15 research outputs found
PEMBERDAYAAN PEREMPUAN DALAM PENGEMBANGAN EKONOMI KELUARGA MELALUI EKONOMI KREATIF DI DESA WALUR KECAMATAN KRUI SELATAN PESISIR BARAT
No full textABSTRAK
Pemberdayaan perempuan melalui ekonomi kreatif merupakan
langkah strategis untuk meningkatkan peran perempuan dalam
pembangunan ekonomi keluarga dan masyarakat. Ekonomi kreatif
yang mencakup berbagai bidang seperti seni, teknologi, dan kriya
memberikan peluang bagi perempuan untuk meningkatkan
pengetahuan dan keterampilan mereka sehingga berdampak pada
kemajuan ekonomi. Permasalahan yang diambil pada penelitian ini
adalah bagaimana proses pemberdayaan perempuan dalam
pengembangan ekonomi keluarga melalui ekonomi kreatif di Desa
Walur Kecamatan Krui Selatan Pesisir Barat. Tujuan dari penelitian
ini adalah untuk mengetahui proses pemberdayaan perempuan
dalam pengembangan ekonomi keluarga melalui ekonomi kreatif di
Desa Walur Kecamatan Krui Selatan Pesisir Barat.
Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif deskriptif dengan
jenis penelitian field research sedangkan dalam mengumpulkan data
menggunakan metode observasi, wawancara dan dokumentasi.
Selain itu, penulis menggunakan teknik purposive sampling yakni
pengambilan sampel berdasarkan pada pertimbangan dan kriteria
tertentu. Berdasarkan kriteria yang penulis tentukan maka sampel
yang diambil berjumlah 7 orang.
Hasil
penelitian
menunjukkan bahwa pemberdayaan
perempuan melalui pelatihan keterampilan menganyam produk
Kuralin Bag yang dilakukan Bapak Ricky melalui tahap sosialisasi,
tahap pelatihan keterampilan, dan pendampingan usaha telah
meningkatkan pengetahuan, kreatifitas dan keterampilan perempuan
di Desa Walur sehingga berakibat pada meningkatkan pendapatan
dan kemandirian ekonomi masyarakat di Desa Walur. Kegiatan
pemberdayaan yang dilakukan Bapak Ricky memberikan dampak
yang positif terhadap meningkatnya ekonomi keluarga yakni para
perempuan Desa Walur sudah memiliki keahlian dalam menganyam
produk Kuralin Bag dan hasil penjualan produk meningkatkan
pendapatan bagi perempuan sehingga ekonomi keluarga menjadi
berkembang dan lebih baik.
Kata Kunci : Pemberdayaan Perempuan, Ekonomi Kreatif. ABSTRACT
Empowering women through the creative economy is a
strategic step to enhance the role of women in the economic
development of families and communities. Creative economy, which
encompasses various fields such as art, technology, and crafts,
provides opportunities for women to enhance their knowledge and
skills, thereby impacting economic progress. The issue addressed in
this research is how the process of empowering women in the
development of family economy through creative economy in Walur
Village, Krui Selatan District, Pesisir Barat. The objective of this
research is to understand the process of empowering women in the
development of family economy through creative economy in Walur
Village, Krui Selatan District, Pesisir Barat.
This research uses a descriptive qualitative method with a
field research type, while data collection employs observation,
interviews, and documentation methods. Additionally, the author
used purposive sampling technique, which involves selecting
samples based on specific considerations and criteria. Based on the
criteria determined by the author, a sample of 7 individuals was
taken.
The research results show that the empowerment of women
through skill training in weaving Kuralin Bag products conducted
by Mr. Ricky through the stages of socialization, skill training, and
business mentoring has increased the knowledge, creativity, and
skills of women in Walur Village, resulting in increased income and
economic independence for the community in Walur Village. The
empowerment activities carried out by Mr. Ricky have a positive
impact on the improvement of family economies, as the women of
Walur Village now have expertise in weaving Kuralin Bag products,
and the sales of these products have increased their income, leading
to the development and betterment of family economies.
