40 research outputs found
EFEKTIVITAS PROTOKOL KYOTO DALAM MASYARAKAT INTERNASIONAL SEBAGAI SUATU REZIM
Full text linkAncaman perubahan iklim yang semakin nyata mendorong komunitas global untuk melakukan upaya bersama untuk mencegah dan memeranginya. Penyebab utama terjadinya perubahan iklim adalah emisi gas rumah kaca yang dihasilkan oleh maraknya pembangunan dan industrialisasi di negara-negara maju. Penulisan ini akan membahas mengenai apakah Protokol Kyoto sebagai suatu rezim sudah efektif dalam mencapai tujuannya untuk mengurangi emisi gas rumah kaca dunia. Hasil penulisan ini menunjukkan bahwa meskipun Protokol Kyoto mewakili lambang prestasi diplomatik, namun efektifitasnya rendah, keberhasilannya jauh dari meyakinkan
Strengthening The Maritime Security System in Realizing Indonesia as The Global Maritime Fulcrum
Full text linkThe realization of Indonesia’s vision to become the Global Maritime Fulcrum depends on eradicating illegal fishing, reducing overfishing, and rehabilitating damaged marine and coastal environments. However, there are still frequent violations, and exploration in Indonesian waters has not been maximized, so the desire to realize Indonesia as the Global Maritime Fulcrum will be difficult to achieve. This study intends to examine how to strengthen the maritime security legal system to realize Indonesia as the Global Maritime Fulcrum. The research approach used is normative juridical. The author uses a qualitative approach to secondary legal data. The data is in the form of interviews related to the efforts made by stakeholders towards strengthening the maritime security system and realizing the vision of the Global Maritime Fulcrum. This study indicates that to realize Indonesia as the Global Maritime Fulcrum is to strengthen its maritime security system. There are three indicators based on legal system theory, namely optimal maritime security institutions, especially Indonesia Coast Guard, strengthening legal products related to eradicating illegal fishing, improving maritime security infrastructure, and creating new branding to continue to remind the public that Indonesia is a maritime state
Strategi Pemberantasan Praktik Penangkapan Ikan Secara Ilegal di Wilayah Laut Indonesia
Full text linkMaritime security in Indonesia is still vulnerable because of the high level of violations at sea such as illegal fishing, as well as various threats and other problems. The practice of illegal fishing, which remains a common issue in Indonesian territorial waters has made it difficult for Indonesia to realize itself as a maritime nation. Therefore, the author intends to discuss how are the appropriate efforts to eradicate illegal fishing practices in order to create a sovereign Indonesian state. The type of research used is normative juridical. In addition, this research has an analytical descriptive nature. This research concludes that to maximize the eradication of illegal fishing practices in Indonesia is to strengthen its maritime security system. There are two indicators, namely the optimization of maritime security institutions and strengthening legal products in the form of the Maritime Security Law to be able to realize Indonesia as a maritime country.Keywords: maritime security; illegal fishing; sovereignty
AbstrakKeamanan laut di Indonesia masih rawan karena tingginya tingkat pelanggaran di laut seperti penangkapan ikan secara ilegal, serta berbagai ancaman dan permasalahan lain. Praktik penangkapan ikan secara ilegal, yang saat ini masih sering terjadi di wilayah perairan Indonesia membuat keinginan Indonesia untuk mewujudkan diri sebagai negara maritim akan sulit dicapai. Oleh karena itu, penulis bermaksud untuk membahas terkait bagaimana upaya pemberantasan yang tepat terhadap praktik penangkapan ikan secara ilegal guna mewujudkan negara Indonesia yang berdaulat. Jenis penelitian yang digunakan adalah yuridis normatif. Selain itu, penelitian ini memiliki sifat deskriptif analitis. Penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa untuk memaksimalkan pemberantasan praktik penangkapan ikan secara ilegal di Indonesia adalah dengan memperkuat sistem keamanan maritimnya. Terdapat dua indikator yakni optimalnya lembaga keamanan maritim dan memperkuat produk hukum dalam bentuk Undang Undang Keamanan Maritim untuk dapat mewujudkan Indonesia sebagai negara maritim.Kata-kata Kunci: Keamanan maritim; penangkapan ikan secara ilegal; kedaulata
