322 research outputs found
The hexosamine biosynthesis pathway and O-GlcNAcylation maintain insulin-stimulated PI3K-PKB phosphorylation and tumour cell growth after short-term glucose deprivation
No full textGlucose provides an essential nutrient source that supports glycolysis and the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP) to maintain tumour cell growth and survival. Here we investigated if short-term glucose deprivation specifically modulates the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/PKB) cell survival pathway. Insulin-stimulated PKB activation was strongly abrogated in the absence of extracellular glucose as a consequence of the loss of insulin-stimulated PI3K activation and short-term glucose deprivation inhibited subsequent tumour cell growth. Loss of insulin-stimulated PKB signalling and cell growth was rescued by extracellular glucosamine and increased flux through the HBP. Disruption of O-GlcNAc transferase activity, a terminal step in the HBP, implicated O-GlcNAcylation in PKB signalling and cell growth. Glycogenolysis is known to support cell survival during glucose deprivation, and in A549 lung cancer cells its inhibition attenuates PKB activation which is rescued by increased flux through the HBP. Our studies show that rerouting of glycolytic metabolites to the HBP under glucose-restricted conditions maintains PI3K/PKB signalling enabling cell survival and proliferation
Differences in Social Preferences - Are They Profitable for the Firm?
No full textThis paper analyzes the impact of heterogeneous (social) preferences on the weighting and combination of performance measures as well as on a firm’s profitability. We consider rivalry, egoism and altruism as extreme forms within the continuum of possible preferences and show that the principal can typically exploit both the altruistic and rivalistic behavior of his agents. Firm profits reach their maximum value if the agents are differentiated as much as possible in their individual characteristics. We provide further insight; namely, that in order to realize these gains in profitability, it is necessary to reallocate participation in performance measures such that competitive agents are privileged as compared to altruistic agents. In this context, stochastic interdependencies are of importance since they yield overlapping functions of the share parameters, causing additional adaptations in the optimal design of the wage compensation system.Social Preferences; Rivalry; Altruism; Egoism; Team Composition; Performance Measurement
Differences in Social Preferences - Are They Profitable for the Firm?
No full textThis paper analyzes the impact of heterogeneous (social) preferences on the weighting and combination of performance measures as well as on a firm’s profitability. We consider rivalry, egoism and altruism as extreme forms within the continuum of possible preferences and show that the principal can typically exploit both the altruistic and rivalistic behavior of his agents. Firm profits reach their maximum value if the agents are differentiated as much as possible in their individual characteristics. We provide further insight; namely, that in order to realize these gains in profitability, it is necessary to reallocate participation in performance measures such that competitive agents are privileged as compared to altruistic agents. In this context, stochastic interdependencies are of importance since they yield overlapping functions of the share parameters, causing additional adaptations in the optimal design of the wage compensation system
Definition, aims, and implementation of GA(2) LEN Urticaria Centers of Reference and Excellence.
No full textBACKGROUND: GA²LEN, the Global Allergy and Asthma European Network, has recently launched a program for the development, interaction, and accreditation of centers of reference and excellence in special areas of allergy embedded in its overall quality management of allergy centers of excellence. The first area chosen is urticaria. Urticaria is a common and debilitating condition and can be a challenge for both patients and treating physicians, especially when chronic. Centers of reference and excellence in urticaria (UCAREs) can help to improve the management of hard-to-treat conditions such as urticaria. AIMS: Here, we describe the aims, the requirements and deliverables, the application process, and the audit and accreditation protocol for GA²LEN UCAREs. RESULTS: The main aims of GA²LEN UCAREs are to provide excellence in urticaria management, to increase the knowledge of urticaria by research and education, and to promote the awareness of urticaria by advocacy activities. To become a certified GA²LEN UCARE, urticaria centers have to apply and fulfill 32 requirements, defined by specific deliverables that are assessed during an audit visit. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: The GA²LEN UCARE program will result in a strong network of urticaria specialists, promote urticaria research, and harmonize and improve urticaria management globally