Keywords: Women's Empowerment, Creative Economy
Billiards Gambling in Tengin Baru Village, Kecamatan Sepaku, Penajam Paser Utara District: Permainan Judi Biliar di Desa Tengin Baru Kecamatan Sepaku Kabupaten Penajam Paser Utara
No full textABSTRACT:
This article interprets the game of Billiards Gambling in Tengin Baru Village, Sepaku District, Penajam Paser Utara Regency which is done openly. The social context of the billiard gambling text can be said to be like being in a social space that is starting to open up by the influence of global economic culture, bound by the Anti-Gambling Law, average primary school education levels, the majority of followers of Islam and local tribal values that also prohibit gambling. The Billiards Gambling Game is a combination of three elements, namely: (billiard sports, playing card gambling, buying and selling games). The sport of billiards gambling is used as a mode of outer settlement, art games are used as the core of the game, and both are packaged as entertainment businesses that are subject to buying and selling games. In the players' understanding, Billiards Gambling is transformed into various meanings according to subjectivity such as: hobbies, games, challenging games, professions, entertainment, fun, official games. In the text, the readers of the Biliary Gambling game get an articulation of new meanings that are not always in line with what the original author meant.
ABSTRAK:
Artikel ini menafsir permainan Judi Biliar di Desa Tengin Baru Kecamatan Sepaku Kabupaten Penajam Paser Utara yang di lakukan secara terang-terangan. Konteks sosial dari teks judi biliar ini bisa dikatakan seperti berada di ruang sosial yang mulai terbuka oleh pengaruh budaya ekonomi global, terikat oleh UU Anti Perjudian, tingkat pendidikan rata- rata sekolah dasar, mayoritas penganut islam dan nilai-nilai lokal suku yang juga melarang perjudian. Permainan Judi Biliar adalah perpaduan tiga elemen yaitu: (olahraga biliar, judi kartu remi, permainan jual beli). Olahraga judi biliar digunakan sebagai modus penapakan luar, permainan kartu remi digunakan sebagai inti permainan, dan keduanya dikemas sebagai bisnis hiburan yang tunduk pada permainan jual beli. Dalam pemahaman para pemain, Judi Biliar ini menjelma menjadi beragam makna menurut subyektifitas seperti: hobbi, game, permainan penuh tantangan, profesi, hiburan, iseng-isengan, permainan yang resmi. Di teks para pembaca permainan Judi Biliar mendapatkan artikulasi pemaknaan baru yang tidak selalu sejalan dengan apa maksud awal pengarangnya
An Expert System To Diagnose Bronchitis Disease Using Certainty Factor Method
No full textThis study aims to create an expert system at Rafflesia Hospital of Bengkulu City, based on a website and using the PHP programming language, in diagnosing bronchitis using the certainty factor method, therefore the results of the diagnosis can be first aid when a user or patient suffers from bronchitis. The research method used is the certainty factor method, namely the certainty factor, thus the user or patient can choose. conditions according to the symptoms experienced from bronchitis. The program created is an expert system for diagnosing bronchitis using a website-based certainty factor method so that it can be accessed on laptops, computers, or mobile phones with the condition that it must be connected to the internet. This program can generate a percentage level of the possibility of how many percent of patients suffer from bronchitis, and this program also produces solutions to bronchitis therefore, it can be first aid when the user or patient suffers from bronchitis. Suggestions from the author are for agencies to be able to maintain and always update this expert system program, so then this system can run and be maintained properly
Dynamics of Legal Protection of Customary Land Rights in Batu Belah Village Kampar Regency
No full textThe rights of customary law communities are divided into two, namely individual and communal rights. The land tenure of customary law communities contained in the UUPA is a customary right (territory) to show to the land which is the environmental area of the legal community concerned. One of the problems related to customary land in Batu Belah Village is regarding the boundaries of the land. Unclear customary land boundaries give rise to disputes. The same thing ultimately hinders the process of registering customary land in Batu Belah Village, Kampar Regency. Based on this background, the main issues that the author wants to raise, among others, are first, How is the protection of customary land laws in Batu Belah Village, Kampar Regency? Second, what is the status of customary land in Batu Belah Village, Kampar Regency?, The type of research used by the author is sociological legal research, sociological legal research is also called empirical law research. The results of the study show that Batu Belah Village, Kampar Regency has not been registered because of several constraints. Thus, until now customary land in the region has not had a clear legal basis and is only interpreted on the basis of customary recognition in the sense that it has not received clear legal protection
Analisis Pola Asuh yang Buruk pada Tokoh Ibu Marina pada Anime Takopi's Original Sin Karya Taizan 5
