114,861 research outputs found
Wetland restoration and nitrate reduction: the example of the periurban wetland of Vitoria-Gasteiz (Basque Country, North Spain)
Get PDFChanges in land use and agricultural intensification caused wetlands on the quaternary aquifer of Vitoria-Gasteiz (Basque Country) to disappear some years ago and nitrate concentration in groundwaters increased very quickly. The Basque Government recently declared the East Sector of this aquifer a Vulnerable Zone according to the 91/676/CEE European Directive. Recently, the wetlands have been restored through the closure of the main drainage ditches, the consequent elevation of the water table and the abondonment of agricultural practices near the wetlands. This is the case of the Zurbano wetland. Restoration has allowed the recovery of its biogeochemical function, which has reduced nitrate concentrations in waters. Nitrate concentrations which exceed 50 mg l–1 in groundwaters entering into the wetland are less than 10 mg l–1 at the outlet. Conditions in the wetland are conducive to the loss of nitrates: organic matter rich wetted soils, clay presence allowing a local semiconfined flow and very low hydraulic gradient. Water quality monitoring at several points around the wetland showed the processes involved in nitrate loss, although some aspects still remain unresolved. However, during storm events, the wetland effectively reduces the nitrate concentration entering the Alegria River, the most important river on the quaternary aquifer
Noun Phrases and Nominalization in Basque Syntax and semantics
No full textThis paper makes two claims about non-finite constituents headed by the affixes -tu/-i/-n/-Ø in Basque. First the semantics of these elements in modal contexts indicates that the standard analysis of these constituents as aspectual phrases is incorrect. We argue that -tu/-i/-n/-Ø are merged as infinitival markers, which we take to be of category n. In perfective contexts the verb+-tu/-i/-n/-Ø raises to a null perfective modal. Second, we argue that differences in behaviour of -tu/-i/-n/-Ø-headed constituents across contexts are usefully expressed in terms of variation in the richness of nominal and verbal functional layers following Alexiadou et al. (2009, 2010, 2011).Noun Phrases and Nominalization in Basque -- Editorial page -- Title page -- LCC data -- Table of contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- Summary of the chapters -- Part 1: DPs and quantification -- Part 2: Nominal expressions and predicative configurations -- Part 3: Clausal nominalizations -- References -- Part I. DPs and quantification -- The DP Hypothesis in the grammar of Basque -- 1. Preliminary remarks -- 2. The DP Hypothesis applied to Basque -- 2.1 Problems for the standard NP-analysis of Basque noun phrases -- 2.2 Abney's original insights and Basque grammar -- 2.3 Personal pronouns as determiners and proper names -- 2.4 Other possible internal arguments? -- 2.5 Quick assessment of the DP Hypothesis -- 3. What does the NP/DP distinction do to Basque grammar? -- 3.1 Vocatives -- 3.2 The formation of complex predicates of the [NP + V] type -- 3.3 Predicate nominals in Basque: A short overview -- 3.4 The NP/DP distinction in Basque revisited -- 4. Functional structure beyond D: On the syntax of Basque quantifiers -- 4.1 The article in a functional position below D? -- 4.2 Two types of quantifiers -- 4.3 Number marking and further issues -- 5. A note on doubly determined DPs -- 6. Conclusion -- References -- The way the definite determiner affects quantifiers in Basque (and beyond) -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Quantification in Basque: Strong vs. weak quantifiers -- 2.1 Co-occurrence with the definite D -- 2.2 Existential sentences -- 2.3 Presuppositionality -- 3. Background: Is Generalized Quantifier Theory correct? -- 3.1 Quantifiers and D in St'át'imcets (Matthewson 1998, 2001) -- 3.2 Problems with the assumption that the domain of Q-det is e -- 4. Etxeberria & -- Giannakidou (2010): Domain restricting D as a modifier function -- 4.1 D can restrict the domain in two ways: On the NP, or on the Q-det4.2 D-restriction can only happen once, and creates QPs, not DPs -- 4.2.1 First incorrect alternative analysis: Strong Q-dets create DPs -- 5. Partitives: Strongly interpreted weak quantifiers -- 6. Contextual domain restriction and the strong-weak distinction -- 7. Conclusions -- References -- An overview of Basque measure phrases -- 1. Quantifiers in noun phrases -- 1.1 Prenominal measure phrases -- 1.2 Postnominal quantifier phrases -- 2. Adjective degrees and measure -- 2.1 Measurement of simple adjectives -- 2.2 The "differential" in comparative constructions -- 2.3 -AGO, -EGI and -EN (comparative, excessive and superlative) -- 2.4 What is the difference between simple adjective/adverb phrases and comparatives? -- 2.5 Word order -- 2.6 Gehiago 'more' -- 2.7 A final note: Expressing measure and quantity together -- 3. Conclusions -- References -- Number agreement in Basque -- 1. Introduction: The phenomenon -- 2. A previous view: Non-agreeing cases as masses -- 3. Are non-agreeing quantifiers mass? -- 4. The distributive character of non-agreeing quantifiers -- 4.1 Distributive readings -- 4.2 Predicate classes -- 4.3 Once-only predicates -- 5. What do these quantifiers quantify over? -- 6. Crosslinguistic connections -- 6.1 Split measure phrases -- 6.2 Quantification at a distance -- 6.3 Differences between split MPs/QaD and Basque non-agreeing quantifiers -- 6.4 A note on event-related readings -- 7. A semantic approach to predicate sensitivity -- 7.1 Monotonicity in the nominal domain -- 7.2 Monotonicity in the verbal domain -- 7.3 Homomorphism -- 8. Syntactic structure -- 9. Conclusions -- References -- Synchronic ubiquity of the Basque article -a: A look from diachrony -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Basic background -- 2.1 Some background about the diachrony of articles -- 2.2 Basic background about the evolution of Basque D-elements3. Synchronic problems with -a -- 3.1 Ubiquitous -a -- 3.2 Synchronic analysis of non-conventional uses of the Basque article -- 4. The contribution of diachronic and dialectal data to the understanding of these phenomena -- 4.1 Bare objects in diatopic and diachronic perspective -- 4.2 Mass nouns and bare plurals in other languages -- 4.3 Contact induced spread of -a and -ak: The role of overt plurality marking -- 5. What do diachronic data tell us about the synchronic situation -- 5.1 The articles -a and -ak and their spread: Crossroads between synchrony and diachrony -- 5.2 D-elements as a whole -- 6. Concluding remarks -- References -- Part II. Nominal expressions and predicative configurations -- Genitive case and multiple checking in Basque -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Setting the scene: A descriptive characterization of Basque genitive DPs -- 3. Genitive phrases inside noun phrases: Sketching a proposal -- 4. Bare NPs can only host one object genitive -- 5. DPs and genitive case: Development of the proposal -- 5.1 Genitives are above QP: Arguments for locating genitives above QP -- 5.2 Arguments for a multiple specifier approach -- 6. Conclusion -- References -- Predication markers in Basque -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The phenomenon -- 3. Previous analyses -- 3.1 Number agreement -- 3.2 A predicative article -- 4. The proposal -- 4.1 Predication markers -- 4.2 A pronominal copula in Basque -- 5. Conclusions -- References -- Word order in Basque determiner phrases -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Word order typology and adjective and demonstrative positions in Basque -- 3. Mutual order between adjectives and demonstratives: Achieving a mirror image -- 4. Multiple adjective ordering -- References -- Denominal necessity modals in Basque -- Part III. Clausal nominalizationsBasque nominalizations and the role of structural Case in the licensing of null arguments -- 1. Basque and the question of pro-drop -- 2. Nominalization in Basque and the licensing of overt subjects -- 2.1 Nominalized clauses in argument position: Argumental infinitives -- 2.2 Nominalized clauses as adjuncts: Infinitival adjuncts -- 2.3 Nominalized clauses as infinitival complements of directive verbs (V-t(z)eko) -- 2.4 Nominalized clauses as infinitival complements of verbs of motion (V-t(z)era) -- 2.5 TZEN complements (V-t(z)en) -- 3. Subject-drop in nominalizations -- 3.1 No null subject in clauses that do not license overt subjects -- 3.2 Variation in clauses that license overt subjects -- 4. Assignment of structural Case to subjects -- 4.1 No null arguments without structural Case -- 4.2 Types of control -- 4.3 Extraction facts -- 4.4 Quantifier float -- 4.5 Intermediary conclusions -- 5. Null subjects and controlled non-overt subjects in argumental infinitives -- 5.1 Argumental infinitives without an overt subject -- 5.2 Genitive objects in North-Eastern Basque -- 6. Conclusions -- References -- Structural dependency and interpretation in Basque nominalized clauses -- 1. Introduction -- 2. DP-Nominalizations vs Locative Nominalizations -- 2. Variability in DP-Nominalizations in object position -- 3. Cancelling the opacity in DP-Nominalizations: LDA and Exhaustive Control -- 3. 