Ekonomi Biru: Peluang Implementasi Regulasi Di Indonesia
Full text linkPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguraikan peluang implementasi prinsip ekonomi biru dalam pengaturan tata kelola kelautan Indonesia. Hal ini menjadi penting dikarenakan kebijakan Pemerintah hendaknya selalu berorientasi kepada pembangunan kelautan yang berkelanjutan. Sebagai sebuah negara kepulauan, maka pembangunan bidang kelautan harus dijadikan arus utama dalam kebijakan pembangunannya. Penulisan artikel ini menggunakan metode penelitian kualitatif untuk mengukur seberapa besar upaya yang telah dilakukan para pemangku kepentingan sehubungan dengan pengelolaan kelautan yang berbasis ekonomi biru. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ekonomi kelautan yang berbasis ekonomi biru dapat menjadi andalan dalam peningkatan pendapatan Indonesia di masa yang akan depan sehingga dapat mewujudkan diri sebagai Poros Maritim Dunia. Oleh karena itu, Pemerintah Indonesia memiliki kesempatan dan kewajiban untuk menata ulang tata kelola kelautan nasional yang selaras dengan alam. Temuan dari hasil penelitian ini berupa strategi langkah kebijakan yang dapat dijalankan, yaitu dengan cara menselaraskan dan mengutuhkan tatanan hukum laut; menguatkan dan mensinergikan kelembagaan dan kerjasama kelautan; mengutuhkan dan mengintegrasikan data dan informasi laut; dan menumbuh kembangkan riset dan teknologi kelautan
KETAATAN NEGARA TERHADAP HUKUM PERDAGANGAN INTERNASIONAL
Full text linkHukum perdagangan internasional merupakan bagian dari hukum internasional. Oleh karena itu, tentunya berbagai ketidaksempurnaan atau kelemahan yang dimiliki hukum internasional juga terdampak dalam bidang hukum perdagangan internasional. Artikel ini akan menjelaskan mengenai mengapa negara di dalam melakukan perdagangan internasional perlu untuk taat terhadap hukum perdagangan internasional. Artikel ini memberikan argumen bahwa yang menjadi alasan negara untuk taat kepada hukum perdagangan internasional, dikarenakan keyakinan bahwa ketaatan akan menguntungkan kepentingan negara itu sendiri. Alasan selanjutnya adalah terdapat prinsip yang fundamental dalam ruang lingkup perjanjian internasional yang merupakan sumber hukum dari hukum perdagangan internasional yaitu prinsip itikad baik. Suatu negara yang telah terikat di dalam perjanjian perdagangan internasional tersebut harus melaksanakan ketentuan perjanjian sesuai dengan isi, jiwa, maksud, dan tujuan perjanjian itu sendiri, menghormati hak-hak dan kewajiban-kewajiban dari masing-masing pihak.International trade law is part of international law. Therefore, various imperfections or weaknesses of international law are also affected in the field of international trade law. This article will explain why the state in conducting international trade needs to comply with international trade law. This article argues that the reason for the states to obey international trade law is due to the belief that obedience will benefit the interests of the country itself. The next reason is that there are fundamental principles within the scope of international treaties, which are the source of law from international trade law, namely the principle of good faith. A state that is bound in the international trade agreement shall implement the provisions of the treaty by contents, soul, purpose, and purpose of the treaty itself, respecting the rights and obligations of each party
EKSTRA YURISDIKSI NEGARA TERHADAP KEJAHATAN PEMBAJAKAN (HIJACKING) DI PESAWAT TERBANG BERDASARKAN HUKUM INTERNASIONAL
