13 research outputs found
Reserve of ice in glaciers on the Nordenskiöld Land, Spitsbergen, and their changes over the last decades
Get PDFData on thickness and area of 16 glaciers on the Nordenskiöld Land (Svalbard) were obtained in 1999 and 2010–2013. These data were used to determine volume of the glaciers and to establish statistical local relationship between the volume V and the area A (V–A scaling) in the form of the power function V = cAγ, and then to calculate the total ice volume of all 202 glaciers in this area and its changes during the period since 1936 to 2002–2008. The total area of 16 glaciers was 129.9±0.35 km2, 14 of which had areas from 0.2 to 8.1 km2. The two largest ones, the Fridtjof and the West Grenfjord, had the areas 17.5 and 47.3 km2, respectively, and thus occupied about 50% (64.8 km2) of the total area of 16 glaciers. These two glaciers account for 67% of the total measured volume (10,034 km3) of the 16 glaciers. A nonlinear least-squares method was used to estimate ice reserves in all 202 glaciers from data on the volume and area of 16 glaciers. The relation between volume V and area A of the glaciers (V–A scaling) was obtained as the ratio V = 0.03637A1,283 with 95%‑th confidence intervals of the coefficients с and γ, (0.02303–0,4971) and (1.184–1.381), respectively. This made possible to calculate total volume of 202 glaciers as of 2002-2008 state using data from RGI v.6.0, and that prove to be equal to 32.89 (16.75–56.63) km3. To verify this estimation, we applied the bootstrapping method for chosen 43 glaciers and calculated the volume by means of sequential use of data for large and smaller glaciers. According to this estimate, the total volume of 202 glaciers amounted to 30.34 km3 with a 95% confidence interval of 15.42–44.27 km3, that turned out to be slightly smaller than the volume calculated by nonlinear least squares method basing on measurements on 16 glaciers. Despite the large error (on the average, from −49% to +84%) in estimating the total volume of 202 glaciers in the Nordenskiöld Land, the data obtained were used for assessment of relative changes in the total volume of glaciers in this area over different time intervals. During the period from 1936 to1990 (54 years), the total area of all glaciers reduced from 738.1 to 546.7 km2, and the total volume decreased from 49,205 to 34,857 km3. Similar results for the period 1990–2002–2008 (~15 years) are the total area changes from 546.7 to 507.9 km2 and their total volume - from 34.857 to 32.890 km3. The rate of decrease of the volume for the period 1936–1990 was equal to −0.266 km3/year, for the period 1990–2002–2008 – minus 0.131 km3/year, and as a whole for the studied period (since 1936 to 2002–2008) – minus 0.236 km3/year. The average mass balance in the first period was equal to −0.372 m w.e./year, in the second one −0.224 m w.e./year, and for the whole time −0.342 m w.e./year
Market friction under asymmetric information in the option market
No full textTesis para optar al grado de Magíster en Economía AplicadaMemoria para optar al título de Ingeniero Civil IndustrialEl propósito de esta tesis es estudiar como los market-makers del mercado de opciones de acciones, en estados unidos, ajustan sus precios (bid y ask) debido a los riesgos que están expuestos en el día a día. Esencialmente, Market-makers enfrentan dos tipos de riesgos, inventario e información asimétrica. El primero debido a que no es posible generar carteras completamente cubiertas frente a riesgos de mercado y el segundo se debe a la presencia de inversionistas informados que usan el mercado de opciones como un mecanismo de explotación de su información. Debido a lo anterior, market-makers ajustan los precios de compra y venta, de tal forma de generar un spread que sirva como seguro frente a estos dos riesgos. La literatura a abordado este problema desde hace décadas e inicialmente se había encontrado con la imposibilidad de poder descomponer el bid-ask spread en sus distintos componentes de inventario e información asimétrica. Sin embargo, gracias al desarrollo de los mercados y los avances en generar mercados más transparentes y electrónicos, Muravyev [2016] construyó un marco teórico capaz de descomponer estas componentes, aunque no era capaz de diferenciar los tipos de información que generaban los ajustes. Usando el marco conceptual desarrollado por Muravyev, esta tesis extiende su modelo con el fin de poder separar no solo en inventario e información, sino también en dos tipos de información, información sobre la dirección de la acción y sobre la volatilidad de éste. Gracias a que la volatilidad solo afecta los precios de las opciones en el corto plazo, es posible separarlas usando el mercado de opciones junto con el mercado de acciones. El modelo, junto con el realizado por Muravyev se prueba con datos del mercado de opciones americano de 8 acciones, durante los meses de febrero y marzo de 2017. Siguiendo con lo ya encontrado por Muravyev, los resultados muestran que la presencia de estos riesgos provoca ajustes mayores que los esperados en el mercado de acciones. Sin embargo, a diferencia de Muravyev, los datos muestran que el componente más importante es la información asimétrica, por sobre el inventario. Con respecto al inventario, los resultados del modelo de Muravyev como el nuevo modelo muestran que el impacto no es significativo o solo es significativo en opciones at-the-money. Es posible que éstos se deban a los desarrollos en la industria financiera hechos específicamente para reducir estos costos o resultados específicos de la muestra. Por tanto, se requieren mayores análisis sobre el impacto del inventario con el fin de dilucidar esta interrogante.