1 LDA in DP-Nominalizations -- 3. 2 Number LDA induces exhaustive control -- 4. Degrees of defectiveness in DP-Nominalizations -- 4.1 Complement clauses that participate in the case system -- 4.2 Basque number LDA: Dependency and defectiveness -- 5. Defective but not transparent: Exhaustive control in Basque -- 6. Conclusion -- References -- Perception verb complements in Basque -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The features of Basque PVCs -- 2.1 Constituent unity2.2 Separability -- 2.3 Restriction on the assignment of ergative case to the embedded subject -- 2.4 Agreement -- 2.5 Anaphora -- 2.6 Negation -- 2.7 Wh-questions -- 2.8 Simultaneity -- 2.9 Restriction on Individual Predicates -- 2.10 Selectional restrictions on PVCs -- 2.11 Summary -- 3. Earlier analyses -- 3.1 The determiner phrase analysis -- 3.2 The complementizer phrase analysis -- 4. The proposal: Basque PVCs as AspPs -- 4.1 Two alternative approaches to (the aspectual marker) -t(z)en: [AspP -t(z)en] versus [PostP -t(z)e -n] -- 4.2 Arguments for analyzing -t(z)en as Asp -- 4.3 AspP as the complement of perceptual verbs in Basque -- 5. Conclusion -- References -- A continuum of deficiency for Basque infinitives -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The dual identity of the affixes -tu/-i/-n/-Ø -- 2.1 Aspects of infinitives -- 2.2 Nominal properties of -tu/-i/-n/-Ø constituents -- 2.3 A unified account -- 2.4 -tu in central dialects -- 3. A continuum of deficiency for Basque infinitives -- 3.1 Infinitive - modal orders -- 3.2 Modal-infinitive orders -- 3.1 D-headed infinitives -- 4. Conclusion -- References -- Language index -- Subject indexThis paper makes two claims about non-finite constituents headed by the affixes -tu/-i/-n/-Ø in Basque. First the semantics of these elements in modal contexts indicates that the standard analysis of these constituents as aspectual phrases is incorrect. We argue that -tu/-i/-n/-Ø are merged as infinitival markers, which we take to be of category n. In perfective contexts the verb+-tu/-i/-n/-Ø raises to a null perfective modal. Second, we argue that differences in behaviour of -tu/-i/-n/-Ø-headed constituents across contexts are usefully expressed in terms of variation in the richness of nominal and verbal functional layers following Alexiadou et al. (2009, 2010, 2011).Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
Basque Lullaby, Op.1a
No full textSetting of a traditional Basque lullaby for voice and piano, ca.2 mins.\ud
ISMN 72006018
Basque Cooperativism
Get PDFCooperative companies form part of the social economy—a third economic sector beyond the private and public spheres that embraces community, voluntary, and nonprofit activities. While corporations distribute their surpluses in relation to the capital contributions of shareholders, cooperatives do so according to activity of their members; in short, in a cooperative, capital is subordinate to work. The cooperative spirit has been an important feature of Basque society, from the traditional auzolan (literally, "neighborhood work") to the development of major cooperative companies like Alfa, Fagor and ultimately Mondragon, the largest cooperative in the world and a major supplier of products and services nationally and internationally. This book focuses on the changes and challenges faced by the social economy in general and Basque cooperatives in particular in light of the crisis of the welfare state, the growth of neoliberal doctrines and greater privatization, and most recently of all, the global financial crisis. The book is divided into three parts: Part 1 analyzes the origins, values, and culture of Basque cooperativism. Part 2 focuses on innovation in and the management system of Basque cooperatives as a source of competitive advantage vis-à-vis traditional corporations. Finally, part 3 addresses the response of Basque cooperatives to globalization in general and the current global financial crisis in particular.This book was published with generous financial support from the Basque Government.Introduction: Baleren Bakaikoa Azurmendi and Eneka Albizu ? 