71,046 research outputs found
Emprego da tecnologia supercrítica para a valorização do resíduo de semente de chia (Salvia hispanica)
Full text linkDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro Tecnológico, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia de Alimentos, Florianópolis, 2014.A chia (Salvia hispanica) é uma planta cultivada nas Américas do Sul e Central, cuja semente é fonte de antioxidantes naturais e ácidos graxos essenciais. O presente estudo avaliou a obtenção de extratos de torta de chia, subproduto proveniente da extração do óleo de chia. Foram aplicadas as técnicas a baixa pressão como extração em Soxhlet (SOX), ultrassom (US) e maceração (MAC) utilizando etanol (EtOH), hexano (Hex) e acetato de etila (EtOAc) como solventes, a fim de comparar com o processo de extração supercrítica (ESC). As operações de ESC foram realizadas com pressões de 150 bar a 300 bar e temperaturas de 40 °C e 50 °C empregando o CO2 como solvente. Também foi realizada a aplicação de EtOH e EtOAc como cossolventes no processo de ESC em concentrações de 2,5 até 7,5 %. O processo de extração supercrítica sequencial (ESC-S) foi estudado, o qual possui duas etapas de extração, com uma despressurização rápida do sistema entre a primeira e a segunda etapa. A construção da curva cinética e modelagem matemática de processos de ESC e ESC-S foram executadas, além da estimativa de custos de manufatura da instalação de uma unidade industrial de ESC. Todos os extratos obtidos foram submetidos a análises de atividade antioxidante (método ABTS), teor de fenólicos totais (TFT), perfil de ácidos graxos e atividade antimicrobiana. Nas extrações a baixa pressão, os maiores rendimentos foram obtidos utilizando SOX com EtOH (15,4 ± 0,4 %). Nas ESC com CO2 puro, a pressão de 300 bar permitiu alcançar rendimentos de até 10,6 ± 0,2 %, na maior temperatura estudada. A utilização de cossolvente causou aumento no rendimento de extração (11,3 ± 0,1% utilizando EtOH a 7,5%). Os extratos obtidos em extrações a baixa pressão com EtOH e EtOAc obtiveram os melhores valores de TFT e atividade antioxidante. A utilização de cossolvente afetou positivamente os resultados de TFT e atividade antioxidante dos extratos de ESC. O perfil de ácidos graxos dos extratos confirmou altos teores de ácido linoleico e a-linolênico em todos os extratos testados. Extratos obtidos pelas diferentes técnicas mostraram atividade antimicrobiana contra B. cereus. A ESC-S com despressurização rápida teve efeito positivo com relação ao rendimento, onde foi atingido rendimento de 8,7 ± 0,2%, estatisticamente igual ao rendimento obtido em ESC na mesma condição, porém reduzindo o tempo de extração pela metade. A realização da segunda etapa de ESC-S utilizando EtOH 7,5% ocasionou um aumento no TFT dos extratos obtidos. O modelo que melhor se ajustou as curvas experimentais foi o modelo de Martínez et al. (2003). Segundo o modelo de Sovová (1994), para os processos de ESC e primeira etapa de ESC-S, o mecanismo de convecção foi mais representativo. Na segunda etapa de ESC-S o mecanismo de difusão também mostrou representatividade. A ESC-S quando realizada até a etapa de despressurização (ESC-Desp) mostrou ser um processo economicamente viável e lucrativo para aplicação em escala industrial, com valores de extrato competitivos com os valores de mercado, gerando extratos de alta qualidade em um menor tempo de processo.Abstract : Chia (Salvia hispanica) is a plant cultivated in South and Central America, whose the seed is a source of natural antioxidants and essential fatty acids. The present study evaluated the extracts attainment from chia seed cake, which is a byproduct from chia seed oil extraction process. It were applied low-pressure techniques, like Soxhlet extraction (SOX), ultrasound assisted extraction (US) and maceration (MAC) using