Adicionalmente, el modelo propuesto es capaz de separar los tipos de información, mostrando que aproximadamente la mitad del componente de información corresponde a volatilidad. Finalmente, el modelo es aplicado a transacciones que podrían ser parte de straddles, encontrando una mayor presencia de información de volatilidad, siguiendo con lo esperado teóricamente.The purpose of this thesis is to study how market-makers of the US equity option’s markets adjust their prices (Bid and ask) due to their risk they face every day. Mainly, Market-makers face two types of risk, inventory, and asymmetric information. The first one because their portfolio cannot be fully hedged under market risk. The second, due to the presence of informed investors that could use the option’s market as a mechanism to exploit their information. Therefore, market-makers adjust their bid and ask prices, generating a spread that could be used as insurance under those two risks. The literature has studied this topic for decades, and initially have found that the decomposition of the bid-ask spread in their different components of inventory and asymmetric information, was unfeasible. Nevertheless, thanks to the market developments and their advance in transparency and liquidity, Muravyev [2016] build a theoretical framework able to decompose those components. However, his approach was not able to differentiate between different types of asymmetric information. Using Muravyev’s framework, this thesis extends his model to decompose the asymmetric information into underlying information and volatility information. Since volatility only affects option’s prices in the short term, it is possible to separate both types of information using the option’s market with the underlying equity market. The extended model and Muravyev’s model are tested using market data of equity’s option of 8 stocks, during February and March of 2017. Following Muravyev’s findings, the results show that the presence of this risk causes larger adjustments in the option’s market than in the stock market. Nevertheless, contrary to Muravyev, our data show that the most important component is asymmetric information rather than inventory. Following the inventory analysis, the extended model and the Muravyev’s model show that inventory impact is not significant or only significant in at-the-money options. Possible reasons for that are the developments in the finance industry explicitly made to reduce the inventory costs or sample-specific results. Therefore, more studies and analysis of inventory risk are required. Also, the extended model can separate both types of information, showing that approximately half of the asymmetric component is related to volatility. Finally, the model is tested to trades that could be part of a straddle strategy, showing a larger presence of volatility information, following with the expected theoretically.Fondecyt # 1190163 e ICM IS13000
<i>Flnc</i> expression impacts mitochondrial function, autophagy, and calcium handling in C2C12 cells
No full textЗапасы льда в ледниках на Земле Норденшельда (Шпицберген) и их изменения за последние десятилетия