1963 First Year Students
No full textBlack and white photo; unmounted.Back - Peter Saint, B. Matthews, Ron Leibich, G. Wyatt, Adrian Smith, Mal Cleggett, Jeff Gill, Jim Cawthorne, D. Brain, J. Derham, R. Stephens, Bryan Thomas, C. Downing, Bruce Thyer; middle - Greg Young, Max Clarke, Mal Kuerschner, Jim Hughes, Ed Smulders, Rick Laslett, Ian Wilson, Dave Kidd, B. Spry, Dave Ransom, Napier Mitchell, Keith Cowley, A. Wilkinson, C. Gregson, Dave Kleeman; front - R. Kruimink, Chris O'Donnell, Peter Cocker, B. Skinner, Barry Lawes, G. Dick, Mr. Herriot (Principal), Mr Hiddle (Housemaster), M. Smith, A. Thorpe, Paul Mannion, Len Snell, Geoff Walsh, Bob Sampson, Richard Baldwin; absent - Bruce Shepherd
1963 First Year Students
No full textBlack and white photo; unmounted.Back - Richard Baldwin, D. Brain, M. Clegget, Peter Cocker, G. Dick, C. Downing, Keith Cowley, Jim Cawthorne, Paul Mannion; third row - Chris O'Donnell, F. Kruimink, Dave Kleeman, Dave Kidd, Mal Kuerschner, C. Gregson, Geof Gill, Jim Hughes, Barry Lawes, Napier Mitchell, B. Matthews; second row - Bryan Thomas, Bruce Thyer, Adrian Smith, Peter Saint, M. Smith, Ed Smulders, Len Snell, B. Spry, Greg Young, R. Stephens, A. Thorpe, Bob Sampson; front - Dave Ransom, B. Skinner, Ron Liebich, A. Wilkinson, G. Wyatt, T. Wordley, Bruce Shepherd
Actuation and control for robotic physiotherapy
No full textOver the last few years researchers have developed prototype robots that are capable of administering physiotherapy, however, these devices tend to be complex and
expensive. The use of modem pneumatic servo systems as actuators would make such devices simpler and cheaper. This thesis assesses the feasibility of a pneumatically actuated robotic physiotherapy device through the implementation of force and position control strategies.
Traditional pneumatic servo systems consist of a pneumatic cylinder prone to stiction effects and a single spool valve. Here the performance of modem pneumatic
servo system, consisting of a low friction pneumatic cylinder and two electropneumatic proportional valves has been evaluated. The increased linearity of the modem pneumatic system enabled a self-tuning pole-placement controller to be implemented that would be unsuitable for conventional pneumatic systems. The selftuning pole-placement controller enabled consistent and accurate position control.
Other researchers have achieved force control of pneumatic systems, however their force models are not applicable on this modem configuration. Accurate control of the
servo system force output, while the position of the cylinder piston is fixed, has been achieved through an open-loop force controller, however applications for fixed
position force control are limited. The servo system force output, during motion, has been found to be a function of the piston velocity and input control signal.
A pneumatic robot has been designed and fabricated with a position workspace that enables the average male to perform upper limb reach and retrieve exercises when attached to the robot. The pneumatically actuated robot, combined with a simple three degree-of-freedom force sensor, form a device capable of administering upper-limb robotic physiotherapy. Impedance control has been identified as the most suitable force and position control strategy for implementing physiotherapy.
Applying the impedance control strategy, to a single link of the robot, resulted in accurate implementation of the desired force and position relationship.
Extending the controller to two and three degrees of freedom has resulted in degradation of the controller performance due to limitations of the three degree-offreedom
force sensor. The controller performance is also found to be dependent upon selection of the impedance characteristics. Low stiffness and high damping, along
with high stiffness and high damping have been identified as particular low points in controller performance due to the requirement for the system to provide large forces
with little resulting motion.
