2,208,449 research outputs found
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
No full textThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
From Sandy Bay [picture] /
No full textRex Nan Kivell Collection NK6840/B.; Title from inscription l.r
Measurement of the ratio of branching fractions B(B0→K∗0γ )/B(B0s→φγ ) and the directCP asymmetry inB 0→K∗0γ
No full textThe ratio of branching fractions of the radiative B decays B0→K⁎0γ and B0s→ϕγ has been measured using an integrated luminosity of 1.0 fb−1 of pp collision data collected by the LHCb experiment at a centre-of-mass energy of s√=7TeV. The value obtained is
B(B0→K⁎0γ)B(B0s→ϕγ)=1.23±0.06(stat.)±0.04(syst.)±0.10(fs/fd),
where the first uncertainty is statistical, the second is the experimental systematic uncertainty and the third is associated with the ratio of fragmentation fractions fs/fd. Using the world average value for B(B0→K⁎0γ), the branching fraction B(B0s→ϕγ) is measured to be (3.5±0.4)×10−5.
The direct CP asymmetry in B0→K⁎0γ decays has also been measured with the same data and found to be
ACP(B0→K⁎0γ)=(0.8±1.7(stat.)±0.9(syst.))%.
Both measurements are the most precise to date and are in agreement with the previous experimental results and theoretical expectations
Branching fraction and CP asymmetry of the decays B+→K0Sπ+ and B+→K0SK+
No full textAn analysis of B+ → K0
Sπ+ and B+ → K0
S K+ decays is performed with the LHCb experiment. The pp
collision data used correspond to integrated luminosities of 1 fb−1 and 2 fb−1 collected at centre-ofmass
energies of
√
s = 7 TeV and
√
s = 8 TeV, respectively. The ratio of branching fractions and the
direct CP asymmetries are measured to be B(B+ → K0
S K+
)/B(B+ → K0
Sπ+
) = 0.064 ± 0.009 (stat.) ±
0.004 (syst.), ACP(B+ → K0
Sπ+
) = −0.022 ± 0.025 (stat.) ± 0.010 (syst.) and ACP(B+ → K0
S K+
) =
−0.21 ± 0.14 (stat.) ± 0.01 (syst.). The data sample taken at
√
s = 7 TeV is used to search for
B+
c
→ K0
S K+ decays and results in the upper limit ( fc · B(B+
c
→ K0
S K+
))/( fu · B(B+ → K0
Sπ+
)) <
5.8 × 10−2 at 90% confidence level, where fc and fu denote the hadronisation fractions of a ¯b
quark
into a B+
c or a B+ meson, respectively
Measurement of b-hadron masses
No full textMeasurements of b-hadron masses are performed with the exclusive decay modes B +→J/ψK +, B 0→J/ψK +, B0→J/ψKS0, Bs0→J/ψφ and Λb0→J/ψΛ using an integrated luminosity of 35pb -1 collected in pp collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of 7 TeV by the LHCb experiment. The momentum scale is calibrated with J/ψ→μ +μ - decays and verified to be known to a relative precision of 2 ×10 -4 using other two-body decays. The results are more precise than previous measurements, particularly in the case of the Bs0 and Λb0 masses
Observations of Bºs→ψ(2S)η and Bº(s)→ψ(2S)π+π- decays
No full textFirst observations of the B0s
→ψ(2S)η, B0 →ψ(2S)π
+
π
− and B0s
→ψ(2S)π
+
π
− decays are made
using a dataset corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 1.0 fb−1 collected by the LHCb experiment in
proton–proton collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of
√
s = 7 TeV. The ratios of the branching fractions
of each of the ψ(2S) modes with respect to the corresponding J/ψ decays are
B(B0s
→ψ(2S)η)
÷
B(B0s
→J/ψη)
= 0.83± 0.14 (stat)±0.12 (syst) ±0.02 (B),
;
B(B0→ψ(2S)π
+
π
−
)
÷
B(B0→J/ψπ
+
π
−
)
= 0.56± 0.07 (stat)±0.05 (syst)± 0.01 (B),
;
B(B0s
→ψ(2S)π
+
π
−
)
÷
B(B0s
→J/ψπ
+
π
−
)
= 0.34± 0.04 (stat)±0.03 (syst)± 0.01 (B),
where the third uncertainty corresponds to the uncertainties of the dilepton branching fractions of the J/ψ
and ψ(2S) meson decays
Evidence for the decay B0→J/ψω and measurement of the relative branching fractions of meson decays to J/ψη and J/ψη′