Get PDFData on thickness and area of 16 glaciers on the Nordenskiöld Land (Svalbard) were obtained in 1999 and 2010–2013. These data were used to determine volume of the glaciers and to establish statistical local relationship between the volume V and the area A (V–A scaling) in the form of the power function V = cAγ, and then to calculate the total ice volume of all 202 glaciers in this area and its changes during the period since 1936 to 2002–2008. The total area of 16 glaciers was 129.9±0.35 km2, 14 of which had areas from 0.2 to 8.1 km2. The two largest ones, the Fridtjof and the West Grenfjord, had the areas 17.5 and 47.3 km2, respectively, and thus occupied about 50% (64.8 km2) of the total area of 16 glaciers. These two glaciers account for 67% of the total measured volume (10,034 km3) of the 16 glaciers. A nonlinear least-squares method was used to estimate ice reserves in all 202 glaciers from data on the volume and area of 16 glaciers. The relation between volume V and area A of the glaciers (V–A scaling) was obtained as the ratio V = 0.03637A1,283 with 95%‑th confidence intervals of the coefficients с and γ, (0.02303–0,4971) and (1.184–1.381), respectively. This made possible to calculate total volume of 202 glaciers as of 2002-2008 state using data from RGI v.6.0, and that prove to be equal to 32.89 (16.75–56.63) km3. To verify this estimation, we applied the bootstrapping method for chosen 43 glaciers and calculated the volume by means of sequential use of data for large and smaller glaciers. According to this estimate, the total volume of 202 glaciers amounted to 30.34 km3 with a 95% confidence interval of 15.42–44.27 km3, that turned out to be slightly smaller than the volume calculated by nonlinear least squares method basing on measurements on 16 glaciers. Despite the large error (on the average, from −49% to +84%) in estimating the total volume of 202 glaciers in the Nordenskiöld Land, the data obtained were used for assessment of relative changes in the total volume of glaciers in this area over different time intervals. During the period from 1936 to1990 (54 years), the total area of all glaciers reduced from 738.1 to 546.7 km2, and the total volume decreased from 49,205 to 34,857 km3. Similar results for the period 1990–2002–2008 (~15 years) are the total area changes from 546.7 to 507.9 km2 and their total volume - from 34.857 to 32.890 km3. The rate of decrease of the volume for the period 1936–1990 was equal to −0.266 km3/year, for the period 1990–2002–2008 – minus 0.131 km3/year, and as a whole for the studied period (since 1936 to 2002–2008) – minus 0.236 km3/year. The average mass balance in the first period was equal to −0.372 m w.e./year, in the second one −0.224 m w.e./year, and for the whole time −0.342 m w.e./year. Приведены результаты наземных радиолокационных измерений в 1999 и 2010–2013 гг. толщины и объёма 16 ледников на Земле Норденшельда (Шпицберген) с применением статистической связи между объёмом и площадью ледников. Оценены запасы льда во всех 202 ледниках этого района и их изменения за последние десятилетия с использованием данных о площади ледников по состоянию на 1936, 1990, 2002–2008 гг. и на годы радиолокационных измерений
Открытие и исследования ледников Камчатки
Get PDFHistory of finding and investigation of the present-day glaciers of the Kamchatka Peninsula is described. A degree of our knowledge of such glacier characteristics as the mass balance, sizes, and the area fluctuations for the second half of 20th – beginning of 21st century is discussed. A literature on the Kamchatka glaciations is reviewed. In accordance with purposes of the investigations, methods, and volumes of field researches five periods have been separated in the history. Изложена история открытия и исследований современных ледников Камчатки. Обсуждается изученность баланса массы, размеров и колебаний ледников полуострова за вторую половину XX – начало XXI вв. Приведён обзор литературы по изучению оледенения Камчатки. В исследованиях ледников этого района выделено пять периодов, различающихся объёмами выполненных работ, их целями и методами исследований.