ethanol (EtOH), hexane (Hex) and ethyl acetate (EtOAc) and as solvents with the objective of comparing with the high pressure process, performed by supercritical fluid extraction (SFE). SFE were performed at pressures from 150 to 300 bar and temperatures of 40 °C and 50 °C, using CO2 as solvent. It was also performed an application of EtOH and EtOAc as cosolvents on SFE process, using concentrations from 2.5 to 7.5%. A sequential supercritical fluid extraction (S-SFE) process was studied, wich includes two steps of extraction, with a fast depressurization of the system between the first and the second step of extraction. The kinetic extraction curves of SFE and S-SFE processes were built and mathematical models adjusted the experimental data. It were also performed an estimative of manufacturing costs from installing a supercritical fluid extraction industrial unit. All extracts was submitted to antioxidant analysis (ABTS method), total phenolics content (TPC), fatty acids profile and antimicrobial analysis. Among low-pressure extraction, the highest yield was achieved using SOX with EtOH (15.4 ± 0.4 %). Among the SFE assays using pure CO2, the pressure of 300 bar allowed to achieve yields up to 10.6 ± 0.2 %, in the highest tested temperature. The use of a cosolvent caused increase in yield (11.3 ± 0.1% using EtOH 7,5%). Extracts obtained by lowpressure techniques using EtOH and EtOAc showed the best values of TPC and antioxidant activity. The using of a cosolvent affected in a positive way the results of TPC and antioxidant activity of SFE extracts. The fatty acids profile of the extracts confirmed the high content of linoleic and a-linolenic acids in all tested extracts. Extracts obtained by different techniques showed antimicrobial activity against B. cereus. SSFE process with fast depressurization caused a positive effect in yield, achieving a yield of 8.7 ± 0.2%, statiscally equal to the yield obtained by SFE using the same condition, but reducing the extraction time by half. The performance of the S-SFE second step using EtOH 7.5% caused an increase in the TPC of the obtained extracts. Martínez et al (2003) was the model which best-adjusted experimental data. According to Sovová s model (1994), in S-SFE first step and SFE processes, the convection mechanism was more representative. In the S-SFE second step, the diffusion mechanism showed to be representative. S-SFE process, when realized until the depressurization step (SFE-Desp), showed to be an economically viable and profitable process on an industrial scale application, with values of extract competitive with market values, generating high quality extracts in a shorter process time
[coin] Cash, Peking (fiscus), Chia-ch'ing, China. /
No full textRecto: Een centrale vierkantige doorboring, die afgezoomd is door een effen boord ; erboven, eronder, links en rechts, de vier Chinese lettertekens voor Chia-ch'ing T'ung-pao ; rondom, een brede effen boord.Verso: Een centrale vierkantige doorboring, die afgezoomd is door een effen boord ; links en rechts, de twee Chinese lettertekens voor Boo Ciowan ; rondom, een brede effen boord.Krause, L. & Mishler, C. Standard Catalog of World Coins, USA, Centennial Edition Iola : Colin R. Bruce, 1991, nr. 1-2.Bijzondere collectie
"Closing the R&D Gap, Evaluating the Sources of R&D Spending"
Full text linkBoth spending and tax policies have been implemented in the United States with the goal of stimulating private sector research and development (R&D). Karier questions whether current R&D policy, especially the research and experimentation tax credit, can contribute to closing the gap between nondefense expenditures on R&D in the United States and such expenditures in other countries, such as Japan and Germany. He also explores possible changes to our current R&D policy to make it more effective.