It was concluded that the pneumatic robot and impedance control strategy have the potential to administer physiotherapy. However, further work incorporating a force
sensor with greater accuracy that is robust to torque inputs and a rigorous stability analysis would be required before the device could be clinically evaluated
The Developmental Strategies of the Non-Mainstream Medicine Industries– Using Health Food Industry as an Example
No full text中文摘要
近代主流醫療的發展，約有百餘年，醫學教育以科學實證與邏輯推理為基礎，從抗生素的發現到二十一世紀基因體工程及再生醫學的發展，締造了豐碩的成果，使人類壽命延長了一倍，也享受著前所未有的健康狀態。然而疾病的型態改變了，癌症、慢性病、老化、壓力與精神問題，加上人們對更佳健康狀態永無止盡的追求，使得非主流醫療產業，在最近二十年受到了比以往更多的重視，並且蓬勃發展。它們一般被稱為另類及互補性療法，包含了完整另類療法系統、身心醫學系統、操作與身體基礎療法系統、生物基礎療法系統以及能量醫學。更多的資金與科學家投入此一範疇的研究，更多的民眾自付費用採用這些非主流的方式來治療疾病或追求健康，形成相當可觀的經濟規模。
本研究在非主流醫療產業之發展上，首先進行歷史資料分析研究，針對醫療發展史、人類疾病及主要死因之演化、壽命與人口結構之改變及近年來有關非主流醫療及整合醫學發展之國際性文件進行分析比對，釐清非主流醫療產業之歷史角色與發展趨勢，探討美國、澳洲及台灣之非主流醫療產業之特性與發展方向，並選擇屬於生物基礎療法系統中之保健食品產業為例，以美國、日本、中國大陸、及台灣之保健食品產業發展為主軸，分析其市場規模、發展背景與特色、產品與通路、法規面，並探討其產業結構、成敗原因、與發展方向，並對台灣保健食品產業發展策略提出建議，並由此衍申作為非主流醫療產業之發展策略建議。
有關保健食品產業方面，本研究發現(一)全球保健食品產業發展迅速，經濟價值可觀。(二)台灣具保健食品產業發展優勢，應把握發展契機。(三)市場發展策略宜深耕台灣、發展大陸、切入東南亞、佈局整合亞洲。(四)法規發展策略宜加速改革、考慮双軌並行、強化認證管理導向。(五)產品發展策略宜支持實證導向、研發管理、重視顧客價值。(六)整合策略上宜著重產官學水平整合，善用產業分工優勢、落實貿易、研發製造、行銷、策略聯盟與購併並重之發展主軸。
有關非主流醫療產業方面，本研究發現：(一)非主流醫療產業受到比以往更多的重視與投入。(二)互補與另類醫療，可循保健食品產業之軌跡發展。(三)整合醫學將成為未來發展之重要趨勢之一。
關鍵詞：非主流醫療產業、互補與另類醫療、保健食品、健康食品。The Developmental Strategies of the Non-Mainstream Medicine Industries
– Using Health Food Industry as an Example
Abstract
In the development of modern mainstream medicine of the recent hundred years, the medical education has been built on the basis of science and logic. Since the invention of antibiotic in 1929 till the development of genetic engineering and regenerative medicine in 21st century, as a result, human life has been extended twice as long and they have enjoyed health never had before. However the type of disease has also been changed as well. Problems of cancer, chronic disease, degeneracy, and stress/mental issues, in addition to the endless desire of even better health have stimulated the development of Non-mainstream Medicine Industries in the most recent 20 years. They have been called “Alternative and Complementary Medicine”, and involved “Complete Alternative Medical System”, “Mind-Body Medical System”, “Manipulative and Body Based Therapy System”, “Biological Based Therapy System”, and “Energy Medicine”. More and more funding has been invested and scientists have involved in the research of this new arena. Increasing number of people is willing to be treated by the Non-mainstream Medicine in their own expenses. They have formed enormous economies of scale.
For the development of the Non-mainstream Medicine Industries, this research has primarily focused on historic data analysis in the beginning. Author intended to clarify the historic role and developmental trend of the Non-mainstream Medicine Industries by analysis and comparison of “Medication Developmental History’, “Progressive Development of Human Disease and Death Causes”, “Variation of Human Life and Population Structure”, and “International Documentation of the Development of the Non-mainstream Medicine and Integrated Medicine”. This research also intended to explore the developmental trend and the characteristics of the Non-mainstream Medicine Industries in the United States, Australia, and Taiwan. It has selected the Health Care Food Industry, which is under the System of the Biological Basis Treatment, as an example for this research. It would focus on the development of Health Care Food industry in the US, Japan, Mainland China, and Taiwan, to analyze the Market Size, Developmental Background and Uniqueness, Products and Distribution Channels, Legal Aspect; and explore the Industrial Structure, Critical Factors of Success and Failure, and the Directions for Future Development. Finally the author will be making a proposal of Developmental Strategies for Taiwan Health Care Food Industry, and this proposal will be derived as the Developmental Strategies for the Non-mainstream Medicine Industries.
As to the Health Care Food Industry, this research has found the following: (1). The global Health Care Food Industry has been rapidly growing and demonstrated enormous economic value. (2). Taiwan should leverage its developmental advantage in the Health Care Food Industry to catch the opportunity. (3). The market developmental strategy should be in the following: Deeply and Pervasively Focus in Taiwan, Initiate Market Development in Mainland China, Penetrate through South-East Asia Market, and Deployment of Integration in Asia. (4). The Regulation Developmental Strategy should be like: Speeding up the Regulation up-grade, consider Parallel Policy, and focus on the Management of License Qualifications. (5). The Product Developmental Strategy should be supporting Fact Oriented Approaches, R&D Management, Emphasize Customers’ Value. (6). Integrated Strategy should be focusing on the following Developmental Guideline: Horizontal Integration of Industry, Government, and Academy; Leveraging the Advantage of Industrial Value Chain; Realize Trading, R&D and Manufacturing, Marketing and Sales, Strategic Alliance, and Merger & Acquisition.