Сезонные вариации температуры снежной толщи и теплопроводность снега в районе станции Восток, Антарктида
Get PDFThe data on snow the temperature which was monitored to a depth of 10 m in the vicinity of Vostok Station by the TAUTO autonomous system in 2010–2017 are presented. By analyzing seasonal temperature variations at different depth with the aid of a heat-transfer model we have inferred a relationship between relative thermal conductivity of snow and its porosity at this site. The same approach was also applied to analyze similar data obtained at Dome Fuji station in 1995–1997. It was found that the thermal conductivity of snow layers with identical density is noticeably lower at Dome Fuji than at Vostok, which point to a difference in structural characteristics of snow that determine its thermophysical properties. We demonstrate that the conduction is the dominant heat-transport mechanism which controls the temperature distribution in snow pack on the Antarctic plateau. The obtained parameters of the heat-transfer model can be used for reconstructing the past surface temperature variations from the long-term temperature measurements in the upper 100 m thick layer of the ice sheet
Nonstandard errors
No full textMenkveld, Albert J., Dreber, Anna, Holzmeister, Felix, Huber, Juergen, Johanneson, Magnus, Kirchler, Michael, Razen, Michael, Weitzel, Utz, Abad, David, Abudy, Menachem (Meni), Adrian, Tobias, Ait-Sahalia, Yacine, Akmansoy, Olivier, Alcock, Jamie, Alexeev, Vitali, Aloosh, Arash, Amato, Livia, Amaya, Diego, Angel, James J., Bach, Amadeus, Baidoo, Edwin, Bakalli, Gaetan, Barbon, Andrea, Bashchenko, Oksana, Bindra, Parampreet Christopher, Bjonnes, Geir Hoidal, Black, Jeffrey R., Black, Bernard S., Bohorquez, Santiago, Bondarenko, Oleg, Bos, Charles S., Bosch-Rosa, Ciril, Bouri, Elie, Brownlees, Christian T., Calamia, Anna, Cao, Viet Nga, Capelle-Blancard, Gunther, Capera, Laura, Caporin, Massimiliano, Carrion, Allen, Caskurlu, Tolga, Chakrabarty, Bidisha, Chernov, Mikhail, Cheung, William Ming Yan, Chincarini, Ludwig B., Chordia, Tarun, Chow, Sheung Chi, Clapham, Benjamin, Colliard, Jean-Edouard, Comerton-Forde, Carole, Curran, Edward, Dao, Thong, Dare, Wale, Davies, Ryan J., De Blasis, Riccardo, De Nard, Gianluca, Declerck, Fany, Deev, Oleg, Degryse, Hans, Deku, Solomon, Desagre, Christophe, van Dijk, Mathijs A., Dim, Chukwuma, Dimpfl, Thomas, Dong, Yun Jiang, Drummond, Philip, Dudda, Tom L., Dumitrescu, Ariadna, Dyakov, Teodor, Dyhrberg, Anne Haubo, Dzieliński, Michał, Eksi, Asli, El Kalak, Izidin, ter Ellen, Saskia, Eugster, Nicolas, Evans, Martin D.D., Farrell, Michael, Félez-Viñas, Ester, Ferrara, Gerardo, FERROUHI, El Mehdi, Flori, Andrea, Fluharty-Jaidee, Jonathan, Foley, Sean, Fong, Kingsley Y. L., Foucault, Thierry, Franus, Tatiana, Franzoni, Francesco A., Frijns, Bart, Frömmel, Michael, Fu, Servanna Mianjun, Füllbrunn, Sascha, Gan, Baoqing, Gehrig, Thomas, Gerritsen, Dirk, Gil-Bazo, Javier, Glosten, Lawrence