No full textDalam kehidupan rumah tangga, orang tua menjadi peran yang penting dalam perkembangan anak. Salah satu faktornya adalah pola asuh yang diberikan seorang ibu. Dalam dunia film ada animasi pola asuh orang tua seringkali ditunjukkan kepada penonton. Maka penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji dampak pola asuh buruk dari Ibu Marina terhadap anak nya dalam serial anime Takopi’s Original Sin. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah analisis deskriptif kualitatif, yaitu penelitian yang dikaji melalui observasi peneliti. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa keadaan keluarga yang tidak stabil berdampak langsung pada pertumbuhan anak. Perilaku negatif orang tua diikuti dan kekerasan di usia dini muncul sebagai hasilnya. Selain itu, pola asuh tersebut menyebabkan penyaluran trauma psikologis yang signifikan, yang berdampak pada anak dan membentuk kondisi psikologi Marina
Analisis Pendidikan Pondok Pesantren Purbaganal Sosopan bagi Masyarakat Kabupaten Padang Lawas Utara
No full textThis research aims to describe the role of Purbaganal Socopan Islamic Boarding School education for the people of Padang Bolak District, North Padang Lawas Regency, starting from the history of the Islamic Boarding School to the inhibiting factors in the development of this educational institution. The method used by the author in this research is a historical research method using historical methods, by conducting direct observations in the field and interviews. The results of this research describe the history of Islamic boarding schools starting from the Kingdom period, the colonial period, the period before independence to the period after independence. After that, we discuss the history of the Purbaganal Islamic Boarding School, Politeness for the Community of Padang Bolak District, North Padang Lawas Regency, the educational role of the Purbaganal Islamic Boarding School for the Community of Padang Bolak District, North Padang Lawas Regency. The initial aim of establishing this Islamic Boarding School was to bring together young people from Sosopan Village to get to know the school and get a diploma to get job opportunities. The development of this Islamic boarding school is growing very rapidly because the people in Sosopan village have quite good enthusiasm for the establishment of this Islamic boarding school. The obstacles that occur in developing this Islamic boarding school are the lack of educational facilities, differences of opinion between boarding school administrators, funding factors and a lack of teaching staff
Identifikasi Tanaman Obat Indonesia Melalui Citra Daun Menggunakan Metode Convolutional Neural Network (CNN)
No full textIndonesia memiliki sumber daya alam yang melimpah, salah satunya adalah berbagai jenis tanaman. Masyarakat Indonesia telah menggunakan tanaman sebagai obat tradisional sejak jaman dahulu. Pada saat ini, tingkat pengetahuan manusia dalam mengenali jenis tanaman obat semakin menurun, karena keterbatasan memori yang dimiliki oleh manusia. Varietas tanaman obat yang sangat banyak dan beragam menyebabkan masyarakat sulit mengidentifikasi jenis tanaman obat indonesia. Penulis mengidentifikasi jenis tanaman herbal serta khasiatnya, khususnya untuk tanaman herbal yang ada di Indonesia. Metode Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) digunakan pada proses pengenalan tanaman herbal tersebut, karena metode ini cukup handal untuk pengenalan objek. Penulis menggunakan data citra daun sebagai data set yang diperoleh dari Mendeley Data. Penulis juga menggunakan data primer berupa data daun tanaman herbal yang diperoleh dari kampung herbal Surabaya. Tahap pertama adalah melakukan anotasi, melabeli serta menyamakan dimensi terhadap citra yang belum sama. Tahap kedua penulis melakukan pre-training untuk mendapatkan bobot yang akan digunakan sebagai input pada proses transfer learning menggunakan EfficientNetV2 sebagai model dasar. Langkah terakhir adalah melakukan validasi menggunakan data uji. Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa, CNN berhasil digunakan untuk mengidentifikasi tanaman herbal. Pengujian menggunakan confusion matrix terhadap data set yang digunakan pada penelitian ini memperoleh nilai akurasi rata-rata 98%. Abstract Indonesia has abundant natural resources, one of which is various types of plants. Indonesian people have used plants as traditional medicine since ancient times. At this time, human knowledge in recognizing the types of medicinal plants is decreasing due to humans\u27 limited memory. The wide and varied varieties of medicinal plants make it difficult for the public to identify the types of Indonesian medicinal plants. In this study, the authors identified the types of herbal plants and their properties, especially for herbal plants in Indonesia. The Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) method is used in identifying these herbal plants because this method is quite reliable for object recognition. The author uses leaf image data as a data set obtained from Mendeley Data. In addition, the authors also use primary data on herbal plant leaves obtained from the Surabaya herbal village. The first stage is to annotate, label, and equate the dimensions of the images that still need to be the same. In the second stage, the authors conducted pretraining to obtain weights that would be used as input in the transfer learning process using EfficientNetV2 as the basic model. The final step is to validate using test data. This study shows that CNN is successfully used to identify herbal plants Testing using the confusion matrix method for the data set used in this study obtained an average accuracy value of 98%
Estimates of global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and mortality of HIV, 1980-2015 : the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015.
