51 research outputs found
POLA PENGGUNAAN OBAT, OBAT TRADISIONAL DAN CARA TRADISIONAL DALAM PENGOBATAN SENDIRI DI INDONESIA
No full textThe National Socio-Economic Survey data 2001 has been analyzed to obtain information on the pattern of the use of medicine, traditional medicine and traditional methods on self-medication. The target population was 225.057 Indonesians who claimed to be ill in 27provinces except Naggroe Aceh Darussalam and Maluku. The sample was people who took medicine, traditional medicine and or traditional methods on self-medication during the last one month before the survey. The data were analyzed using univariat and proportion method. The result of data analysis were: (1) The percentage of Indonesian people who took medicine on self-medication made a normal curve for age, inversity related with the cost of medication and was higher in the urban area, (2) The percentage of Indonesian people who took traditional medicine and traditional methods on self-medication was correlated with age, duration of illness, medication cost and was higher in rural area, (3) The percentage of Indonesian who took self medication was higher among the lower educated, lower economic status and who have less severe illness, and (4) The percentage of Indonesian who took self-medication has been decreased from 62.2% to 57.7% within 4 years period, especially on the use of medicine, but the use of traditional medicine and traditional method have been increase
Kemandirian dan Ketersediaan Obat Era Jaminan Kesehatan Nasional (JKN): Kebijakan, Harga, dan Produksi Obat
Get PDFNational Health Insurance (JKN) is a guarantee program that provides health protection to participants to obtain health care benefits and protection in meeting the basic health needs provided to everyone who pays contributions or whose contributions are paid by the government. Health insurance coverage includes promotive, preventive, curative and rehabilitative including medicines and medical devices. Since the enactment of JKN on 1 January 2014, the demand for generic drugs has greatly increased. JKN drug independence is needed in terms of drug availability, access and affordability of JKN drug.The aimed of this research is to find out the independence and availability of drugs in the JKN era. The study design was cross sectional by conducting interviews, Round Table Discussion, and tracking secondary data documents.The results of this study obtained government policies related to JKN drug price, especially generic drugs, have not fully considered the interest of community and the interest of the pharmaceutical industry, as well as drug price control policies to ensure the availability of drugs both in number and type in the JKN era, especially generic drugs that have not been optimally accessed by the public.The government needs to encourage the independence of JKN drugs, especially generic drugs that have not been fulfilled, with the development of domestic production of medicinal raw materials to support JKN, which is currently mostly imported and the price of imported raw materials continue to rise.The priority of production of medicinal raw materials based on local extractive and fermentative.
Abstrak
Jaminan Kesehatan Nasional (JKN), merupakan program jaminan yang memberikan perlindungan kesehatan kepada peserta untuk memperoleh manfaat pemeliharaan kesehatan dan perlindungan dalam memenuhi kebutuhan dasar kesehatan yang diberikan kepada setiap orang yang membayar iuran atau yang iurannya dibayar oleh pemerintah. Jaminan pelayanan kesehatan meliputi promotif, preventif, kuratif, dan rehabilitatif, termasuk obat dan alat kesehatan. Sejak diberlakukannya JKN pada 1 Januari 2014, permintaan obat generik sangat meningkat pesat. Kemandirian obat JKN diperlukan dalam hal ketersediaan obat, akses, dan keterjangkauan obat JKN. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui kemandirian dan ketersediaan obat era JKN. Desain penelitian adalah cross sectional, dengan melakukan wawancara, round table discussion, dan penelusuran dokumen data sekunder. Hasil penelitian diperoleh kebijakan pemerintah terkait harga obat JKN khususnya obat generik, belum sepenuhnya mempertimbangkan kepentingan masyarakat dan kepentingan industri farmasi,serta kebijakan pengendalian harga obat untuk menjamin ketersediaan obat baik jumlah dan jenisnya di era JKN, khususnya obat generik, belum optimal diakses oleh masyarakat. Pemerintah perlu mendorong kemandirian obat JKN khususnya obat generik yang belum terpenuhi, dengan pengembangan produksi bahan baku obat dalam negeri untuk mendukung JKN, yang saat ini sebagian besar masih impor dan harga bahan baku impor yang terus naik. Prioritas produksi bahan baku obat yaitu berbasis sumber daya lokal, ekstraktif, dan fermentati