R., Gomez, Thomas, Gorbenko, Arseny, Güçbilmez, Ufuk, Grammig, Joachim, Gregoire, Vincent, Hagströmer, Björn, Hambuckers, Julien, Hapnes, Erik, Harris, Jeffrey H., Harris, Lawrence, Hartmann, Simon, Hasse, Jean-Baptiste, Hautsch, Nikolaus, He, Xue-Zhong 'Tony', Heath, Davidson, Hediger, Simon, Hendershott, Terrence J., Hibbert, Ann Marie, Hjalmarsson, Erik, Hoelscher, Seth, Hoffmann, Peter, Holden, Craig W., Horenstein, Alex R., Huang, Wenqian, Huang, Da, Hurlin, Christophe, Ivashchenko, Alexey, Iyer, Subramanian R., Jahanshahloo, Hossein, Jalkh, Naji, Jones, Charles M., Jurkatis, Simon, Jylha, Petri, Kaeck, Andreas, Kaiser, Gabriel, Karam, Arzé, Karmaziene, Egle, Kassner, Bernhard, Kaustia, Markku, Kazak, Ekaterina, Kearney, Fearghal, van Kervel, Vincent, Khan, Saad, Khomyn, Marta, Klein, Tony, Klein, Olga, Klos, Alexander, Koetter, Michael, Krahnen, Jan Pieter, Kolokolov, Aleksey, Korajczyk, Robert A., Kozhan, Roman, Kwan, Amy, Lajaunie, Quentin, Lam, Full Yet Eric Campbell, Lambert, Marie, Langlois, Hugues, Lausen, Jens, Lauter, Tobias, Leippold, Markus, Levin, Vladimir, Li, Yijie, Li, (Michael) Hui, Liew, Chee Yoong, Lindner, Thomas, Linton, Oliver B., Liu, Jiacheng, Liu, Anqi, Llorente-Alvarez, Jesus-Guillermo, Lof, Matthijs, Lohr, Ariel, Longstaff, Francis A., Lopez-Lira, Alejandro, Mankad, Shawn, Mano, Nicola, Marchal, Alexis, Martineau, Charles, Mazzola, Francesco, Meloso, Debrah C, Mihet, Roxana, Mohan, Vijay, Moinas, Sophie, Moore, David, Mu, Liangyi, Muravyev, Dmitriy, Murphy, Dermot, Neszveda, Gabor, Neumeier, Christian, Nielsson, Ulf, Nimalendran, Mahendrarajah, Nolte, Sven, Nordén, Lars L., O'Neill, Peter, Obaid, Khaled, Ødegaard, Bernt Arne, Östberg, Per, Painter, Marcus, Palan, Stefan, Palit, Imon, Park, Andreas, Pascual Gascó, Roberto, Pasquariello, Paolo, Pastor, Lubos, Patel, Vinay, Patton, Andrew J., Pearson, Neil D., Pelizzon, Loriana, Pelster, Matthias, Pérignon, Christophe, Pfiffer, Cameron, Philip, Richard, Plíhal, Tomáš, Prakash, Puneet, Press, Oliver-Alexander, Prodromou, Tina, Putnins, Talis J., Raizada, Gaurav, Rakowski, David A., Ranaldo, Angelo, Regis, Luca, Reitz, Stefan, Renault, Thomas, Wang, Renjie, Renò, Roberto, Riddiough, Steven, Rinne, Kalle, Rintamäki, Paul, Riordan, Ryan, Rittmannsberger, Thomas, Rodríguez Longarela, Iñaki, Rösch, Dominik, Rognone, Lavinia, Roseman, Brian, Rosu, Ioanid, Roy, Saurabh, Rudolf, Nicolas, Rush, Stephen, Rzayev, Khaladdin, Rzeźnik, Aleksandra, Sanford, Anthony, Sankaran, Harikumar, Sarkar, Asani, Sarno, Lucio, Scaillet, Olivier, Scharnowski, Stefan, Schenk-Hoppé, Klaus Reiner, Schertler, Andrea, Schneider, Michael, Schroeder, Florian, Schuerhoff, Norman, Schuster, Philipp, Schwarz, Marco A., Seasholes, Mark S., Seeger, Norman, Shachar, Or, Shkilko, Andriy, Shui, Jessica, Sikic, Mario, Simion, Giorgia, Smales, Lee A., Söderlind, Paul, Sojli, Elvira, Sokolov, Konstantin, Spokeviciute, Laima, Stefanova, Denitsa, Subrahmanyam, Marti G., Neusüss, Sebastian, Szaszi, Barnabas, Talavera, Oleksandr, Tang, Yuehua, Taylor, Nicholas, Tham, Wing Wah, Theissen, Erik, Thimme, Julian, Tonks, Ian, Tran, Hai, Trapin, Luca, Trolle, Anders B., Valente, Giorgio, Van Ness, Robert A., Vasquez, Aurelio, Verousis, Thanos, Verwijmeren, Patrick, Vilhelmsson, Anders, Vilkov, Grigory, Vladimirov, Vladimir, Vogel, Sebastian, Voigt, Stefan, Wagner, Wolf, Walther, Thomas, Weiss, Patrick, van der Wel, Michel, Werner, Ingrid M., Westerholm, P. Joakim, Westheide, Christian, Wipplinger, Evert, Wolf, Michael, Wolff, Christian