No full textBACKGROUND: Timely assessment of the burden of HIV/AIDS is essential for policy setting and programme evaluation. In this report from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 (GBD 2015), we provide national estimates of levels and trends of HIV/AIDS incidence, prevalence, coverage of antiretroviral therapy (ART), and mortality for 195 countries and territories from 1980 to 2015. METHODS: For countries without high-quality vital registration data, we estimated prevalence and incidence with data from antenatal care clinics and population-based seroprevalence surveys, and with assumptions by age and sex on initial CD4 distribution at infection, CD4 progression rates (probability of progression from higher to lower CD4 cell-count category), on and off antiretroviral therapy (ART) mortality, and mortality from all other causes. Our estimation strategy links the GBD 2015 assessment of all-cause mortality and estimation of incidence and prevalence so that for each draw from the uncertainty distribution all assumptions used in each step are internally consistent. We estimated incidence, prevalence, and death with GBD versions of the Estimation and Projection Package (EPP) and Spectrum software originally developed by the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS). We used an open-source version of EPP and recoded Spectrum for speed, and used updated assumptions from systematic reviews of the literature and GBD demographic data. For countries with high-quality vital registration data, we developed the cohort incidence bias adjustment model to estimate HIV incidence and prevalence largely from the number of deaths caused by HIV recorded in cause-of-death statistics. We corrected these statistics for garbage coding and HIV misclassification. FINDINGS: Global HIV incidence reached its peak in 1997, at 3·3 million new infections (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 3·1-3·4 million). Annual incidence has stayed relatively constant at about 2·6 million per year (range 2·5-2·8 million) since 2005, after a period of fast decline between 1997 and 2005. The number of people living with HIV/AIDS has been steadily increasing and reached 38·8 million (95% UI 37·6-40·4 million) in 2015. At the same time, HIV/AIDS mortality has been declining at a steady pace, from a peak of 1·8 million deaths (95% UI 1·7-1·9 million) in 2005, to 1·2 million deaths (1·1-1·3 million) in 2015. We recorded substantial heterogeneity in the levels and trends of HIV/AIDS across countries. Although many countries have experienced decreases in HIV/AIDS mortality and in annual new infections, other countries have had slowdowns or increases in rates of change in annual new infections. INTERPRETATION: Scale-up of ART and prevention of mother-to-child transmission has been one of the great successes of global health in the past two decades. However, in the past decade, progress in reducing new infections has been slow, development assistance for health devoted to HIV has stagnated, and resources for health in low-income countries have grown slowly. Achievement of the new ambitious goals for HIV enshrined in Sustainable Development Goal 3 and the 90-90-90 UNAIDS targets will be challenging, and will need continued efforts from governments and international agencies in the next 15 years to end AIDS by 2030.Funding: We thank the countless individuals who have contributed to the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Study 2015 in various capacities. We specifically thank Jeffrey Eaton and John Stover. HW and CJLM received funding for this study from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation; the National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health (NIH; R01MH110163); and the National Institute on Aging, NIH (P30AG047845). LJAR acknowledges the support of Qatar National Research Fund (NPRP 04-924-3-251) who provided the main funding for generating the data provided to the GBD-Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation effort. BPAQ acknowledges institutional support from PRONABEC (National Program of Scholarship and Educational Loan), provided by the Peruvian government. DB is supported by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (grant number OPP1068048). JDN was supported in his contribution to this work by a Fellowship from Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia, Portugal (SFRH/BPD/92934/2013). KD is supported by a Wellcome Trust Fellowship in Public Health and Tropical Medicine (grant number 099876). TF received financial support from the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF; project number P300P3-154634). AG acknowledges funding from Sistema Nacional de Investigadores de Panama-SNI. PJ is supported by Wellcome Trust-DBT India Alliance Clinical and Public Health Intermediate Fellowship. MK receives research support from the Academy of Finland, the Swedish Research Council, Alzheimerfonden, Alzheimer's Research & Prevention Foundation, Center for Innovative Medicine (CIMED) at Karolinska Institutet South Campus, AXA Research Fund, Wallenberg Clinical Scholars Award from the Knut och Alice Wallenbergs Foundation, and the Sheika Salama Bint Hamdan Al Nahyan Foundation. AK's work was supported by the Miguel Servet contract financed by the CP13/00150 and PI15/00862 projects, integrated into the National R&D&I and funded