Consumers’ Perception in Pharmacy Services in Three Cities in Indonesia
No full textBetter health services have a strategic role and take part in public health improvement (Blum, 1974). Better quality of pharmacy service and pharmaceutical care may provide public needs and demands, ---which always change and increase, as well as reduce risks, and should be improved continually and be patient (consumer) oriented. To increase the quality of pharmacy service and pharmaceutical care, we need to know what the consumers impression about the pharmacy services they received currently and what the ideal pharmacy is according to consumers opinion. Consumer's impression to pharmacy services in this survey is assessed, based on tangibles dimension (physical facilities, men power etc.), reliability and responsiveness of the services, assurance and empathy. The consumer's impression is categorized as good and bad. Result: overall, 74.5% of consumers had a good impression about the pharmacy although pharmaceutical care they obtained had not yet complied with the community pharmacy standard. In three cities (Jakarta, Yogyakarta, and Makassar), pharmacy services and pharmaceutical care were still based on drug-oriented, and had not yet based on patient/consumer oriented. Pharmaceutical care which fulfilled the community pharmacy standard (such as drug information provided by pharmacist, counseling, medicine use monitoring and treatment evaluation, health promotion and education for patients), had not yet turn out to be a reason for consumers preference of a pharmacy
Kekambuhan pada Pasien Penyalahguna Narkotika, Psikotropika, Zat Adiktif (Napza) Pasca Rehabilitasi: Kebijakan dan Program Penanggulangan
Get PDFAbstract
Narcotics, Psychotropic, and Addictive Substance Abuse (NAPZA) is a problem in Indonesia, one of the consequences is relapse. Relapse is a process where someone has been declared abstinence (recovered) and returns to using drugs. Relapse rates also still high in some countries. Drug users experience a relapse between one month to one year after leaving the treatment program. The aim of this research was to find out the policies and programs related to handling of NAPZA relapse in rehabilitation centers. The study design was cross sectional with qualitative study by conducting round table discussion (RTD) with stakeholders from the National Narcotics Agency (BNN), Drug and Food Control Agency (BPOM), Directorate for Prevention and Control of Mental Health and Drug Problems Ministry of Health, Drug Addiction Hospital, psychiatric practioners, volunteers, and confirmation to the rehabilitation center. The results of study showed that there was no national minimum standard for handling NAPZA relapse. The various relapse definition caused differences in relapse rates. Relapse rate according to Directorate Mental Health and NAPZA of the Ministry of Health in 2018 was 24.3% as rough figures (claim data). NAPZA relapse rates in the National Narcotics Agency, prior to the post rehabilitation program, was 90%, and decreasing to 30% after conducting post-rehabilitation program. While relapse rate in Rehabilitation and Therapy House, Lido Bogor was around 7%. There is no national standard for how many times a drug user is considered a victim or categorized as criminal action. In conclusion, there is Ministries/institutions of egocentrism in handling NAPZA relapse. Ministry of Health emphasizes medical rehabilitation, Ministry of Social emphasizes social rehabilitation, while BNN more comprehensively covering medical rehabilitation, social rehabilitation, and post rehabilitation. Narcotics, psychotropic, and comprehensive precursor control is carried out by the BPOM comprehensively, from imports, production, distribution, delivery and the use. The existence of E-NAPZA, administrative sanctions and criminal sanctions will reduce illicit trafficking and drug abuse. Indonesian Presidential Instruction No. 6 of 2018 concerning the National Action Plan for the Prevention of Eradication of drug abuse and Circulation (P4GN), in ministries/institutions is expected to decrease the number of NAPZA relapse.