C. P., Wolk, Leonard, Wong, Wing-Keung, Wrampelmeyer, Jan, Xia, Shuo, Xiu, Dacheng, Xu, Ke, Xu, Caihong, Yadav, Pradeep K., Yagüe, José, Yan, Cheng, Yang, Antti, Yoo, Woongsun, Yu, Wenjia, Yu, Shihao, Yueshen, Bart Zhou, Yuferova, Darya, Zamojski, Marcin, Zareei, Abalfazl, Zeisberger, Stefan, Zhang, Sarah, Zhang, Xiaoyu, Zhong, Zhuo, Zhou, Z. Ivy, Zhou, Chen, Zhu, Xingyu Sonya, Zoican, Marius, Zwinkels, Remco C.J., Chen, Jian, Duevski, Teodor, Gao, Ge, Gemayel, Roland, Gilder, Dudley, Kuhle, Paul, Pagnotta, Emiliano, Pelli, Michele, Sönksen, Jantje, Zhang, Lu, Ilczuk, Konrad, Bogoev, Dimitar, Qian, Ya, Wika, Hans C., Yu, Yihe, Zhao, Lu, Mi, Michael, Bao, Li, Vaduva, Andreea, Prokopczuk, Marcel, Avetikian, Alejandro, Wu, Zhen-Xing</p
Nonstandard errors
No full textMenkveld, Albert J., Dreber, Anna, Holzmeister, Felix, Huber, Juergen, Johanneson, Magnus, Kirchler, Michael, Razen, Michael, Weitzel, Utz, Abad, David, Abudy, Menachem (Meni), Adrian, Tobias, Ait-Sahalia, Yacine, Akmansoy, Olivier, Alcock, Jamie, Alexeev, Vitali, Aloosh, Arash, Amato, Livia, Amaya, Diego, Angel, James J., Bach, Amadeus, Baidoo, Edwin, Bakalli, Gaetan, Barbon, Andrea, Bashchenko, Oksana, Bindra, Parampreet Christopher, Bjonnes, Geir Hoidal, Black, Jeffrey R., Black, Bernard S., Bohorquez, Santiago, Bondarenko, Oleg, Bos, Charles S., Bosch-Rosa, Ciril, Bouri, Elie, Brownlees, Christian T., Calamia, Anna, Cao, Viet Nga, Capelle-Blancard, Gunther, Capera, Laura, Caporin, Massimiliano, Carrion, Allen, Caskurlu, Tolga, Chakrabarty, Bidisha, Chernov, Mikhail, Cheung, William Ming Yan, Chincarini, Ludwig B., Chordia, Tarun, Chow, Sheung Chi, Clapham, Benjamin, Colliard, Jean-Edouard, Comerton-Forde, Carole, Curran, Edward, Dao, Thong, Dare, Wale, Davies, Ryan J., De Blasis, Riccardo, De Nard, Gianluca, Declerck, Fany, Deev, Oleg, Degryse, Hans, Deku, Solomon, Desagre, Christophe, van Dijk, Mathijs A., Dim, Chukwuma, Dimpfl, Thomas, Dong, Yun Jiang, Drummond, Philip, Dudda, Tom L., Dumitrescu, Ariadna, Dyakov, Teodor, Dyhrberg, Anne Haubo, Dzieliński, Michał, Eksi, Asli, El Kalak, Izidin, ter Ellen, Saskia, Eugster, Nicolas, Evans, Martin D.D., Farrell, Michael, Félez-Viñas, Ester, Ferrara, Gerardo, FERROUHI, El Mehdi, Flori, Andrea, Fluharty-Jaidee, Jonathan, Foley, Sean, Fong, Kingsley Y. L., Foucault, Thierry, Franus, Tatiana, Franzoni, Francesco A., Frijns, Bart, Frömmel, Michael, Fu, Servanna Mianjun, Füllbrunn, Sascha, Gan, Baoqing, Gehrig, Thomas, Gerritsen, Dirk, Gil-Bazo, Javier, Glosten, Lawrence R., Gomez, Thomas, Gorbenko, Arseny, Güçbilmez, Ufuk, Grammig, Joachim, Gregoire, Vincent, Hagströmer, Björn, Hambuckers, Julien, Hapnes, Erik, Harris, Jeffrey H., Harris, Lawrence, Hartmann, Simon, Hasse, Jean-Baptiste, Hautsch, Nikolaus, He, Xue-Zhong 'Tony', Heath, Davidson, Hediger, Simon, Hendershott, Terrence J., Hibbert, Ann Marie, Hjalmarsson, Erik, Hoelscher, Seth, Hoffmann, Peter, Holden, Craig W., Horenstein, Alex R., Huang, Wenqian, Huang, Da, Hurlin, Christophe, Ivashchenko, Alexey, Iyer, Subramanian R., Jahanshahloo, Hossein, Jalkh, Naji, Jones, Charles M., Jurkatis, Simon, Jylha, Petri, Kaeck, Andreas, Kaiser, Gabriel, Karam, Arzé, Karmaziene, Egle, Kassner, Bernhard, Kaustia, Markku, Kazak, Ekaterina, Kearney, Fearghal, van Kervel, Vincent, Khan, Saad, Khomyn, Marta, Klein, Tony, Klein, Olga, Klos, Alexander, Koetter, Michael, Krahnen, Jan Pieter, Kolokolov, Aleksey, Korajczyk, Robert