No full textPembajakan pesawat terbang merupakan bentuk kejahatan yang tergolong baru, motif yang melatar belakangi tindakan pembajakan tersebut pun beragam, mulai dari motif ekonomi sampai dengan politik. Masyarakat internasional memandang bahwa tindakan pembajakan tersebut dapat mengancam perdamaian dan keamanan internasional. Dalam rangka melawan kejahatan pembajakan pesawat terbang ini, masyarakat internasional membuat berbagai konvensi dari Konvensi Tokyo 1963, Konvensi The Hague 1970, Konvensi Montreal 1971, sampai yang terakhir adalah Konvensi Beijing 2010. Oleh karena itu dilakukan pengkajian mengenai konvensi-konvensi yang terkait dengan tindakan pembajakan pesawat terbang ini, terutama menyangkut yurisdiksi untuk menghukum pelaku tindakan pembajakan pesawat terbang ini. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian yang bersifat yuridis normatif, yang dilakukan dengan cara meneliti bahan pustaka atau data sekunder sebagai bahan dasar untuk diteliti yang meliputi bahan hukum primer, sekunder, dan tersier yang terkait dengan permasalahan yang diteliti. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan keterkaitan konvensi mengenai tindakan pembajakan pesawat terbang dapat dilihat dari pembahasan masing-masing konvensi, yakni Konvensi Tokyo 1963 tentang pelanggaran-pelanggaran dan tindakan-tindakan tertentu lainnya yang dilakukan di dalam pesawat terbang, Konvensi The Hague 1970 tentang pemberantasan penguasaan pesawat terbang secara melawan hukum, Konvensi Montreal 1971 tentang pemberantasan tindakan-tindakan melawan hukum yang mengancam keamanan penerbangan sipil, serta Konvensi Beijing 2010 tentang pemberantasan tindakan melanggar hukum yang berkaitan dengan penerbangan sipil internasional. Salah satu bentuk upaya dalam rangka menanggulangi tindakan pembajakan pesawat terbang ini adalah dengan cara menetapkan yurisdiksi agar dapat menghukum pelaku tindakan pembajakan pesawat terbang. Keyword : Pembajakan Pesawat, Tindakan Melawan Hukum, Yurisdiks
THE ROLE OF ASEAN AS AN INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION IN RESOLVING THE DISPUTES IN THE SOUTH OF CHINA SEA
Full text linkAs an international organization, the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) must be responsible for maintaining and maintaining peace and security in Southeast Asia. One exciting development regarding regional security in Southeast Asia today is the issue of the South China Sea dispute. By law, the Philippines has brought the dispute to the Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA). The verdict from the PCA said that China's claims regarding the nine-dash lines were indisputable and had no legal basis. However, China rejects the ruling and remains aggressive in the South China Sea, potentially creating regional instability. This article aims to look at the role of ASEAN in resolving a dispute that occurs in the South China Sea. This article argues that in dispute in the South China Sea, ASEAN plays a role as an intermediary for countries joined in ASEAN with China in diplomatic dialogue and resolves and ensures the implementation of the Code of Conduct in the South China Sea so that disputes do not extend to military conflict so peace and security in the southern China sea region can be achieved
Urgensi Implementasi Konsep Ekonomi Biru dalam Tata Kelola Sektor Kelautan Indonesia
Full text linkSebagai sebuah negara kepulauan, maka pembangunan bidang kelautan harus dijadikan arus utama dalam kebijakan pembangunan di Indonesia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguraikan alasan urgensi penerapan prinsip ekonomi biru dalam pengaturan tata kelola kelautan Indonesia. Hal ini menjadi penting dikarenakan kebijakan Pemerintah hendaknya selalu berorientasi kepada pembangunan kelautan yang berkelanjutan. Penulisan artikel ini menggunakan metode penelitian kualitatif untuk mengukur seberapa besar upaya yang telah dilakukan para pemangku kepentingan sehubungan dengan pengelolaan kelautan yang berbasis ekonomi biru. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ekonomi kelautan yang berbasis ekonomi biru dapat menjadi andalan dalam peningkatan pendapatan Indonesia di masa yang akan depan sehingga dapat mewujudkan diri sebagai Poros Maritim Dunia. Oleh karena itu, Pemerintah Indonesia memiliki kesempatan dan kewajiban untuk menata ulang tata kelola kelautan nasional yang selaras dengan alam. Temuan dari hasil penelitian ini berupa strategi langkah kebijakan yang dapat dijalankan, yaitu dengan cara menselaraskan dan mengutuhkan tatanan hukum laut; menguatkan dan mensinergikan kelembagaan dan kerjasama kelautan; mengutuhkan dan mengintegrasikan data dan informasi laut; dan menumbuh kembangkan riset dan teknologi kelautan. Title: The Urgency of Implementing the Blue Economy Concept in Indonesian Marine Governance As an archipelagic state, the development of the marine sector must be prioritized in its development policies in Indonesia.This study aims to elucidate the reasons for the urgency of implementing blue economy principles in the governance of Indonesia’s marine sector. This reason is crucial as government policies should always be oriented towards sustainable marine development. A This article employs qualitative research methods to assess the extent of stakeholders’ efforts in marine management based on the blue economy. The study findings demonstrate that a blue economy-based marine economy can serve as a cornerstone for increasing Indonesia’s future income, thus realizing its vision as the Global Maritime Fulcrum. Therefore, the Indonesian government has the opportunity and responsibility to restructure national marine governance in harmony with nature. The research findings present a strategy of policy steps that can be implemented, including harmonizing and strengthening the legal framework for the seas, strengthening and synergizing marine institutions and cooperation, strengthening and integrating marine data and information, and promoting marine research and technology
Pemberlakuan Ketentuan Regulatory Coherence dalam Trans Pasific Partnership Agreement bagi Negara Pihak dalam Perspektif Indonesia
Full text linkAbstrakKeberadaan Kemitraan Trans Pasifik (Trans Pacific Partnership/TPP) menjadi topik yang hangat diperbincangkan. TPP salah satu kesepakatan perdagangan terbesar dengan kesepakatan ambisius yang menjanjikan penghapusan semua tarif untuk mematahkan penghalang investasi dan perdagangan di antara negara-negara anggota. Presiden Joko Widodo mengungkapkan ketertarikannya untuk membawa Indonesia bergabung menjadi salah satu anggota dari TPP sehingga penelitian ini dilakukan dengan maksud dan tujuan untuk memahami konsekuensi bagi Indonesia apabila bergabung dengan TPP. Jenis penelitian yang digunakan adalah yuridis normatif. Adapun penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa Indonesia yang menyatakan ketertarikan untuk masuk ke dalam TPP, harus melakukan kajian yang mendalam, karena masih cukup banyak legal gap dengan pengaturan yang ditetapkan oleh TPP. Penyesuaian tersebut harus dilakukan agar jangan sampai ketika Indonesia telah masuk ke dalam TPP tidak mematuhi perjanjian dengan alasan hukum nasional, karena hal tersebut tidak dibenarkan berdasarkan hukum internasional. Kata Kunci: Trans Pacific Partnership, Perjanjian Internasional, Perdagangan Internasional AbstractThe Existence of Trans Pacific Partnership (TPP) is being a hot issue. TPP is one of the largest trade agreements with ambitious agreements promising to free up all of the tariffs to break the trade and investment barriers among the member states. President Joko Widodo expressed his interest to bring Indonesia to become a member of the TPP so that this research was conducted with the intent and purpose to understand the consequences for Indonesia when joining TPP. The type of research used is normative-juridical. The study concludes that Indonesia, which announced interest in joining TPP, should conduct a thorough study, since there are still a lot of legal gaps with the regulations set by TPP. This adjustment should be made to avoid Indonesia on not complying to the agreements under national law grounds when Indonesia has joined TPP, as it is not justified under International Law. Key Words: Trans Pacific Partnership, International Law of Treaty, International Trade La
Calicnemia fortis Dow, Zia, Naeem & Rafi, 2014, sp. nov.