Chia (Salvia hispanica L.)products as ingredients for reformulating frankfurters: Effects on quality properties and shelf-life
No full textSeveral strategies were examined for incorporating chia products (seeds, flour and a coproduct from cold-press oil extraction)in frankfurters. The nutritional composition, technological properties and sensory attributes of the resulting products were studied in relation to the formulation used and, lipid oxidation, pH, residual nitrite level and microbiological properties were evaluated during chilled storage. Application of these chia products (3%)was seen to enhance the nutritional composition of frankfurters, without adversely affecting the technological properties of the final product. In general, although differences were detected in the sensory attributes of the frankfurters reformulated with chia products (most of them when chia coproduct was added), all of them were judged acceptable. Besides the quality aspects, these reformulation strategies had beneficial effects on some technological properties during chilled storage: better resistance to oxidation (controlling the TBARS increase during storage)and lower residual nitrite levels than control (both effects presumably because the chia polyphenols content)and no effect on microbiological safety.This work was financially supported by the grant of Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness (MEIC-Spain) for the project: AGL2016-75687-C2-2-R (AEI/FEDER, UE).Peer Reviewe
Characteristics of Nutraceutical Yoghurt Mousse Fortified with Chia Seeds
Full text linkFortification yoghurt mousse with Chia seeds as a novel neutraceutical dairy product was studied. Chia seeds were added with the ratios (1,2and 3% to yoghurt mousse and compared with yoghurt mousse with 1.25% gelatin as control. The physicochemical and functional properties for Yoghurt mousse were evaluated. Fortification of 3% chia seed can be recommended for production novel dairy products with high neutraceutical properties and high acceptable sensory properties. Evaluation the preventive role of chia on lipids in normal and isoproterenol (ISO)-induced myocardial infarction was studied in rats. Chia at two doses (3% as one serving and 6% as double serving concentrated ratio in yoghurt mousse) was orally administered to rats for a period of 28 days. Isoproterenol (5 mg/kg) was injected intrapreitoneal to male wistar rats at last 7 days. ISO-treated rats also showed a significant increase (p 0.001) in the levels of triglycerides, and very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C) level in plasma with subsequent decrease (
Relationship of modernization and marriage role attitude among Chinese college students.
No full textViruses affecting chia crops and occurrence of cowpea mild mottle virus in chia-producing regions
No full textChia seeds production has been growing rapidly since mid-2011 when worldwide nutrition experts highlighted the nutritional values of this superfood. However, little is known about the viral diseases affecting this crop can cause yield losses. This study aimed to investigate the epidemiology of cowpea mild mottle virus (CPMMV) in chia crops in northwestern Argentina and to identify and characterize other viruses that infect this crop. Between 2013 and 2021, symptomatic chia leaves and seeds were collected from 480 plants and analyzed for the presence of CPMMV using PTA-ELISA. Transmission through seeds of naturally infected plants was also tested. In addition, total RNA from one CPMMV-positive plant and four CPMMV-negative plants were sequenced by massive sequencing. The results showed that 17% of the chia plants were infected with CPMMV, and the virus incidence varied from 60–80% in the north to 0–5% in the south of the chia-producing fields in the northwestern region, possibly due to variations in the vector population. CPMMV was not detected in any of the 1530 seedlings that developed from the seeds obtained from infected plants. The complete genome of CPMMV was 8180 nucleotides long and shared more than 96.54% nucleotide identity with nine isolates from Brazil and the USA. In addition, the A component of five other begomoviruses were sequenced, including sida mosaic Bolivia virus 2, which is known to infect chia plants, and four other viruses detected in chia for the first time: soybean blistering mosaic virus, tomato mottle leaf distortion virus, tomato dwarf leaf virus, and Euphorbia severe leaf golden mosaic virus. This study also reports the first detection of tomato mottle leaf curl virus in Argentina and the second detection of Euphorbia severe leaf golden mosaic virus in the world. Moreover, this is the second time that an amalgavirus reported to infect chia plants in India, Salvia hispanica RNA virus 1, was sequenced. Overall, this study provides new insights into the epidemiology and molecular detection of CPMMV and other viruses that infect chia crops, which is important for developing effective strategies for the control of these diseases and for maintaining the sustainable production of this important superfood.Fil: Luciani, Cecilia Elizabeth. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro de Investigaciones Agropecuarias. Unidad de Fitopatología y Modelización Agrícola - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Unidad de Fitopatología y Modelización Agrícola; Argentina. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro de Investigaciones Agropecuarias. Instituto de Patología Vegetal; ArgentinaFil: Brugo Carivali, Maria Florencia. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro de Investigaciones Agropecuarias. Unidad de Fitopatología y Modelización Agrícola - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Unidad de Fitopatología y Modelización Agrícola; ArgentinaFil: Solis, Valentina Eva. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Flores, C. R.. Instituto Nacional de Tecnologia Agropecuaria. Centro Regional Salta-jujuy. Estacion Experimental Agropecuaria Yuto.; ArgentinaFil: Conci, Vilma Cecilia. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro de Investigaciones Agropecuarias. Unidad de Fitopatología y Modelización Agrícola - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Unidad de Fitopatología y Modelización Agrícola; ArgentinaFil: Perotto, Maria Cecilia. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro de Investigaciones Agropecuarias. Unidad de Fitopatología y Modelización Agrícola - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Unidad de Fitopatología y Modelización Agrícola; ArgentinaFil: Celli, Marcos Giovani. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro de Investigaciones Agropecuarias. Unidad de Fitopatología y Modelización Agrícola - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Unidad de Fitopatología y Modelización Agrícola; Argentin
Measurement of the ratio of prompt χ c to J / ψ production in pp collisions at √s = 7 TeV
Full text linkThe prompt production of charmonium χ c and J / ψ states is studied in proton-proton collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of √s = 7 TeV at the Large Hadron Collider. The χ c and J / ψ mesons are identified through their decays χ c → J / ψ γ and J / ψ → μ + μ - using 36 pb - 1 of data collected by the LHCb detector in 2010. The ratio of the prompt production cross-sections for χ c and J / ψ, σ (χ c → J / ψ γ) / σ (J / ψ), is determined as a function of the J / ψ transverse momentum in the range 2 < p T J / ψ < 15 GeV / c. The results are in excellent agreement with next-to-leading order non-relativistic expectations and show a significant discrepancy compared with the colour singlet model prediction at leading order, especially in the low p T J / ψ region
Novel compatibilizers and plasticizers developed from epoxidized and maleinized chia oil in composites based on PLA and chia seed flour
Full text link[EN] Novel compatibilizers and plasticizers derived from epoxidized chia seed oil (ECO) and maleinized chia seed oil (MCO) have been applied in composites based on poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and 15 wt% chia seed flour (CSF). Results obtained have been compared to conventional silane coupling agent, (3-glycidyloxypropyl) trimethoxysilane (GPS), and a petroleum-based compatibilizer, poly(styrene-co-glycidyl methacrylate) copolymer (Xibond, (R)). The compatibilization effect of green composites were assessed by FTIR. The addition of all four compatibilizers improved the ductile mechanical and thermal properties of the composites. The morphology analysis revealed an improvement of interfacial adhesion of the CSF particles into the PLA matrix. In particular, ECO and MCO composites showed a roughness with long filaments in their morphology which plays a crucial role in improving the ductile properties highly. The elongation at break was 10 and 8 times higher using ECO and MCO, respectively, compared to uncompatibilized composite. Moreover, the composites manufactured showed low values (<9%) in the water uptake assay and a negligible compostability delay. The use of novel compatibilizers based on modified vegetable oils could mean an interesting proposal to obtain an entirely environmentally friendly composite with a remarkable ductile property.This research work was funded by the Ministry of Science and Innovation-¿Retos de la Sociedad¿. Project references: PID2020-119142RA-I00. I. Dominguez-Candela wants to thank Universitat Politècnica de València for his FPI grant (PAID-2019-SP20190013) and Generalitat Valenciana-GVA (ACIF/2020/233). J. Gomez-Caturla wants to thank Generalitat Valenciana-GVA, for his FPI grant (ACIF/2021/185) and grant FPU20/01732 funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/ 501100011033.Domínguez-Candela, I.; Gómez-Caturla, J.; Cardona, SC.; Lora-García, J.; Fombuena, V. (2022). Novel compatibilizers and plasticizers developed from epoxidized and maleinized chia oil in composites based on PLA and chia seed flour. European Polymer Journal. 173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2022.111289S17
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