Abstrak
Penyalahgunaan Narkotika, Psikotropika, dan Zat Adiktif (NAPZA) merupakan masalah di Indonesia yang salah satu akibatnya yaitu kekambuhan (relapse). Relapse merupakan suatu proses dimana seseorang telah dinyatakan abstinence (pulih) dan kembali menggunakan NAPZA. Angka relapse masih tinggi di beberapa negara. Pengguna NAPZA mengalami kekambuhan antara satu bulan sampai dengan satu tahun setelah keluar dari program pengobatan. Tujuan penelitian adalah untuk mengetahui kebijakan dan program yang terkait dengan penanggulangan relapse NAPZA di panti rehabilitasi. Desain penelitian berupa cross sectional dan studi kualitatif melalui round table discussion (RTD) dengan para pemangku kepentingan yaitu Badan Narkotika Nasional (BNN), Badan Pengawasan Obat dan Makanan (BPOM), Direktorat Pencegahan dan Pengendalian Masalah Kesehatan Jiwa dan NAPZA Kementerian Kesehatan, Rumah Sakit Ketergantungan Obat (RSKO), praktisi kejiwaan, dan relawan, serta konfirmasi ke panti rehabilitasi. Hasil penelitian yang diperoleh menunjukkan belum ada standar minimal nasional untuk penanganan relapse NAPZA. Definisi relapse yang beragam menyebabkan perbedaan angka relapse. Angka relapse di Direktorat Jiwa dan NAPZA Kementerian Kesehatan tahun 2018 yaitu 24,3% sebagai angka kasar (data klaim). Angka relapse NAPZA di BNN sebelum adanya program pasca rehabilitasi yaitu 90% dan setelah ada program pasca rehabilitasi menjadi 30%. Angka relapse di UPT Rumah Rehabilitasi dan Terapi NAPZA, Lido Bogor sekitar 7%. Belum ada standar secara nasional sampai berapa kali seorang penyalahguna NAPZA dianggap sebagai korban atau masuk kategori tindakan pidana. Kesimpulan penelitian menunjukkan adanya egosentrisme di masing-masing kementerian/lembaga dalam melakukan kebijakan penanganan penyalahgunaan NAPZA. Kebijakan Kementerian Kesehatan lebih menekankan pada rehabilitasi medis, Kementerian Sosial menekankan pada rehabilitasi sosial, sedangkan kebijakan BNN lebih komprehensif meliputi rehabilitasi medis, rehabilitasi sosial, dan pasca rehabilitasi. Pengawasan narkotika, psikotropika, dan prekusor komprehensif dilakukan oleh BPOM, mulai dari hulu sampai hilir yaitu dari impor, produksi, penyaluran, penyerahan, dan penggunaan. Aadanya aplikasi E-NAPZA serta sanksi administratif dan pidana dapat mengurangi peredaran gelap dan penyalahgunaan NAPZA. Melalui Instruksi Presiden Republik Indonesia No. 6 Tahun 2018 tentang Rencana Aksi Nasional Pencegahan Pemberantasan Penyalahgunaan dan Peredaran NAPZA dan Prekusor (P4GN) di kementerian/lembaga diharapkan membantu menurunkan angka relapse NAPZA
Situasi Pencatatan dan Pelaporan Efek Samping Alat Kesehatan Beresiko di Rumah Sakit
No full textThe incidences of adverse effects of medical device used in hospitals either as an allergic reaction, user error or as a device malfimction have been much revealed in mass media up to this moment. In an attempt to develop an assessment and monitoring system of risky medical device in hospitals, a study to explore the medical device adverse eflects in type A, B and C hospitals in four provinces (North Sumatera, DKI Jakarta, West and East Java),including psychiatric, Haji and district hospitals which were selected purposively, was carried out in 2006. Data were collected by interview using questionnaire and focus group discussion as well as direct observation. Study results show that in general the number and kind of medical devices depend on the hospital type and status. Hospital of the A type had more medical devices than type B and C hospitals. Psychiatric hospitals had just several risky medical devices, whereas educational hospitals had many more medical devices. Several adverse effects that were found and ever happened concerning the use of risky medical devices are among others the skin inflammation caused by overdoses in thermodermal therapy, renal inflammation and hematoma following the ultrasonic destruction of renal stone, depigmentation of CT scan operator facial skin and symptoms of anemia in radioisotope and X -ray operator
Beauty Clinic Services and Using of Cosmetic for Beauty Clinic Attendees at Jakarta, Indonesia