No full textCalicnemia fortis sp. nov. (Figs. 1 – 7) Type material. Holotype: ♂ (ODO/ZYG/ 217), Pakistan, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Muzaffarabad, Noseri, 11 v 2005, leg. S. A. Zia, deposited in the National Insect Museum, Islamabad, Pakistan. Paratype: ♂ (ODO/ZYG/ 218), data as holotype. Etymology. The species is named fortis, an adjective, meaning robust, referring to the strong build and relatively large size of the species. Description of holotype male. Head: labium dark brown. Labrum black, clypeus black except for 2 small pale, widely separated spots on postclypeus. Mandible bases black. Genae dark brown adjacent to mandible bases, elsewhere dark with irregular pale markings. An indistinct pale area at junction of frons and clypeus, frons otherwise matte black, vertex and occiput same, antennae with scape and pedicel black with brown sections at top, flagellum missing. Ocelli yellowish. Thorax (Fig. 1): Prothorax matte black with grey pruinesence covering most of propleuron, anterior lobe of pronotum and lateral anterior part of middle lobe. Synthorax matte black except for a narrow irregular yellowish stripe on metepisternum, broadest near legs where extending slightly onto mesepimeron, running above and over spiracle, tapering toward but not reaching antealar carina. A broad, irregular yellow stripe occupies much of metepimeron. Legs with coxae pale with obscure dark areas anteriorly and laterally, otherwise mostly dark brown and black with sparse grey pruinosity on trochanters and femora. Wings (Figs. 2 – 3) with 5 postquadrangular cells in Fw, 4 in Hw. 18 Px in Fw, 16 (left) and 15 (right) Px in Hw. Pt pale, covering ca 2 underlying cells, approximately rhombic, but with costal side a little shorter than anal side. Abdomen: S 1 black dorsally, laterally mostly yellow. S 2 mostly black with obscure rusty red markings in apical two thirds. S 3 – 6 red, darkening with each successive segment, black behind posterior carina dorsally and in upper part laterally. S 7 dark red dorsally except at apical extremity, same colour lower laterally, with a poorly defined black stripe between, except in basal ca one-fifth. S 8 black with obscure dark red markings lower laterally and in basal half dorsally. S 9 black except for apical red lower lateral mark. S 10 black. Genital ligula (Fig. 4) typical for group 2 Calicnemia, terminal segment with two broad apical lobes, almost square at ends. Anal appendages of typical form for the genus, as shown in Figs. 5–7 with interior ventral tooth located basally on cercus, bifurcated terminally. Measurements (mm): Abdomen without anal appendages 37, paraprocts ca 1.5; Hw 28.5. Female. Unknown. Variation in paratype male. The paratype male (Fig. 8) does not differ from the holotype in any significant way except that two full length pruinose antehumeral stripes are present, and there is more extensive pruinosity on the prothorax and laterally on the synthorax. Additionally abdominal S 1 – 2 are largely pruinose grey. Measurements (mm): Abdomen without anal appendages 35; Hw 28.5; 18 Px in Fw, 14 (right) or 16 (left) Px in Hw. Diagnosis. A robust group 2 Calicnemia with synthorax black with yellow lateral marks and abdomen with S 2 – 7 wholly or partly red. Separated from all other species of group 2 of Calicnemia except C. hasik Wilson & Reels, 2003, C. mortoni (Laidlaw, 1917), C. nipalica Kimmins, 1958, C. pulverulans (Selys, 1886) and C. rectangulata Laidlaw, 1932 by the black mesepisternum lacking antehumeral markings or with only pruinose blue antehumeral markings. Distinguished from C. pulverulans by the entirely black abdomen and the more rounded ends of the lobes of the terminal segment of the ligula of that species. Distinguished from C. hasik by more extensive red colouration on the abdomen, broader lobes of the terminal segment of the ligula and shorter tooth on the cercus in lateral view. C. rectangulata differs in the extent of the red markings in the abdomen and in having a much larger tooth on the cercus, very prominent in lateral view. C. nipalica has the terminal segment of the ligula deeply divided. C. mortoni has a longer but less broad tooth on the cercus and the terminal segment of the ligula deeply divided. Remarks. In his PhD thesis (Zia 