received for the guideline updating process and participants received no payment. Support was provided by the Hungarian Cochrane organization.Results/conclusions: The present document provides guideline for the use of PN across the wide range of pediatric patients, ranging from extremely premature infants up to teenagers weighing up to and over 100 kg [1]. It covers their individual macro- and micronutrient needs [2-8], fluid requirements [9], venous access [10], organizational aspects [11], home parenteral nutrition [12], standardized vs. individualized PN [13], and last but not least a wide range of safety considerations for prevention and management of complications such central line associated bloodstream infections (CLABSI) [14].<br/
ESPGHAN/ESPEN/ESPR/CSPEN guidelines on pediatric parenteral nutrition
No full textBackground: Previous guidelines on Paediatric Parenteral Nutrition (PN) were published in 2010, by the European Society of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition (ESPGHAN) and the European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism (ESPEN), supported by the European Society of Paediatric Research (ESPR) were published. The aim of the present paper was to provide up-to-date evidence for health professionals working with infants, children and adolescents receiving PN. Methods: The current document is a revision of the 2005 guidelines produced by the same 3 organizations (ESPEN, ESPGHAN, ESPR) together with the Chinese Society of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition (CSPEN). Experts participating in the guideline updating process were all professionals with extensive experience in managing PN from a wide range of European countries, Israel and China. The guideline development process was coordinated by a guideline steering committee. Each chapter of the guideline was prepared by a separate author group. These author groups were responsible for screening titles and abstracts identified by a systematic literature search for inclusion, for conducting additional expert searches (including secondary sources such as other published valid guidelines), for evaluating the quality of studies included in the given chapter and assigning evidence levels to the literature. Based on the evidence level of included studies experts formulated and graded recommendations. A consensus conference was held in February 2015. All chapter manuscripts were revised following the recommendations of the consensus conference and then reviewed and edited by the project steering committee. Final consensus on each individual guideline and its individual recommendations was achieved and assessed by online voting. This process lasted until January 2018. Funding for the consensus conference (including travel expenses for participants) was provided by all participating societies. No other funding was received for the guideline updating process and participants received no payment. Support was provided by the Hungarian Cochrane organization. Results/conclusions: The present document provides guideline for the use of PN across the wide range of pediatric patients, ranging from extremely premature infants up to teenagers weighing up to and over 100 kg [1]. It covers their individual macro- and micronutrient needs [2], [3], [4], [5], [6], [7], [8], fluid requirements [9], venous access [10], organizational aspects [11], home parenteral nutrition [12], standardized vs. individualized PN [13], and last but not least a wide range of safety considerations for prevention and management of complications such central line associated bloodstream infections (CLABSI) [14]
The Right Way: En case-studie av kultur og sikkerhetsstyring i Wintershall Norge
No full textMaster's thesis in Risk management and societal safetyDenne oppgaven ønsker å undersøke hvordan et internasjonalt oljeselskap benytter organisasjonskulturelle virkemidler for å styre sikkerhet. Som en case er det tatt utgangspunkt i implementeringen av Compliance and Leadership modellen The Right Way (TRW) i Wintershall Norge. Wintershall har i sammenheng med implementeringen lansert en målsetting om at TRW skal bli en integrert del av selskapets organisasjonskultur.
Studien bringer opp aktuelle spørsmål om hvordan organisasjonskulturbegrepet skal forstås i relasjon til sikkerhet. Oppgaven søker å få frem hvilken påvirkning implementeringen av The Right Way i Wintershall Norge har hatt for sikkerhet i organisasjonen. For å muliggjøre en analyse av er det tatt utgangspunkt i teorier knyttet til sikkerhet og organisasjonskultur. Det benyttes en egen tilpasset kulturmodell som i stor grad er inspirert av Edwards, Davey og Armstrong (2013) for å tolke og forklare de data som er generert.