by the ISCIII (General Branch Evaluation and Promotion of Health Research), and the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF-FEDER). SML is funded by a National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Clinician Scientist Fellowship (grant number NIHR/CS/010/014). HJL reports grants from the NIHR, EU Innovative Medicines Initiative, Centre for Strategic & International Studies, and WHO. WM is Program analyst, Population and Development, in the Peru Country Office of the United Nations Population Fund, which does not necessarily endorse this study. For UOM, funding from the German National Cohort Consortium (O1ER1511D) is gratefully acknowledged. KR reports grants from NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, NIHR Career Development Fellowship, and Oxford Martin School during the conduct of the study. GR acknowledges that work related to this paper has been done on the behalf of the GBD Genitourinary Disease Expert Group supported by the International Society of Nephrology (ISN). ISS reports grants from FAPESP (Brazilian public agency). RSS receives institutional support from Universidad de Ciencias Aplicadas y Ambientales, UDCA, Bogota Colombia. SS receives postdoctoral funding from the Fonds de la recherche en sante du Quebec (FRSQ), including its renewal. RTS was supported in part by grant number PROMETEOII/2015/021 from Generalitat Valenciana and the national grant PI14/00894 from ISCIII-FEDER. PY acknowledges support from Strategic Public Policy Research (HKU7003-SPPR-12).</p
General and abdominal adiposity and hypertension in eight world regions: a pooled analysis of 837 population-based studies with 7·5 million participants
No full textBackground: Adiposity can be measured using BMI (which is based on weight and height) as well as indices of abdominal adiposity. We examined the association between BMI and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) within and across populations of different world regions and quantified how well these two metrics discriminate between people with and without hypertension. Methods: We used data from studies carried out from 1990 to 2023 on BMI, WHtR and hypertension in people aged 20–64 years in representative samples of the general population in eight world regions. We graphically compared the regional distributions of BMI and WHtR, and calculated Pearson's correlation coefficients between BMI and WHtR within each region. We used mixed-effects linear regression to estimate the extent to which WHtR varies across regions at the same BMI. We graphically examined the prevalence of hypertension and the distribution of people who have hypertension both in relation to BMI and WHtR, and we assessed how closely BMI and WHtR discriminate between participants with and without hypertension using C-statistic and net reclassification improvement (NRI). Findings: The correlation between BMI and WHtR ranged from 0·76 to 0·89 within different regions. After adjusting for age and BMI, mean WHtR was highest in south Asia for both sexes, followed by Latin America and the Caribbean and the region of central Asia, Middle East and north Africa. Mean WHtR was lowest in central and eastern Europe for both sexes, in the high-income western region for women, and in Oceania for men. Conversely, to achieve an equivalent WHtR, the BMI of the population of south Asia would need to be, on average, 2·79 kg/m2 (95% CI 2·31–3·28) lower for women and 1·28 kg/m2 (1·02–1·54) lower for men than in the high-income western region. In every region, hypertension prevalence increased with both BMI and WHtR. Models with either of these two adiposity metrics had virtually identical C-statistics and NRIs for every region and sex, with C-statistics ranging from 0·72 to 0·81 and NRIs ranging from 0·34 to 0·57 in different region and sex combinations. When both BMI and WHtR were used, performance improved only slightly compared with using either adiposity measure alone. Interpretation: BMI can distinguish young and middle-aged adults with higher versus lower amounts of abdominal adiposity with moderate-to-high accuracy, and both BMI and WHtR distinguish people with or without hypertension. However, at the same BMI level, people in south Asia, Latin America and the Caribbean, and the region of central Asia, Middle East and north Africa, have higher WHtR than in the other regions. Funding: UK Medical Research Council and UK Research and Innovation (Innovate UK). © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 licens
Global, regional, national, and selected subnational levels of stillbirths, neonatal, infant, and under‐5 mortality during 1980‐2015 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015
No full textBackground
Established in 2000, Millennium Development Goal 4 (MDG4) catalysed extraordinary political, financial, and social commitments to reduce under-5 mortality by two-thirds between 1990 and 2015. At the country level, the pace of progress in improving child survival has varied markedly, highlighting a crucial need to further examine potential drivers of accelerated or slowed decreases in child mortality. The Global Burden of Disease 2015 Study (GBD 2015) provides an analytical framework to comprehensively assess these trends for under-5 mortality, age-specific and cause-specific mortality among children under 5 years, and stillbirths by geography over time.