2010) the second author gave this species a name, Indocnemis ahmedi, and presented a (composite) description, but also issued a disclaimer, citing article 8.2 of the International code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN 2012), to the effect that “description of new species i.e. Indocnemis ahmedi provided in this dissertation is not issued for public and permanent scientific record or for purposes of zoological nomenclature”. The name ahmedi is therefore not available; in any case it would not have been available because no holotype was designated (article 16.4.1). Calicnemis fortis was found flying within tall grassy vegetation around an open spring which runs into a fast flowing stream. Calicnemia eximia was common at the same site. Unfortunately following the devastating earthquake in October 2005 the spring at the type locality dried up, and the species has not been relocated in that area despite repeated searches by the second author in the following three years. However, Zia (2010) lists two additional males from a location in North West Frontier Province of Pakistan. These specimens have not been seen by the first author and in the view of the second author might represent a different species, because they differ quite substantially in colouration and some other characters as well; therefore they are left out of consideration here. The species should be searched for not just in neighbouring regions of Pakistan, but also in the neighbouring Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir. In life the markings on the abdomen were pinkish red, becoming darker on S 6–7; in the holotype they have faded considerably with preservation. The colour of the paratype male (Fig. 8) is better preserved than that of the holotype, as is the extensive pruinosity on the thorax and abdominal S 1–2. In the holotype there is no indication of any antehumeral markings, but pruinose antehumeral stripes are present in the paratype. Possibly, as is the case in males of some other Calicnemia species, e.g. C. soccifera Yu & Chen, 2013, yellow antehumeral markings are present in immature individuals but later these markings become completely pruinose (Yu & Chen 2013). In the case of C. fortis, possibly the underlying marking fades completely, leading to the condition now seen in the holotype. Calicnemia fortis comes closest to C. pulverulans, from which it differs principally in the colour of the abdomen and details of the genital ligula. Calicnemia pulverulans has been recorded as far west as the Nanda Devi Bisophere Reserve in Uttar Pradesh, India (Kumar 1997), but this is more than 600 km from the type locality of C. fortis. Differences from C. pulverulans and other species most closely resembling the available material of C. fortis are given in the diagnosis. Considering the remaining species in group 2 of Calicnemia, C. fortis males are easily separated from those of C. chaseni (Laidlaw in Campion & Laidlaw, 1928), C. miles (Laidlaw, 1917), C. miniata (Selys, 1886), C. chaoi Wilson, 2004, and C. zhuae Zhang & Yang, 2008, which have bright red or orange antehumeral stripes as well as differences in the anal appendages and genital ligula; uniquely in the genus C. chaoi possesses amber wings (Wilson 2004). Of three Chinese species with males possessing yellow or pruinosed antehumeral stripes: C. gulinensis Yu & Bu, 2008, C. porcata Yu & Bu, 2008 and C. soccifera, C. soccifera has the terminal segment of the genital ligula with much narrower lobes and legs with a red or yellow femur contrasting with a black tibia. Calicnemia gulinensis has an orange abdomen and far more extensive pale markings on labrum and clypeus and C. porcata differs in the colouration of the head, details of the tooth on the cercus and in the ligula, which bears a distinctive ridge centrally on the terminal segment, and has the lobes almost square ended. This leaves two species that have not been placed in either of Lieftinck’s groups within Calicnemia; these are dealt with below. The species group to which C. uenoi Asahina, 1997, from Vietnam belongs is unclear because Asahina provided no illustration of the ligula. Asahina (1997: 22) stated that C. uenoi is “One of the typical Calicnemia species...”, but judging from the illustrations it seems