47 research outputs found
Equity and growth in developing countries : old and new perspectives on the policy issues
No full textThe"stylized fact"that distribution must get worse with economic growth in poor countries before it can get better turns out not to be a fact at all. Growth's effects on inequality can go either way and are contingent on several other factors. The authors found no sign in the new cross-country data they assembled that growth has any systematic impact on inequality. Possibly measurement errors confound the true relationship, but they think it more likely that the relationship between growth and distribution is not as simple as some theories have held. Since distribution does not worsen, growth reduces absolute poverty. Indeed, absolute poverty measures typically respond quite elastically to growth, and the benefits are certainly not confined to those near typical poverty lines. Of course, one cannot say that growth always benefits the poor or that none of the poor lose from pro-growth policy reform. Only aggregate effects are studied. But for 17 of the 20 countries for which they assemble quite good data (from at least two surveys since the mid-1980s), the mean and the proportion of people living below $1 a day moved in opposite directions. The gains to poor people from a distribution-neutral growth process will tend to be lower, the higher the extent of initial inequality. A smaller share of total income must imply a smaller absolute gain from a given increment to total income. Compensatory direct interventions can be important, provided they are integrated into a framework of fiscal and monetary discipline. The evidence does not suggest that growth is always distribution-neutral, and it would be wrong to conclude that changes in distribution are of little consequence. The point is not that distribution is irrelevant or that it never changes, but that its changes are roughly uncorrelated with economic growth. There is no intrinsic tradeoff between long-run aggregate efficiency and overall equity. Policies aimed at helping the poor accumulate productive assets--especially policies to improve schooling, health, and nutrition--when adopted in a relatively nondistorted framework, are important instruments for achieving higher growth.Services&Transfers to Poor,Environmental Economics&Policies,Economic Conditions and Volatility,Health Monitoring&Evaluation,Public Health Promotion,Achieving Shared Growth,Inequality,Governance Indicators,Safety Nets and Transfers,Rural Poverty Reduction
Plan de negocio para la creación de una empresa que brinda servicios de implementación de tecnología RPA a demanda para optimizar procesos en la gestión logística de las pymes
No full textEl objetivo del presente plan de negocio es la creación de una empresa que proporcione el servicio de implementación de RPA a demanda para optimizar procesos en la gestión logística de las pymes, proponemos generar valor para los accionistas a través de la prestación de servicios de implementación de RPA mediante la co-creación con los clientes, desde la selección de la herramienta que se utilizará hasta el desarrollo del proceso automatizado, la solución es personalizada y se ajusta a las necesidad y capacidades de cada cliente. El entregable final será un proceso o actividad dentro de la gestión de logística totalmente automatizado, el cual no tendrá intervención humana para su ejecución y se podrá realizar durante cualquier momento del día en el que se requiera. Para lograrlo nos respaldamos en proveedores de RPA líderes y un equipo especializado en gestión logística, brindando la garantía que los procesos a optimizar permitirán un ahorro en tiempo y dinero, así como redireccionar los esfuerzos de los clientes hacia tareas o actividades que les ayudarán a ser más competitivos. Luego de la evaluación económica financiera se concluye que el proyecto es viable al obtener un VAN de S/. 685,081 y una TIR del 172%
Research Governance in Academia: Are there Alternatives to Academic Rankings?
