34,188 research outputs found
Photodynamic therapy of prostate cancer by means of 5-aminolevulinic acid-induced protoporphyrin IX - In vivo experiments on the dunning rat tumor model
Get PDFObjective: In order to expand the use of photodynamic therapy (PDT) in the treatment of prostate carcinoma (PCA), the aim of this study was to evaluate PDT by means of 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA)-induced protoporphyrin IX ( PPIX) in an in vivo tumor model. Methods: The model used was the Dunning R3327 tumor. First of all, the pharmacokinetics and the localization of PPIX were obtained using fluorescence measurement techniques. Thereafter, PDT using 150 mg 5-ALA/kg b.w.i.v. was performed by homogenous irradiation of the photosensitized tumor (diode laser lambda = 633 nm). The tumors necrosis was determined histopathologically. Results: The kinetics of PPIX fluorescence revealed a maximum intensity in the tumor tissue within 3 and 4.5 h post-application of 5-ALA. At this time, specific PPIX fluorescence could be localized selectively in the tumor cells. The PDT-induced necrosis (n = 18) was determined to be 94 B 12% (range 60-100%), while the necrosis of the controls ( n = 12) differs significantly (p < 0.01), being less than 10%. Conclusion: These first in vivo results demonstrate the effective potential of 5-ALA-mediated PDT on PCA in an animal model. Copyright (C) 2004 S. Karger AG, Basel
Evidence for the decay B0→J/ψω and measurement of the relative branching fractions of meson decays to J/ψη and J/ψη′
Get PDFFirst evidence of the B 0 → J / ψ ω decay is found and the B s 0 → J / ψ η and B s 0 → J / ψ η ′ decays are studied using a dataset corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 1.0 fb -1 collected by the LHCb experiment in proton-proton collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of sqrt(s) = 7 TeV. The branching fractions of these decays are measured relative to that of the B 0 → J / ψ ρ 0 decay:frac(B (B 0 → J / ψ ω), B (B 0 → J / ψ ρ 0)) = 0.89 ± 0.19 (stat) - 0.13 + 0.07 (syst),frac(B (B s 0 → J / ψ η), B (B 0 → J / ψ ρ 0)) = 14.0 ± 1.2 (stat) - 1.5 + 1.1 (syst) - 1.0 + 1.1 (frac(f d, f s)),frac(B (B s 0 → J / ψ η ′), B (B 0 → J / ψ ρ 0)) = 12.7 ± 1.1 (stat) - 1.3 + 0.5 (syst) - 0.9 + 1.0 (frac(f d, f s)), where the last uncertainty is due to the knowledge of f d / f s, the ratio of b-quark hadronization factors that accounts for the different production rate of B 0 and B s 0 mesons. The ratio of the branching fractions of B s 0 → J / ψ η ′ and B s 0 → J / ψ η decays is measured to befrac(B (B s 0 → J / ψ η ′), B (B s 0 → J / ψ η)) = 0.90 ± 0.09 (stat) - 0.02 + 0.06 (syst)
Coherent atomic manipulation and cooling using composite optical pulse sequences
No full textThe laser cooling of atoms to ultracold temperatures has propelled many groundbreaking advances in fundamental research and precision measurement, through such applications as quantum simulators and interferometric sensors. Laser cooling remains, however, highly species-selective, and techniques for its application to molecules are still in their infancy.This thesis broadly concerns the development of laser cooling schemes, based on sequences of coherent optical pulses, which can in principle be applied to a wide range of species. We describe a cooling scheme, in which a velocity-selective impulse analogous to that in Doppler cooling is generated by a light-pulse Ramsey interferometer, and present a proof-of-concept demonstration of the scheme using ultracold rubidium-85 atoms as a test-bed. We realise an interferometer for the atoms, as they are in free-fall after release from a magneto-optical trap, by inducing stimulated Raman transitions between their ground hyperfine states. We provide a comprehensive characterisation of these Raman light-pulse interferometer optics, where particular attention is paid to light shift effects.Raman pulses, and indeed coherent operations in any quantum control system, unavoidably suffer from systematic errors in the control field intensity and frequency, and these lead to reductions in pulse fidelity and readout contrast. In parallel to the work on interferometric cooling in this thesis, we report our preliminary investigations into composite pulses, whereby 'naive' single pulses are replaced by sequences of rotations with tailored durations and phases, for improving pulse fidelity in the presence of inhomogeneities. We find that composite pulses can indeed be highly effective in our cold atom system, and propose that their application in such devices as interferometric sensors is a promising prospect
Measurement of the ratio of branching fractions B(B0→K∗0γ )/B(B0s→φγ ) and the directCP asymmetry inB 0→K∗0γ
Get PDFThe ratio of branching fractions of the radiative B decays B0→K⁎0γ and B0s→ϕγ has been measured using an integrated luminosity of 1.0 fb−1 of pp collision data collected by the LHCb experiment at a centre-of-mass energy of s√=7TeV. The value obtained is
B(B0→K⁎0γ)B(B0s→ϕγ)=1.23±0.06(stat.)±0.04(syst.)±0.10(fs/fd),
where the first uncertainty is statistical, the second is the experimental systematic uncertainty and the third is associated with the ratio of fragmentation fractions fs/fd. Using the world average value for B(B0→K⁎0γ), the branching fraction B(B0s→ϕγ) is measured to be (3.5±0.4)×10−5.