1. The Spirituality of Economics: Historical Roots of Mondragon, 1940-1974 by Fernando Molina ? 2. Culture and Social Representations of Work among Basques: Implications for Organizational Commitment and Cooperative Attitudes by Javier Cerrato Allende ? 3. Developing Intercooperation in the Social Economy: An Analysis of Grant Recipients in the Basque Country by Jon Morandeira Arca, Baleren Bakaikoa Azurmendi, and Victoria de Elizagarate Gutierrez ? 4. Accounting Reform: The Case of Workers' Self-Managed Cooperatives by Miguel Ángel Zubiaurre Artola ? 5. Is Innovation Better Managed by Corporations than Social Economy Companies? A Comparative Study of Innovative Basque Companies by Sara Fernández de Bobadilla Güemez and Eva Velasco Balmaseda ? 6. Innovation in the Basque Country: An Examination of the Cooperative Situation by Antón Borja Alvarez ? 7. Sources of Competitive Advantage in the Mondragon Cooperative Group by Imanol Basterretxea Markaida ? 8. Basque Cooperatives and the Crisis: The Case of Mondragon by Itziar Villafañez Pérez ? 9. Characteristics of Human Resource Management in Basque Cooperatives and Their Response to New International Contexts by Aitziber Lertxundi ? 10. Globalization and Knowledge Management in the Industrial Cooperatives of the Mondragon Corporation by Antxon Mendizábal ? Index ? List of Contributor
The Basque refugee children of the Spanish Civil War in the UK: memory and memorialisation
No full textA vast body of knowledge has been produced in the field of war remembrance, particularly concerning the Spanish Civil War. However, the representation and interpretation of that conflictual past have been increasingly contested within the wider context of ‘recuperation of historical memory’ which is taking place both in Spain and elsewhere. An academic gap has been identified with regard to the part played by the Basque Children (Niños Vascos) who were evacuated to the UK in 1937 as a result of the war. This thesis investigates the impact that forced migration has had on these children’s identity construction, particularly those who settled permanently in the host country.The thesis is a comparative examination of the process of memory construction and memorialisation, across transnational spaces and time. It analyses the nature and development of commemorative practices both in the UK and in the Basque Country, addressing some of the most fundamental issues related to agency and categorisations. My analysis of the social actors goes beyond Jelin’s ‘memory entrepreneurs’ to include those memory profiteers who benefit from a return to the past in order to fulfil their own personal agendas. I introduce the new term ‘conmemoraccionistas’ to refer to them.The central question dealt with here is how identities are constructed and reconstructed in the social and political arenas in which remembrance takes place. By using ethnography and a multimodal approach, this study provides an in-depth analysis of the discourses of the main agents engaged in memory production, and their agendas. It also identifies reasons for disengagement. Finally, it examines the interrelated narratives of those social actors and how they build on interaction with each other in a complex and continually changing social reality, where I argue, identities can no longer be approached from an essentialist polarising and dichotomising perspective. On the contrary, new approaches are needed which see identitarian development as a dynamic and accumulative process in which different actors have an input and identities are displayed according to particular contexts, settings, and audiences
A history of the Basque prosodic systems