No full textPeer reviews and rankings today are the backbone of research governance, but recently came under scrutiny. They take explicitly or implicitly agency theory as a theoretical basis. The emerging psychological economics opens a new perspective. As scholarly research is a mainly curiosity driven endeavor, we include intrinsic motivation and supportive feedback by the peers as important determinants of scholarly behavior. We discuss whether a stronger emphasis on selection and socialization offers an alternative to the present regime of academic rankings.peer reviews, rankings, research governance, agency theory, psychological economics, new public management, economics of science, control theory
Saving, investment, and growth in developing countries : an overview
No full textThe 1990s have seen renewed interest in themes of economic growth and development. This is a welcome change after a decade and a half during which macroeconomics was dominated by a concern with short-term adjustment and stabilization issues -- and basic problems of growth, capital accumulation, and the generation of savings were largely ignored. The authors draw three general lessons from recent literature on saving, investment, and growth: 1) Despite empirical evidence about virtuous circles of heavy saving and investment and rapid growth, the relationship between the three is complex, with causality running in several different directions; 2) Still, saving often seems to follow, rather than precede, investment and growth, contrary to the Mill-Marshall-Solow interpretation; and 3) investment and innovation are the centerpieces of growth. In this regard, the new literature on growth represents a decided (if unintended) return to tradition initiated by Marx, Schumpeter, and Keynes. Saving may not be the chief driving force behind growth, but ensuring an adequate savings level must remain a central policy concern -- to ensure enough financing for capital accumulation and to prevent inflationary pressures or balance of payments disequilibria or both. And encouraging private saving may be essential to expand investment, considering capital market imperfections and liquidity constraints on firms and households in many developing economies. Four policy conclusions emerge: 1)Public savings does notcrowd out private savings one-to-one, so increasing public saving is an effective direct way to raise national saving; 2) foreign saving should be allowed and encouraged to support domestic investment -- even if it also helps finance consumption -- as long as the macroeconomic and regulatory framework is adequate; 3) higher private saving should not be expected in response to the liberalization of interest rates. Market-determined interest rates will improve financial intermediation, the quality of portfolio choices, and the quality of investment -- but not necessarily the volume of savings. Pension reform may be a better way to mobilize domestic resources; and 4) potentially large externalities associated with investment would seem to suggest the need for an"activist"investment policy. But a better way to promote investment and growth is a supportive policy and institutional environment, ensuring macroeconomic stability, social consensus, and a low cost of doing business.Economic Theory&Research,Environmental Economics&Policies,International Terrorism&Counterterrorism,Achieving Shared Growth,Economic Growth
A New Bismarckian Regime? Path Dependence and Possible Regime Shifts in Korea’s Evolving Pension System
No full textThis paper sheds light on the current state and the likely future development of Korea’s evolving pension system by analyzing it from a comparative perspective. It shows that, because of its many institutional layers, the Korean pension system could evolve into one of several different types of pension regimes: if the National Pension Scheme (NPS) were to continue to be dominant and occupational pensions continued to be marginal, a classic Bismarckian system would emerge; if the NPS were to be significantly reduced and occupational pensions were to be significantly expanded, a Bismarckian-light system would be the outcome; if other changes were to occur—such as the conversion of the basic pension into a universal, poverty-preventing pension and the partial replacement of the NPS by a mandatory personal or occupational-pension scheme—a mixed regime would emerge. The paper argues that the emergence and consolidation of a Bismarckian-style, single-pillar system is more likely than the shift to one of the variants of the multi-pillar system, such as the Bismarckian-light and the mixed regime type. Since there are many sources of path dependence that reinforce the Bismarckian path of development, a shift to a different pension regime is very difficult. For example, large accumulated entitlements and the strong redistributive role of the NPS make it difficult to reduce the public, earnings-related pension program, and significant accumulated entitlements and the important role of the severance pay scheme in company financing also make it difficult to expand occupational pensions.welfare state, pension systems, path dependence, institutional change, Korea
Activation policies in Germany : from status protection to basic income support