As to the Non-mainstream Medicine Industries, Findings of this research are in the following: (1). More attention has been paid to and significant investment has also been put in Non-mainstream Medicine Industries. (2). Complementary and Alternative Treatment could also follow the track of Health Care Food Industry. (3). The Integrated Medicine will play an important role in the future developmental trend.
Key Words: Non-mainstream Medicine Industries, Complementary and Alternative Treatment, Health Care Food, Health Food目 錄
第一章 緒論…………………………………………………………1
第一節 研究背景與動機…………………………………………1
第二節 研究問題與目的…………………………………………4
第三節 研究範圍、方法與限制…………………………………5
第四節 研究流程與架構…………………………………………6
第二章 歷史資料分析研究…………………………………………8
第一節 主流與非主流醫療………………………………………8
第二節 醫學史的回顧與比較……………………………………10
第三節 由壽命與死亡原因探討醫學之進步及其限制…………25
第四節 一場永遠沒有結束的戰爭………………………………33
第五節 阿瑪阿塔宣言與整合醫學之發展………………………35
第三章 非主流醫療產業綜述………………………………………38
第一節 非主流醫療之定義與範疇………………………………38
第二節 非主流醫療產業之現狀…………………………………39
第三節 非主流醫療使用概況……………………………………47
第四節 非主流醫療產業之發展與趨勢…………………………52
第五節 保健食品在非主流醫療產業的角色……………………56
第四章 保健食品產業綜述…………………………………………57
第一節 保健食品的定義…………………………………………57
第二節 保健食品之發展特性……………………………………60
第三節 保健食品之產品範疇……………………………………62
第四節 生物科技對保健食品產業之影響………………………65
第五節 小結………………………………………………………67
第五章 海外保健食品產業…………………………………………68
第一節 全球保健食品產業………………………………………68
第二節 美國保健食品產業………………………………………74
1.美國保健食品市場規模………………………………74
2.美國保健食品市場價值鏈與通路……………………80
3.美國保健食品的規管…………………………………81
4.小結……………………………………………………86
第三節 日本保健食品產業………………………………………89
1.日本健康食品市場規模………………………………89
2.市場特色分析…………………………………………95
3.法規發展………………………………………………96
4.日本特定保健用食品市場………………………… 100
5.小結………………………………………………… 104
第四節 中國大陸保健食品產業…………………………… 105
1.市場規模及發展軌跡……………………………… 105
2.法規發展…………………………………………… 114
3.市場特色分析……………………………………… 119
4.小結………………………………………………… 124
第六章 台灣保健食品產業及其發展策略……………………… 126
第一節 台灣保健食品產業………………………………… 126
1.市場狀況………………………………… 126
2.法規發展…………………………………………… 132
3.台灣「健康食品」市場…………………………… 135
4.台灣保健食品市場通路與消費背景…………… 140
第二節 台灣保健食品產業發展契機與優劣勢分析… ………146
第三節 台灣保健食品產業發展策略建議………………… …156
1.立足台灣、發展大陸、切入東南亞
、佈局整合亞洲…………………………… ………156
2.法規改革、双軌並行、認證管理導向………… …162
3.實證導向、研發管理、重視顧客價值………… …164
4.資源整合、產業分工、落實策略主軸………… …167
第七章 結論………………………………………………… ……17
Allergic rhinitis and its impact on asthma (ARIA): achievements in 10 years and future needs
No full textAllergic rhinitis (AR) and asthma represent global health problems for all age groups. Asthma and rhinitis frequently coexist in the same subjects. Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact on Asthma (ARIA) was initiated during a World Health Organization workshop in 1999 (published in 2001). ARIA has reclassified AR as mild/moderate-severe and intermittent/persistent. This classification closely reflects patients' needs and underlines the close relationship between rhinitis and asthma. Patients, clinicians, and other health care professionals are confronted with various treatment choices for the management of AR. This contributes to considerable variation in clinical practice, and worldwide, patients, clinicians, and other health care professionals are faced with uncertainty about the relative merits and downsides of the various treatment options. In its 2010 Revision, ARIA developed clinical practice guidelines for the management of AR and asthma comorbidities based on the Grading of Recommendation, Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) system. ARIA is disseminated and implemented in more than 50 countries of the world. Ten years after the publication of the ARIA World Health Organization workshop report, it is important to make a summary of its achievements and identify the still unmet clinical, research, and implementation needs to strengthen the 2011 European Union Priority on allergy and asthma in children
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