No full textFirst evidence of the B 0 → J / ψ ω decay is found and the B s 0 → J / ψ η and B s 0 → J / ψ η ′ decays are studied using a dataset corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 1.0 fb -1 collected by the LHCb experiment in proton-proton collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of sqrt(s) = 7 TeV. The branching fractions of these decays are measured relative to that of the B 0 → J / ψ ρ 0 decay:frac(B (B 0 → J / ψ ω), B (B 0 → J / ψ ρ 0)) = 0.89 ± 0.19 (stat) - 0.13 + 0.07 (syst),frac(B (B s 0 → J / ψ η), B (B 0 → J / ψ ρ 0)) = 14.0 ± 1.2 (stat) - 1.5 + 1.1 (syst) - 1.0 + 1.1 (frac(f d, f s)),frac(B (B s 0 → J / ψ η ′), B (B 0 → J / ψ ρ 0)) = 12.7 ± 1.1 (stat) - 1.3 + 0.5 (syst) - 0.9 + 1.0 (frac(f d, f s)), where the last uncertainty is due to the knowledge of f d / f s, the ratio of b-quark hadronization factors that accounts for the different production rate of B 0 and B s 0 mesons. The ratio of the branching fractions of B s 0 → J / ψ η ′ and B s 0 → J / ψ η decays is measured to befrac(B (B s 0 → J / ψ η ′), B (B s 0 → J / ψ η)) = 0.90 ± 0.09 (stat) - 0.02 + 0.06 (syst)
Digging into Gold(I) Catalysis: Silver and Counterion Effects and Total Synthesis of Nardoaristolone B
No full textAmb la finalitat d'estudiar una mica més a fons diferents processos catalitzats per l’or(I), hem avaluat la influència de l'ordre d'addició de salts de plata en reaccions catalitzades per or(I). Quan es mesclen complexes tipus LAuCl (L = lligand) i una sal de plata en un dissolvent no-coordinant en l’absència de substrat, es generen complexes binuclears d’or amb un clorur àtom pont [(LAu)2Cl]+ X– (X = contraió). La robustesa d’aquests complexes pot ser perjudicial en reaccions en les quals el substrat no és capaç d’associar-se a un dels ors.
A més a més, hem estudiat el mecanisme de la reacció cicloaddició intermolecular [2+2] entre alquins i alquens. La utilització del complex [tBuXPhosAuNCMe] amb BARF com a contraió millora significativament els rendiments de la reacció. L’elevada voluminositat així com la baixa basicitat del nou contraió redueix la formació dels complexes σ,π-dior, els quals són “dead-ends” del cicle catalític. Els ordres de reacció obtinguts (primer ordre per l’alquí i el complex d’or i ordre zero per l’alquè) expliquen un escenari en el qual l’etapa limitant de la reacció és el primer intercanvi de lligant per generar les espècies actives (η2-fenilacetilè)or(I).
Finalment, hem aconseguit sintetitzar enantioselectivament per primera vegada el producte natural nardoaristolone B en 7 passos i amb un rendiment total del 10%. Com a passos clau presenta una addició conjugada enantioselectiva atrapant l’enolat format i una ciclació oxidant amb or(I). Seguint un procediment similar, es presenta una aproximació a la síntesis de (–)-aristolone i kanshone H.Con el fin de estudiar algo más a fondo diferentes procesos catalizados por el oro(Y), hemos evaluado la influencia de la orden de adición de saltos de plata en reacciones catalizadas por oro(I). Cuando se mezclan complejos tipos LAuCl (L = ligando) y una sal de plata en un disolvente no-coordinante en la ausencia de sustrato, se generan complejos binucleares de oro con un cloruro átomo puente [(LAu)2Cl]+ X– (X = contraión). La robustez de estos complejos puede ser perjudicial en reacciones en las cuales el sustrato no es capaz de asociarse a uno de los oros.
Además, hemos estudiado el mecanismo de la reacción de cicloaddición intermolecular [2+2] entre alquinos y alquenos. La utilización del complejo [t-BuXPhosAuNCMe] con BARF como contraión mejora significativamente los rendimientos de la reacción. La elevada voluminosidad así como la baja basicidad del nuevo contraión reduce la formación de los complejas σ,π-dioro, los cuales son “dead-ends” del ciclo catalítico. Los órdenes de reacción obtenidos (primer orden para el alquino y el complejo de oro y orden cero para el alqueno) explican un escenario en el cual la etapa determinante de la reacción es el primer intercambio de ligando para generar las especies activas (η2-fenilacetileno)oro(I).