The direct CP asymmetry in B0→K⁎0γ decays has also been measured with the same data and found to be
ACP(B0→K⁎0γ)=(0.8±1.7(stat.)±0.9(syst.))%.
Both measurements are the most precise to date and are in agreement with the previous experimental results and theoretical expectations
Letter from B. F. Gavin (for Carl Hayden) to Stephen Mather, National Park Service
No full textLetter from Mrs. B. F. Gavin to Stephen Mather regarding the sale of Bass properties to the Santa Fe Railroad Company
The use of K(nd) Rydberg atoms to investigate low-energy electron-molecule interactions
No full textNegative ion formation through electron transfer in collisions between K(nd) Rydberg atoms (10 n 110) and C\sb7F\sb{14} and 1,1,1-C\sb2Cl\sb3F\sb3 is studied and provides a novel means to explore electron capture by these molecules at sub-thermal energies. The data suggest electron attachment to C\sb7F\sb{14} occurs through two channels, one leading to the formation of long-lived C\sb7F\sb{14}\sp- ions and the other to C\sb7F\sb{14}\sp- ions that experience rapid autodetachment. On the other hand, electron attachment to 1,1,1-C\sb2Cl\sb3F\sb3 results directly in dissociation and the formation of Cl\sp- ions. The present data are discussed in light of earlier results obtained with swarm and threshold photoelectron spectroscopy techniques
Measurement of b-hadron masses
Get PDFMeasurements of b-hadron masses are performed with the exclusive decay modes B +→J/ψK +, B 0→J/ψK +, B0→J/ψKS0, Bs0→J/ψφ and Λb0→J/ψΛ using an integrated luminosity of 35pb -1 collected in pp collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of 7 TeV by the LHCb experiment. The momentum scale is calibrated with J/ψ→μ +μ - decays and verified to be known to a relative precision of 2 ×10 -4 using other two-body decays. The results are more precise than previous measurements, particularly in the case of the Bs0 and Λb0 masses
The application of Rydberg atoms to the study of electron attachment at subthermal energies
No full textLow energy electron interactions with C\sb2Cl\sb4 and C\sb6F\sb6 molecules have been studied by using Rydberg atoms. It is observed that the electron attachment process occurs through various channels. Collisions of Rydberg atoms with C\sb2Cl\sb4 molecules result in the formation of Cl\sp- ions and C\sb2Cl\sb4\sp- ions. The data suggest the presence of the long lived C\sb2Cl\sb4\sp- ions and that the C\sb2Cl\sb4\sp- ions undergo rapid autodetachment forming an electron and a neutral C\sb2Cl\sb4 molecule. Similar reactions with the C\sb6F\sb6 molecules result in the formation of both long lived C\sb6F\sb6\sp- ions and short lived C\sb6F\sb6\sp- ions, that suffer rapid autodetachment forming an electron and a neutral molecule. The present data are compared with the previous data obtained by Swarm and Threshold Photoelectron Spectroscopy techniques
Globalisation and New Realities for MNE-Developing Host Country Interaction
Get PDFGlobalisation has resulted in the increased mobility and knowledge intensity of the ownership advantages of MNEs, which they increasingly seek to utilise in conjunction with the created-asset intensive location advantages of countries. We highlight that that the relative opportunity sets (and thus bargaining positions) of both developing country host governments and MNEs varies by the stage of economic development and the motive of FDI. In general, globalisation has shifted the balance in favour of the MNE, and governments increasingly need to provide unique, non-replicable created assets in order to get foreign firms to be ''locked into'' these locations.international economics and trade ;
The Institute for Religious works: key features of financial intermediation
Get PDFCorresponding author: F. Arnaboldi, email: [email protected]. While the paper is the result of intense collaboration between the two authors, sections 3 is attributable to F. Arnaboldi and section 1 and 2 to B. Rossignoli. Section 4 is a joint effort. The authors wish to thank P. Mottura and two anonymous referees for their valuable comments. All errors are ours. Article peer reviewed.SUMMARY: 1. Introduction – 2. Background to anti-money laundering – 3. Financial intermediation, 2011–2014 – 4. Conclusion
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