atypical in the form of the tooth on the cercus, a narrow median spine rather than the robust tooth, normally with a bifid tip, and typically placed more basally, that is usual in Calicnemia. The type series of C. uenoi was deposited in the National Museum of Nature and Science, Tokyo, Japan, but at the present time it cannot be located (Akihiko Sasamoto and Takuya Kiyoshi, personal communication). However, in the collection of the Naturalis Biodiversity Center (RMNH), Leiden, there is a male labelled as C. uenoi from the area of the type locality, donated from the collection of Matti Hämäläinen and originally collected by Haruki Karube. It is difficult to reconcile the anal appendages of the RMNH specimen with Asahina’s illustrations, and this specimen seems close to C. hasik. When describing C. hasik, Wilson & Reels (2003: 266) commented on Asahina’s description of C. uenoi and, understandably, concluded that their species was distinct; the RMNH specimen suggests that further study of this matter is needed. It is to be hoped that the type series of C. uenoi will become available in the near future. In any case, C. uenoi as illustrated by Asahina is clearly distinguished from C. fortis by the form and position of the tooth on the cercus, and C. hasik and the RMNH specimen differ from C. fortis in the details of the ligula, anal appendages and colouration. Calicnemia sudhaae Mitra, 1994, known from Mizoram in northeast India and which is said (Mitra 2002) to resemble C. pulverulans, does not appear to have been assigned to either species group within Calicnemia. This species is illustrated in Mitra (2002: figs. 54-56) where the ligula appears to have ribbon-like flagellae, an impression confirmed by the text “flagella one pair, long ribbon like with pointed apex” (Mitra 2002: 56). Therefore C. sudhaae belongs to group 1 of Calicnemia and need not be considered further here. The large size and long wing length of this species partly accounts for the high count of postquadrangular cells in C. fortis, a character that Fraser (1933), following Laidlaw (1917), used to separate Calicnemia from Indocnemis Laidlaw, 1917. Recent authors have seldom or never given counts of the postquadrangular cells in their descriptions of Calicnemia species, but the illustration of the Hw of C. chaoi shows 4 postquadrangular cells (Wilson 2004: 429, fig. 21). Lieftinck (1977: 20, 22) stated that C. miniata males from northern India and Nepal examined have 3 – 4 postquadrangular cells and that even the holotype male of C miles has 3 – 3 - 1 / 2 postquadrangular cells. In fact the wing photograph of C. pulverulans in Laidlaw (1917: plate XV, fig. 3), the same publication where Indocnemis was described and where the count of postquadrangular cells was first used to distinguish Calicnemia from Indocnemis, shows almost 4 postquadrangular cells in the left Fw. It is to be hoped that these examples will finally lay to rest the idea that the count of postquadrangular cells is a character of value for distinguishing Calicnemia from related genera. With the addition of C. fortis, Calicnemia consists of 22 named species, unless C. pyrrhosoma Lieftinck, 1984 is recognised; this name persists on some world Odonata checklists although it was established as a junior synonym of C. doonensis Sangal & Tyagi, 1984 by Hämäläinen (1989). Yu & Bu (2008) commented on the extent of variability of markings with age and possibly location in C. sinensis Lieftinck, 1984, and geographical variation in markings may occur in other species, so that caution is needed in separating species based entirely on colour patterns. However, structural differences in ligula and caudal appendages are also often subtle, rendering Calicnemia a difficult genus to work on. As noted by Yu & Chen (2013), some of the Chinese species “seem to be closely related, and more detailed studies are needed to clarify their true relationships”; we can only extend this statement to the whole genus.Published as part of Dow, Rory A., Zia, Ahmed, Naeem, Muhammad & Rafi, Muhammad Ather, 2014, Calicnemia fortis sp. nov. from Pakistan (Odonata: Zygoptera: Platycnemididae), pp. 338-342 in Zootaxa 3869 (3) on pages 338-342, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3869.3.7, http://zenodo.org/record/22935