Finalmente, hemos conseguido sintetizar enantioselectivamente por primera vez el producto natural nardoaristolone B en 7 pasos y con un rendimiento total del 10%. Como pasos clave, presenta una adición conjugada enantioselectiva atrapando el enolato formado y una ciclación oxidante con oro(I). Siguiendo un procedimiento similar, se presenta una aproximación a la síntesis de (–)-aristolone y kanshone H.In order to shed some light on a series of gold(I)-catalyzed processes, we have evaluated the influence of the addition of silver salts in gold(I)-catalyzed reactions. When LAuCl (L = ligand) and a silver salt are mixed in a non-coordinating solvent in the absence of substrate, chloride-bridged dinuclear complexes [(LAu)2Cl]+ X– (X = counterion) are generated. The robustness of these complexes can be detrimental in reactions in which the substrate is not able to disrupt them leading to false negative results.
In addition, we have studied the mechanism of the intermolecular gold(I)-catalyzed [2+2]-cycloaddition of alkynes and alkenes. The use of [tBuXPhosAuNCMe] with BARF as counterion (BARF = tetrakis 3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenylborate) increases the reaction yields significantly (between 9 and 30%). The high steric bulk and low basicity of this counterion reduces the formation of σ,π-digold complexes, which are dead-ends in the catalytic cycle. The first kinetic order observed for both the alkyne and the gold(I) complex and the zero-order dependence for the alkene are consistent with a scenario in which the rate-determining step of the reaction is the first ligand exchange to generate the active (η2-phenylacetylene)gold(I) complex.
Finally, we have accomplished the first enantioselective total synthesis of nardoaristolone B in 7 steps and 10% overall yield. As key steps, it features a copper-catalyzed enantioselective conjugate addition/enolate trapping and a gold(I)-catalyzed oxidative cyclization. Following a very similar pathway, an approach towards the synthesis of (–)-aristolone and kanshone H is presented
Measurement of the CKM angle gamma from a combination of B->Dh analyses
No full textA combination of three LHCb measurements of the CKM angle gamma is presented. The decays B->DK and B->Dpi are used, where D denotes an admixture of D0 and D0-bar mesons, decaying into K+K-, pi+pi-, K+-pi-+, K+-pi-+pi+-pi-+, KSpi+pi-, or KSK+K- final states. All measurements use a dataset corresponding to 1.0 fb-1 of integrated luminosity. Combining results from B->DK decays alone a best-fit value of gamma = 72.0 deg is found, and confidence intervals are set gamma in [56.4,86.7] deg at 68% CL, gamma in [42.6,99.6] deg at 95% CL. The best-fit value of gamma found from a combination of results from B->Dpi decays alone, is gamma = 18.9 deg, and the confidence intervals gamma in [7.4,99.2] deg or [167.9,176.4] deg at 68% CL, are set, without constraint at 95% CL. The combination of results from B->DK and B->Dpi decays gives a best-fit value of gamma = 72.6 deg and the confidence intervals gamma in [55.4,82.3] deg at 68% CL, gamma in [40.2,92.7] deg at 95% CL are set. All values are expressed modulo 180 deg, and are obtained taking into account the effect of D0-D0bar mixing
The construction of Karen Karnak: The multi-author-function
No full textThis thesis is situated within the comparatively recent developments of Web 2.0 and the emergence of interactive WikiMedia, and explores the mode of authorship within a Read/Write culture compared to that of a Read/Only tradition. The hypothesis of this study is that the role of the audience has become merged with the author, and as such, represents new functions and attributes, distinct from a more conventional concept of authorship, in which the roles of audience and author are more separate. Read/Write and participatory culture, as defined by this study, is focused on collaboration, and includes the influences of D.I.Y. culture, Open-Source practices and the production of text by multiple authors. Multi-authorship presents a re-thinking of several concepts which support the notion of the individual author, since the focus of multi-authorship is not on attribution and ownership of a finished text, but on the continued malleability of a text. Modes of multi-authorship, demonstrated in the use of the pseudonyms Alan Smithee and Karen Eliot, represent declarative authors whose names signify multiple origins, whilst concurrently indicating a distinct body of work. The function of these names form an important context to this study, since primary research involves the construction of an experimental mode of multi-authorship utilising WikiMedia technology and the interaction of thirty nine participants, who are invited to create a body of work under the collective pseudonym Karen Karnak. The data generated by this experiment is analysed using aspects of Michel Foucault's author-function to identify and determine power structures inherent in the WikiMedia context. The interplay of power structures, including concepts such as identity, ownership and the body of work, affect the resulting mode of authorship and contribute to the construction of Karen Karnak, suggesting further areas of research into the emerging multi-author
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