A., Kozhan, Roman, Kwan, Amy, Lajaunie, Quentin, Lam, Full Yet Eric Campbell, Lambert, Marie, Langlois, Hugues, Lausen, Jens, Lauter, Tobias, Leippold, Markus, Levin, Vladimir, Li, Yijie, Li, (Michael) Hui, Liew, Chee Yoong, Lindner, Thomas, Linton, Oliver B., Liu, Jiacheng, Liu, Anqi, Llorente-Alvarez, Jesus-Guillermo, Lof, Matthijs, Lohr, Ariel, Longstaff, Francis A., Lopez-Lira, Alejandro, Mankad, Shawn, Mano, Nicola, Marchal, Alexis, Martineau, Charles, Mazzola, Francesco, Meloso, Debrah C, Mihet, Roxana, Mohan, Vijay, Moinas, Sophie, Moore, David, Mu, Liangyi, Muravyev, Dmitriy, Murphy, Dermot, Neszveda, Gabor, Neumeier, Christian, Nielsson, Ulf, Nimalendran, Mahendrarajah, Nolte, Sven, Nordén, Lars L., O'Neill, Peter, Obaid, Khaled, Ødegaard, Bernt Arne, Östberg, Per, Painter, Marcus, Palan, Stefan, Palit, Imon, Park, Andreas, Pascual Gascó, Roberto, Pasquariello, Paolo, Pastor, Lubos, Patel, Vinay, Patton, Andrew J., Pearson, Neil D., Pelizzon, Loriana, Pelster, Matthias, Pérignon, Christophe, Pfiffer, Cameron, Philip, Richard, Plíhal, Tomáš, Prakash, Puneet, Press, Oliver-Alexander, Prodromou, Tina, Putnins, Talis J., Raizada, Gaurav, Rakowski, David A., Ranaldo, Angelo, Regis, Luca, Reitz, Stefan, Renault, Thomas, Wang, Renjie, Renò, Roberto, Riddiough, Steven, Rinne, Kalle, Rintamäki, Paul, Riordan, Ryan, Rittmannsberger, Thomas, Rodríguez Longarela, Iñaki, Rösch, Dominik, Rognone, Lavinia, Roseman, Brian, Rosu, Ioanid, Roy, Saurabh, Rudolf, Nicolas, Rush, Stephen, Rzayev, Khaladdin, Rzeźnik, Aleksandra, Sanford, Anthony, Sankaran, Harikumar, Sarkar, Asani, Sarno, Lucio, Scaillet, Olivier, Scharnowski, Stefan, Schenk-Hoppé, Klaus Reiner, Schertler, Andrea, Schneider, Michael, Schroeder, Florian, Schuerhoff, Norman, Schuster, Philipp, Schwarz, Marco A., Seasholes, Mark S., Seeger, Norman, Shachar, Or, Shkilko, Andriy, Shui, Jessica, Sikic, Mario, Simion, Giorgia, Smales, Lee A., Söderlind, Paul, Sojli, Elvira, Sokolov, Konstantin, Spokeviciute, Laima, Stefanova, Denitsa, Subrahmanyam, Marti G., Neusüss, Sebastian, Szaszi, Barnabas, Talavera, Oleksandr, Tang, Yuehua, Taylor, Nicholas, Tham, Wing Wah, Theissen, Erik, Thimme, Julian, Tonks, Ian, Tran, Hai, Trapin, Luca, Trolle, Anders B., Valente, Giorgio, Van Ness, Robert A., Vasquez, Aurelio, Verousis, Thanos, Verwijmeren, Patrick, Vilhelmsson, Anders, Vilkov, Grigory, Vladimirov, Vladimir, Vogel, Sebastian, Voigt, Stefan, Wagner, Wolf, Walther, Thomas, Weiss, Patrick, van der Wel, Michel, Werner, Ingrid M., Westerholm, P. Joakim, Westheide, Christian, Wipplinger, Evert, Wolf, Michael, Wolff, Christian C. P., Wolk, Leonard, Wong, Wing-Keung, Wrampelmeyer, Jan, Xia, Shuo, Xiu, Dacheng, Xu, Ke, Xu, Caihong, Yadav, Pradeep K., Yagüe, José, Yan, Cheng, Yang, Antti, Yoo, Woongsun, Yu, Wenjia, Yu, Shihao, Yueshen, Bart Zhou, Yuferova, Darya, Zamojski, Marcin, Zareei, Abalfazl, Zeisberger, Stefan, Zhang, Sarah, Zhang, Xiaoyu, Zhong, Zhuo, Zhou, Z. Ivy, Zhou, Chen, Zhu, Xingyu Sonya, Zoican, Marius, Zwinkels, Remco C.J., Chen, Jian, Duevski, Teodor, Gao, Ge, Gemayel, Roland, Gilder, Dudley, Kuhle, Paul, Pagnotta, Emiliano, Pelli, Michele, Sönksen, Jantje, Zhang, Lu, Ilczuk, Konrad, Bogoev, Dimitar, Qian, Ya, Wika, Hans C., Yu, Yihe, Zhao, Lu, Mi, Michael, Bao, Li, Vaduva, Andreea, Prokopczuk, Marcel, Avetikian, Alejandro, Wu, Zhen-Xing,</p
Сокращение оледенения гор Сунтар-Хаята с середины XX века по 2018 год