Get PDFThis paper presents new proposals for the reconstruction of Proto-Basque accentuation, as well as the development and chronology of the main accentual systems of the modern dialects, grounded in phonetic, historical and typological evidence. It is the first attempt to reconstruct Basque accentuation from a pre-Roman stage to the dialectalization that followed Common Basque. We suggest that Old Proto-Basque had prosodic prominence in the root, i.e., [(C)V.'CVC]. This system evolved into phrase-level prominence in Modern Proto-Basque, giving rise to unaccentedness in non-phrase final positions, with marked stress only introduced later, through Latin loanwords (2nd–3rd century CE). This would become the common system, which still persists in the west. Not long after the dialectification, word-level systems developed in non-western areas, first as peninitial and then as penultimate stress (in eastern dialects). Finally, we propose that the Goizueta prosodic system can be derived from the Central system, which is an alternative view to Hualde (in press).This work is funded by the French National Research Agency (ANR) through the project Modern approaches to diachronic phonology applied to Basque (MADPAB; ANR-20-CE27-0007), the Spanish Ministry of Science (PID2020-118445GB-I00), the Basque Government (IT1396-19), and the University of the Basque Country (GIU18/221)
V≥2 in Basque
Get PDFThis paper analyzes quasi-verb second (V2) effects in Basque. We show that Basque instantiates a typological prediction of the most widely assumed theory of V2, namely that V2 is a conspiracy of an [uV] on a C-field head attracting the verb and an EPP feature on this same head attracting the closest satellite XP. General considerations suggest that these two features should vary independently across languages, and if so, we expect the possibility of a language with EPP movement to the left periphery but not verb movement. We argue that this combination of properties fits the V≥2 pattern of Basque root clauses, and develop an analysis of the left periphery of Basque root clauses that expresses these restrictions
Specific Aspects of the Basque Economy
No full textPráce se zaměřuje na specifické aspekty ekonomiky Baskicka, jedné ze 17 autonomních oblastí Španělska. V úvodu jsou uvedena makroekonomická data charakterizující Baskicko, na nichž se sleduje jeho postavení v rámci Španělska a srovnání s dalšími oblastmi. Hlavním cílem je najít příčiny, proč Baskicko i během krize patří mezi ekonomicky nejúspěšnější regiony. V závěru jsou nastíněny historické souvislosti baskického separatismu a možná řešení budoucí politické situace.The thesis focuses on specific economic aspects of the Basque Country, one of the 17 autonomous regions of Spain. Macroeconomic data characterizing the Basque Country are mentioned at the beginning. They form the basis for the evaluation of the Basque position within Spanish economy and comparison with other regions. The main objective is to find the reasons why the Basque Country became one of the most economically successful regions. The conclusion outlines the historical context of Basque separatism and possible solutions of future political situation
Basque Country - Analysis of Current Business Environment and Trade Cooperation with the Czech Republic
No full textCílem této bakalářské práce je zanalyzovat podnikatelské prostředí Baskicka a poskytnout informace o vztazích mezi Baskickem a Českou republikou. První kapitola vymezuje teoretické pojmy pro pochopení dané problematiky. Druhá kapitola se věnuje samotné analýze podnikatelského prostředí Baskicka a jednotlivým faktorům, které ho ovlivňují. V první části této kapitoly k tomu využije analýzu PESTLE. Druhá část se zabývá reporty hodnotícími Baskicko a v poslední části druhé kapitoly jsou získané informace shrnuty pomocí SWOT analýzy. Poslední kapitola zkoumá vývoj a současný stav obchodních vztahů Baskicka a České republiky. Nakonec jsou představeny možné příležitosti a návrhy pro zlepšení dosavadní spolupráce.The aim of this thesis is to analyze the business environment of the Basque Country and provide information about relations between the Basque Country and the Czech Republic. The first chapter defines theoretical concepts for a better understanding of the topic. The second chapter focuses on the analysis of the business environment of the Basque Country and the individual factors that affect it. In the first part of this chapter, the Basque business environment is analyzed using the PESTLE analysis. The second part is devoted to the reports evaluating the Basque Country and in the last part of the second chapter the information obtained is summarized using a SWOT analysis. The last chapter examines the development and current state of trade relations between the Basque Country and the Czech Republic. Finally, possible opportunities and suggestions for improving existing cooperation are presented
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