No full text"This paper provides an overview of the sequential shift towards activating labour market and social policy in Germany. It not only shows the changes in the instruments of active and passives labour market policies but also analyzes the implications of this change for the political economy, the governance and the legal structure of a 'Bismarckian' welfare state. Our study points at the changes in Germany's status- and occupation-oriented unemployment benefit regime that has been relinquished for a larger share of dependent population. Unemployment insurance benefit duration is shorter now and newly created basic income support for needy persons is not earnings-related anymore. Pressure on unemployed to take up jobs has increased considerably while more persons than before have access to employment assistance. The paper also aims at a preliminary assessment of the effects of activating labour market policy on labour market as well as social outcomes and sets out probable paths of future adaptation." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))Arbeitsmarktpolitik, Sozialpolitik, Reformpolitik, Hartz-Reform, aktivierende Arbeitsmarktpolitik, aktivierende Sozialpolitik, Aktivierung, Leitbild, Wohlfahrtsstaat, Arbeitslosenunterstützung, Sozialleistungen, Leistungsanspruch, Leistungsbezug, Anspruchsvoraussetzung, Leistungshöhe, Grundsicherung nach SGB XII, Grundsicherung nach SGB II, Zielgruppe, Arbeitslosengeld II-Empfänger, Erwerbsfähigkeit, Sanktion, Arbeitslose, Existenzminimum, Eigentum, Berufswahlfreiheit, Arbeitsverwaltung, Kompetenzverteilung, organisatorischer Wandel, Job-Center, ARGE, aktivierende Arbeitsmarktpolitik - Erfolgskontrolle, öffentliche Ausgaben, Armut, politischer Wandel, Politikumsetzung
Explaining agricultural and agrarian policies in developing countries
No full textPolitical outcomes - such as agricultural taxation, subsidization, and the provision of public goods - result from political bargaining among interest groups. Such bargaining is likely to be efficiency-enhancing and growth-enhancing when equally powerful interest groups - aware of the economywide budget constraint and know the economic implications of different policy options - participate, and when impartial institutions are available to enforce decisions. The greater the deviation from these conditions, the greater the potential for efficiency-reducing outcomes, the costs of which will generally fall disproportionately on politically underrepresented or powerless groups. Material conditions of agriculture production - such as spatial dispersion, seasonal work cycles, covariance of risk, and the associated market imperfections - exacerbate the difficulties faced by small producers to engage in collective action. So, despite being generally the economically most efficient form of production, family farmers'ability to counteract the political influence of rural elites and urban dwellers is extremely limited. Lack of independent institutions and clearly defined property rights - and the presence of organizational residues - not only reduce peasants'bargaining power but may also make it more profitable for powerful groups to prefer rent seeking to productive activities. How can these undesirable outcomes be avoided, and how can sustainable policy changes be initiated? Experience indicates that fiscal crises of the state, often triggered or aggravated by an external shock, can cause lasting changes of policies and institutions. By forcing the state to devolve some of its power in exchange for financial assistance to meet its immediate needs, such a crisis can give rise to the emergence of independent legal, political, and economic institutions that are maintained even once the crisis has subsided, External actors that provide resources in terms of crisis and at the same time enhance the scope for politically least vocal parts of civil society to participate in political discourse can have a significant impact on changing policy. The paper discusses in detail the implications for research as well as for policy advice.Labor Policies,Economic Theory&Research,Agricultural Knowledge&Information Systems,Banks&Banking Reform,Environmental Economics&Policies,Environmental Economics&Policies,Economic Theory&Research,Banks&Banking Reform,Agricultural Knowledge&Information Systems,Health Economics&Finance
Perspectivas de transcender na educação no trabalho: tendências da enfermagem latino-americana
No full textTese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciências da Saúde. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Enfermagem.O objetivo deste estudo está em evidenciar as tendências de educação no trabalho na América Latina as quais estão sendo veiculadas nos periódicos de enfermagem, analisando-as crítica e reflexivamente. Na revisão da literatura utilizaram-se autores de diferentes áreas de atuação, em especial da enfermagem. A construção do referencial filosófico teve como base a Teoria Problematizadora de Paulo Freire e a Práxis de Adolfo Sánchez Vázquez, secundados por outros autores. Metodologicamente este estudo pode ser classificado como qualitativo, exploratório, com pesquisa documental. Para organizar os dados da pesquisa foi construído um software que permitiu o armazenamento de dados como: origem dos artigos publicados; formação, titulação e área de atuação dos autores; as revistas foram catalogadas pela denominação, número volume, ISSN, ano, mês e cidade em que foram publicadas. A pesquisa envolveu 18 periódicos que disponibilizam textos integrais e livres, com a revisão de 299 exemplares, 3310 de resumos e palavras chaves, dos quais foram retirados 70 artigos completos sobre a educação no trabalho de 07 diferentes países