Methods
Drawing from analytical approaches developed and refined in previous iterations of the GBD study, we generated updated estimates of child mortality by age group (neonatal, post-neonatal, ages 1–4 years, and under 5) for 195 countries and territories and selected subnational geographies, from 1980–2015. We also estimated numbers and rates of stillbirths for these geographies and years. Gaussian process regression with data source adjustments for sampling and non-sampling bias was applied to synthesise input data for under-5 mortality for each geography. Age-specific mortality estimates were generated through a two-stage age–sex splitting process, and stillbirth estimates were produced with a mixed-effects model, which accounted for variable stillbirth definitions and data source-specific biases. For GBD 2015, we did a series of novel analyses to systematically quantify the drivers of trends in child mortality across geographies. First, we assessed observed and expected levels and annualised rates of decrease for under-5 mortality and stillbirths as they related to the Soci-demographic Index (SDI). Second, we examined the ratio of recorded and expected levels of child mortality, on the basis of SDI, across geographies, as well as differences in recorded and expected annualised rates of change for under-5 mortality. Third, we analysed levels and cause compositions of under-5 mortality, across time and geographies, as they related to rising SDI. Finally, we decomposed the changes in under-5 mortality to changes in SDI at the global level, as well as changes in leading causes of under-5 deaths for countries and territories. We documented each step of the GBD 2015 child mortality estimation process, as well as data sources, in accordance with the Guidelines for Accurate and Transparent Health Estimates Reporting (GATHER).
Findings
Globally, 5·8 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 5·7–6·0) children younger than 5 years died in 2015, representing a 52·0% (95% UI 50·7–53·3) decrease in the number of under-5 deaths since 1990. Neonatal deaths and stillbirths fell at a slower pace since 1990, decreasing by 42·4% (41·3–43·6) to 2·6 million (2·6–2·7) neonatal deaths and 47·0% (35·1–57·0) to 2·1 million (1·8-2·5) stillbirths in 2015. Between 1990 and 2015, global under-5 mortality decreased at an annualised rate of decrease of 3·0% (2·6–3·3), falling short of the 4·4% annualised rate of decrease required to achieve MDG4. During this time, 58 countries met or exceeded the pace of progress required to meet MDG4. Between 2000, the year MDG4 was formally enacted, and 2015, 28 additional countries that did not achieve the 4·4% rate of decrease from 1990 met the MDG4 pace of decrease. However, absolute levels of under-5 mortality remained high in many countries, with 11 countries still recording rates exceeding 100 per 1000 livebirths in 2015. Marked decreases in under-5 deaths due to a number of communicable diseases, including lower respiratory infections, diarrhoeal diseases, measles, and malaria, accounted for much of the progress in lowering overall under-5 mortality in low-income countries. Compared with gains achieved for infectious diseases and nutritional deficiencies, the persisting toll of neonatal conditions and congenital anomalies on child survival became evident, especially in low-income and low-middle-income countries. We found sizeable heterogeneities in comparing observed and expected rates of under-5 mortality, as well as differences in observed and expected rates of change for under-5 mortality. At the global level, we recorded a divergence in observed and expected levels of under-5 mortality starting in 2000, with the observed trend falling much faster than what was expected based on SDI through 2015. Between 2000 and 2015, the world recorded 10·3 million fewer under-5 deaths than expected on the basis of improving SDI alone