Get PDFNew data on the state of the Suntar-Khayata Mountains glaciers in 2018 are presented and changes in the area of glaciers in the second half of the 20th and early 21st centuries are estimated. In 2018, the glaciation of the Suntar-Khayata Mountains was represented by 251 glaciers with a total area of about 133±10 km2. Among the morphological types in this region, the corrie and corrie-hanging glaciers predominate. The largest areas are occupied by valley and compound valley glaciers. The main part (82.7%) of the total area of glaciers is concentrated in the altitude range of 2200–2600 m. The changes in the glaciation area were analyzed over three periods: 1) from 1944–1947 to 2018; 2) from 1944–1947 to 2003; and 3) from 2003 to 2018. During the first one, the area of the glaciers registered in the Glacier Inventory of the USSR decreased from 199 to 132±10 km2, that is, by 67 km2 (33.6%). Of these, 28 km2 was lost in the period from 1944–1947 to 2003, and another 39 km2 in 2003–2018. By 2018, the largest reduction of the area occurred in small glaciers with an area of less than 0.1 km2 (more than 80%), the smallest – in large glaciers with an area exceeding 2 km2 (less than 21%). The glaciers with western aspect were the most reduced (39.9%), and with south–western aspect – the least (25.0%). As compared to the previous period, the significant increase in the rate of the area reduction was found in 2003–2018 – from 0.24% to 1.52% per year. At the beginning of the 21st century, the activation of the process of disintegration of glaciers into smaller fragments was recorded. Thus, the average size of the studied glaciers decreased from 1.03 km2 in 1944–1947 to 0.88 km2 in 2003 and to 0.59 km2 in 2018. The increase in the rate of the area reduction in the Suntar-Khayata Mountains noted in the early 21st century agrees with a stable positive anomaly of summer air temperatures observed from 2007 to 2018. The mean summer air temperature during this period was 12.2 °C, which was by 1 °C higher its average value for 1981– 2010; in 2008 and 2009, the difference reached 2 °C. In combination with the ongoing decrease in winter precipitation, this may be one of the main reasons for the increase in the rate of glacier reductionПриведены данные о морфометрических, морфологических и высотных характеристиках оледенения гор Сунтар-Хаята в 2018 г. Оценены изменения оледенения за три временных периода: c 1944–1947 по 2018 г., c 1944–1947 по 2003 г., с 2003 по 2018 г. Установлено существенное увеличение средней скорости сокращения площади ледников в 2003–2018 гг. по сравнению с периодом c 1944–1947 по 2003 г. В начале XXI в. зафиксирована активизация процесса распада ледников на фрагменты меньшего размера
Non-standard errors
Get PDFIn statistics, samples are drawn from a population in a data-generating process (DGP). Standard errors measure the uncertainty in sample estimates of population parameters. In science, evidence is generated to test hypotheses in an evidence-generating process (EGP). We claim that EGP variation across researchers adds uncertainty: non-standard errors. To study them, we let 164 teams test six hypotheses on the same sample. We find that non-standard errors are sizeable, on par with standard errors. Their size (i) co-varies only weakly with team merits, reproducibility, or peer rating, (ii) declines significantly after peer-feedback, and (iii) is underestimated by participants