latino-americanos. Na contextualização do cenário do estudo evidenciaram-se pontos críticos na enfermagem, tais como: diversidade de formação, insuficiência quantitativa e qualitativa de pessoal, migração de enfermeiras, concentração em grandes centros urbanos. Estratégias de resolução a serem implementadas a médio e longo prazo são preconizadas na Agenda de Saúde para América-OPAS/OMS, associações profissionais e de classe, fundações filantrópicas, entre outras. No tratamento dos dados obtidos construíram-se seis categorias e as subseqüentes estruturas de resposta: as tendências de educação no trabalho, educação no trabalho e níveis de práxis, a educação no processo de trabalho na enfermagem, a educação no trabalho e a relação entre cuidar e educar, a educação no trabalho e a construção do conhecimento e a educação no trabalho na perspectiva do empoderamento dos sujeitos. Evidencia-se a possibilidade de transcendência em países como Brasil, Chile, Colômbia e México, em razão da amplitude das propostas de educação, embasamento em teorias educativas, formação, capacitação e titulação de recursos humanos, a articulação entre docência/serviços e as políticas de saúde. Na Argentina as ações educativas estão mais para a conservação em moldes tecnicistas. Em Cuba, a ênfase na obtenção dos resultados reforçam o tecnicismo com viés ideológico, enquanto que no Paraguai as propostas de educação no trabalho são praticamente incipientes. A construção desta pesquisa mostra que as possibilidades de transcendência estão na aproximação de teoria e prática, estruturação dos serviços, com propostas de educação no trabalho que permitam o empoderamento dos sujeitos. The objective of this study is to show the tendencies of education at work in Latin America which are linked with the Nursing periods, analyzing the critics and reflexive. In the revision of the authors literature different areas of actuation were used, especially nursing. The construction of philosophical references has as a base the Problematical Theory of Paulo Freire and the customs of Adolfo Sanchez Vasquez, supported by other authors. Methodologically this study can be classified as qualitative, exploratory, with documental study. To organize the data of the study a software was constructed that permits the storage of data like: the origin of articles published; formation, title and area of actuation of the authors; the magazines were cataloged by denomination, volume number, ISSN, year, month and the city in which they were published. The study involves 18 periods that permits a availability of integral texts and are free, with the revision of 299 examples, 3310 of abstracts and keywords, out of which 70 complete articles on education at work of 07 different Latin # Americans countries. In the contextualization of study scenario we can see the critical points of nursing, like: the diversity of formation, insufficient quantitative and qualitative of people, migration of nurses, concentration in grand urban centers. The strategy and resolution that are to be implemented in medium and long period are pre agenda in the Health Agenda for America # OPAS / OMS, professionals associations and the class, philanthropic foundations, among others. In the treatment of data obtained six categories are constructed and next structures of reply: the tendency of education at work, education at work and the level of the practice, education in the work process in nursing, education at work is the relation between care and educate, education at work is the construction of knowledge and education at work in the perspective of empowerment of people. As shown the possibility of transcending of countries like Brazil, Chile, Colombia and Mexico, in the light of the amplitude of the education proposal, based on educative theories, formation, capacity and titled of human resources, the articulation between docent/services and the health political. In Argentina the educative actions are more of conservation in technical model. In Cuba, the emphasis in obtaining of results reforces the technical with ideological line while in Paraguai the proposals of education at work are practicalment incipient. The construction of this study shows the possibility of transcendences are in the approximation of theory and practical, construction of services, with proposals of education at work that permits the empowerment of people
Evidence for the 125 GeV Higgs boson decaying to a pair of τ leptons
No full textOpen Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC-BY 4.0), which permits any use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited.A search for a standard model Higgs boson decaying into a pair of τ leptons is performed using events recorded by the CMS experiment at the LHC in 2011 and 2012. The dataset corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 4.9 fb−1 at a centre-of-mass energy of 7 TeV and 19.7 fb−1 at 8 TeV. Each τ lepton decays hadronically or leptonically to an electron or a muon, leading to six different final states for the τ -lepton pair, all considered in this analysis. An excess of events is observed over the expected background contributions, with a local significance larger than 3 standard deviations for m H values between 115 and 130 GeV. The best fit of the observed H → τ τ signal cross section times branching fraction for m H = 125 GeV is 0.78 ± 0.27 times the standard model expectation. These observations constitute evidence for the 125 GeV Higgs boson decaying to a pair of τ leptons