Get PDFCosmetic is one of pharmaceuticals preparation, with the vigorous cosmetic advertising in print media, electronic media or internet, communities are faced with cosmetics advertising, in which mostly are offering for skin care, especially women to get the skin whiter and brighter. Cosmetic advertising based on Ministry of Health regulation no. 386/Menkes/SK/1994. The objective of this study was to know the beauty clinic services and using of cosmetic for beauty clinic attendees and affecting factors. The assesment was based on qualitative methode at beauty clinic at Jakarta, Indonesia. The data collected was by indepth interview to the beauty clinic attendees, clinical officers and medical doctor as information resourses, and observation of beauty clinic services. Data analysis was done by triangulation. The results shown that characteristics of beauty clinic attendees wer
Profil Kematian Neonatal Berdasarkan Sosio Demografi dan Kondisi Ibu Saat Hamil di Indonesia
Get PDFBackground: Neonatal mortality is the death of an infant who is born alive within 7 days after birth (early neonatal mortality/perinatal), and the death of a baby born alive more than 7 days until approximately 29 days (advanced neonatal mortality). Neonatal deaths (infants aged 28 days) is two thirds of infant mortality, whereas early neonatal mortality/perinatal (infant age of 7) days is two thirds of neonatal deaths. The purpose of this study was to determine neonatal mortality profiles based on socio demografic and the mother condition during pregnancy, and the data based on Riskesdas 2010. Methods: This study used cross sectional design, using data Riskesdas 2010. Result: From the analysis obtained the following results, 144 out of 163 neonatal deaths (88,6%) were the early neonatal deaths (7 days of birth), the remain at 11.45% were advanced neonatal mortality. Most of neonatal deaths occur in fertil maternal age at delivery was mature enough that age group 18-34 years, but mostly with low and medium level of education that is 53% and 43% respectively. Mostly neonatal deaths occur when 2 continous birth delivery happens less than 12 months, total number is 100 (61 3%). Percentage of neonatal mortality is equal between working mothers and non working mothers. From the baby's weight with weight < 2500 grams and > 2500 grams, the percentage is nearly equal at 27-29%. Conclusion: The body weight most neonatal deaths were unknown was no significant difference between early neonatal and late neonatal. There demographic information according to both maternal, infant characteristics, or economic status. It is expected the results of this reseach can be used as reference related neonatal mortality profile and as an input in policy to improve the mother health during maternity and birth delivery and also to reduce the risk of neonatal death
Eksplorasi Pelayanan Informasi Yang Dibutuhkan Konsumen Apotek Dan Kesiapan Apoteker Memberi Informasi Terutama Untuk Penyakit Kronik Dan Degeneratif
Get PDFCurrently, the prevalence of degenerative diseases in Indonesia is increased. The degenerative and chronic diseases need life-long treatment as well as changes in life style. On the other hand, long-life treatment using drugs will develop risks of adverse drug reactions or the possibilities of drug-drug interactions. In these circumstances, the role of a pharmacist is important to providing drug information and counselling, and patient education. However, there is evidence that pharmaceutical care in almost all pharmacies (drug dispensaries) in Indonesia is still “drug-oriented”. Drug information is not adequate and is provided by pharmacy assistants (technicians). In order to implement pharmaceutical care practice that meets the “Standard Competence for Pharmacy Practice” as well as consumer’s expectation, we need to know what is the exactly consumer’s expect in pharmaceutical care, particularly in drug information, and how is the commitment of the pharmacists to provide drug information of degenerative and chronic diseases in pharmaceutical care. For those reasons, a field survey has been carried out