Gjennom dokumentanalyse og intervjuer med 19 ansatte i organisasjonen undersøkes intensjonen bak TRW, hvordan modellen er oppfattet og praktiseres i organisasjonen. Det er i oppgaven identifisert positive effekter på sikkerhet. Bruk av TRW kan fasilitere sentrale elementer i teorier om safety imagination (Pidgeon og O’Leary 2000), mindfullness (Weick, Sutcliffe og Obstfeld 1999) og en informert kulturer (Reason 1997). TRW har dermed potensial til å fungere som en barriere mot persepsjonell rigiditet, forbigåelse av regler og rutiner, VDI (Turner og Pidgeon 1997) drift (Rasmussen 1997) og normalisering av avvik (Vaughan 1996).
Samtidig er det i sammenheng med modellen identifisert utfordringer knyttet til modellens effekt på sikkerhet. Her kan tydelig læring (Reason 1997) trekkes frem som et sentralt tema. Fasilitering av læringssteget oppleves av organisasjonsmedlemmene som vanskelig. Utfordringer knyttet til sikkerhet uttrykkes også i hvordan TRW til dels er forstått forskjellig blant organisasjonsmedlemmene. Dette har medført at det har utviklet seg ulike praksiser i selskapet. Disse kan tidvis kritiseres for å ikke være grundige nok med hensyn til de intensjoner som ligger til grunn for implementeringen.
Ut fra følgende resonnement konkluderer oppgaven med at TRW eksisterer som en fragmentert kultur i Wintershall Norge og dermed ikke oppfyller selskapets målsetting om å bli en integrert kultur
Local content requirements in the petroleum sector in Tanzania: A thorny road from inception to implementation?
No full textAbstract
Tanzania has recently discovered huge offshore natural gas fields. This has led the Government to develop local content policies (LCPs) to increase job and business opportunities for nationals in the sector. We study the process behind the development of these policies and the positions of stakeholders. We find that although there is a positive view among domestic stakeholders of imposing such policies, there is much suspicion–to such a degree that it shapes their recommendations of which policies to include in the LCP. One reason is that the Government monopolized the policy development process and abstained from conducting a consultative process. Our findings suggest that future Tanzanian policy development should include in-depth consultations to maximize the decision maker’s knowledge base, add to the transparency of the process and manage expectations. This would also contribute to effective implementation and lessen tensions, conflicts and suspicion among stakeholders.
This research is funded by the Norwegian Embassy in Tanzania, which is gratefully acknowledged. We are also grateful to Odd-Helge Fjeldstad, Kendra Dupuy, Siri Lange, Jan Isaksen and participants at the REPOA Annual Workshop 2016 for useful comments.
CMI working paper number 6 2016 Repoa working paper number 16/4 August 2016
Authors Abel Kinyondo Director of Strategic Research, REPOA
Espen Villanger Corresponding author. Senior Researcher, Chr. Michelsen Institute
Printed version: ISSN 0804-3639 Electronic version: ISSN 1890-5048 Printed version: ISBN 978-82-8062-600-4 Electronic version: ISBN 978-82-8062-601-1
www.repoa.or.tz
www.cmi.n
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Challenging European Citizenship ::Ideas and Realities in Contrast /
No full textThis book provides a critique of the way in which European citizenship is imagined and practiced. Setting their analysis in its full historical context, the authors challenge preconceived ideas about European citizenship on the basis of a detailed reconstruction of political, social and economic practice. In particular, they show the extent to which the elimination of formal internal borders within Europe has come hand in glove with the emergence of new socio-economic boundaries and the hardening of external borders. The book concludes with a number of concrete proposals to forge a genuinely post-national form of membership. Agustín José Menéndez is Lecturer at the Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain, and Visiting Researcher, ARENA, University of Oslo, Norway. He is co-author of The Constitution's Gift (with J.E. Fossum, 2011). He was chief editor of theEuropean Law Journal (2013-2018). Espen D. H. Olsen is Senior Researcher, ARENA - Centre for European Studies, University of Oslo, Norway. He is the author of Transnational Citizenship in the European Union: Past, Present and Future (2012)
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