in Jakarta, Yogyakarta and Makassar to explore the consumer/patient’s opinions and needs for pharmaceutical care. A focus group discussion has also been done to explore the pharmacist commitment to provide drug information in pharmaceutical care practice. As a result, there is an indication of a discrepancy between the consumer/patient’s need for drug information and the commitment of pharmacists to provide drug information. Consumers have need for more drug information for all aspects including adverse drug reactions, drug interaction, what to do if adverse reaction occurred, duration of any treatments etc., not only drug indication and administration. On the other hand, pharmacists still need more knowledge and continuing education, particularly in pharmacotherapy and pharmacology of drugs used for degenerative and chronic diseases
Faktor-faktor yang Berhubungan dengan Penyalahgunaan Napza pada Siswa Smun Kota Bekasi 2002
Get PDFDrug abuse could be considered as a "chronic endemic disease" in communities because causing addictive mental disturbance. Not only individuals, but also families, communities and even the country suffer from destructive consequences of the abuse. Adolescence is critical transitional year. from childhood to ones' life. The study aimed to get information on factors related to drug abuse (narcotics, psycotropics, and addictive subtances) among public high school (SMU Negeri) students in Bekasi City. It was expected to provide benficial input for education curriculum organizers for prevention of drug abuse among high school students. This was a cross-sectional study. The respondents were 386 high school students in Bekast using multistage sampling procedure. Prevalence rate of drug abuse among the students was 16,8%. In bivariate analysis variables adolescent characteristic (gender, age, knowledge, attitute) and enviromental factors (mother occupation, family harmony, smoking habit in the family, peer, activities in leisure) were significanly assosiated with drug abuse.In the logistic regression analysis, sex, age, knowledge, family communication, peer relationship, and use of leisure time were stgnificantly associated with drug abuse. So it was suggested that the education curriculum organizers promptly finding solutions to prevent drug abuse among high school students by strengthening coordination with parents (for designing extra curriculum activities),Department of Health, Police Department and Ministry of Justice. It recommends researchers to conduct further qualitative studies as a complement to quantitative studies to provide evidences that are needed to support drug abuse prevention program
Analisis dan Implementasi Metode Gabor Filter dan Support Vector Machine pada Klasifikasi Sidik Jari
No full textPengolahan citra digital semakin diminati, salah satunya pada sistem biometrik. Sistem biometrik merupakan sistem dalam pengenalan berdasarkan pola atau ciri khusus yang dimiliki makhluk hidup terutama manusia. Jenis identifikasi biometrik yang umum digunakan adalah pengenalan sidik jari. Sidik jari banyak digunakan dalam kehidupan sehari-hari selama lebih dari 100 tahun karena penerimaan yang tinggi, permanen, akurat, dan keunikan. Kelebihan sidik jari tersebut disebabkan oleh minutiae yang merupakan garis atau guratan pada sidik jari yang berbeda-beda setiap individu. Klasifikasi sidik jari secara umum terbagi menjadi dua tahap yakni ekstraksi fitur serta klasifikasi fitur.
Ektraksi fitur dapat dilakukan dengan cara filter seperti gabor filter dengan empat sudut orientasi yang berkisar 0, 45, 90 dan 135 derajat. Hasil dari ekstraksi ciri akan klasifikasi dengan tujutan identifikasi. Metode Support Vector Machine (SVM) dapat digunakan sebagai classifier untuk sistem biometrik sidik jari. SVM memiliki kernel trick yang berpengaruh pada akurasi yang dihasilkan. Digunakan SVM multiclass metode one-against-all dalam klasfikasi sidik jari untuk 25 kelas. Akurasi terbesar diperoleh oleh kernel Radial Basis Function (RBF) sebesar 73% untuk data awal dan 76% untuk penambahan data augmentas
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