e-Journal Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kesehatan / National Institute of Health Research and Development
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FAKTOR RISIKO PERILAKU MASYARAKAT PADA KEJADIAN LUAR BIASA LEPTOSPIROSIS KABUPATEN KEBUMEN TAHUN 2017
No full textIn 2017, Kebumen District Health Office reported that there has been a significant increase in leptospiral cases. Leptospirosis is an infectious disease caused by pathogenic bacteria of the Leptospira genus, and includes the most common zoonotic disease occurring primarily in tropical countries. Data obtained from Kebumen District Health Office in January-April 2017, total number of cases of leptospirosis as many as 60 cases (40 Positive RDT and with 6 people died (CFR = 9.83) .The purpose of this study to determine the relationship between behavioral factors people with leptospirosis incidence and risk factor scale in Kebumen District. The study used an observational analytic study with case control design The cases were all leptospirosis patients diagnosed clinically with leptospirosis symptoms and laboratory confirmation (+) recorded in the District Health Office Kebumen during the period of January-March 2017, and live in the sub-district with the highest case Control is neighbor of leptospirosis patient who has never suffered from leptospirosis and never experienced symptoms of leptospirosis symptoms The sample in this study amounted to 30 people, consisting of 15 cases and 15 control sample taking using Purposive Sampling method. Data analysis using Chi Square test and Odds Ratio (OR) calculation with 95% significance level. This study indicate that the variables associated with leptospirosis occurrence are variables to the barefoot yard (OR = 2,3, 95%), activity in the rice field (OR = 1,4,95%), and if any open wound is not closed (OR = 1,4; 95%).It is necessary to counsel people to wear footwear when they are laughing / yard and cover open wounds with plaster to prevent leptospira bacteria from entering the body
CATATAN BARU KELELAWAR PEMAKAN NEKTAR (Macroglossus sobrinus) SEBAGAI RESERVOIR LEPTOSPIROSIS DARI INDONESIA
No full textEpidemiologically bats are important sources of leptospirosis transmission because of their size, abundance, distribution, and their connectivity with domestic animals. The research objective was to detect and identify pathogenic Leptospira species from bats in Wonogiri Regency, Central Java and in Muaro Jambi Regency, Jambi. This research is a descriptive study with a cross-sectional design. The study was conducted from February to March 2017. Detection of Leptospira in bats by PCR technique using specific primers for the 16S rRNA gene. Identification of Leptospira species by comparing the sequence of research results with sequences from GenBank using the BLAST program. Results showed 68 caught bats consisting of 7 genera and 11 species. Bats that detected positive Leptospira were 8 bats consisting from 3 species (Macroglossus sobrinus, Cynopterus brachyotis and Eonycteris spelaela). Detection of pathogenic Leptospira in M. sobrinus is a new record in the world esspecially in Indonesia . Identification of Leptospira sequences from bats showed that one sequence had 98% homology with L. borgpetersenii and another sequence had 97% homology with L.kircheneri.
Determinants of asthma among productive age workers in Indonesia
No full textDeterminants of asthma among productive age workers in Indonesia *Center for Health Resources and Services Research and Development National Institute of Health Research and Development Lusianawaty Tana E-mail: [email protected] Asthma is one of the chronic respiratory diseases that often leads to decrease of productivity, loss of income and unemployment, as well as psychosocial and financial problems. The objective of the research was to identify the determinant of asthma of productive age workers in Indonesia using National Health Research (Riskesdas 2013). Samples criterias were 15-64 years old workers across the country. The data were analyzed by complex sample with significance level 0.05 and 95% confidence intervals. Samples that met the criterias were 405.984 people. Determinants of asthma in interest of this research were the areas of residence, age, education, nutritional status, smoking, illumination sources, sex, occupation, ownership index, residence location, slum neighborhood, physical activity, and fuel type usage. (ORadj 1.1-2.1 p≤0.01). The proportion of asthma in eastern region of Indonesia and Java-Bali region was 2.05 and 1.75 higher than Sumatra region respectively. Less nutritional status had asthma proportion of 1.5 times higher than normal. It was concluded that the major determinants of asthma in productive age workers were the area of residence, age, education level, and nutritional status. Improving nutritional status and increasing knowledge about healthy lifestyle should be done as an effort to reduce the occurrence of asthma. Key words: workers, asthma, Indonesia, Riskesdas 201
CYTOKINE RESPONSE OF TNF-α AND IL-4 POST-STIMULATION rESAT-6-CFP-10 FUSION ANTIGEN
No full textIntroduction.Protective immunityof tuberculosis (TB) infection is highly dependent on the balance of Th1 and Th2 cytokines. TNF-α cytokines that produce by Th1 cell retain a latent status, and IL-4 that produce by Th2 aids in the production of antibodies. The recent development of the vaccine candidate shows that rESAT-6-CFP-10 fusion antigen is specific to induce protective immune responses. The objective of the study was to determine the immune response through the differences in levels of TNF-α and IL-4 post-stimulation of rESAT-6-CFP-10 fusion antigen. Method.This study used aquasi experimentaldesignin the laboratoryin vitrowith culturedPBMC ofpatients withnew casesof pulmonaryTB, latent TBandhealthy individuals. Examination ofTNF-α and IL-4 levels was done by ELISA. Results. The highest TNF-α mean levels were 866,05 in the latent TB group, compared to814,56 in active TB and 414,58 in healthy individuals, but were not significantly different. The highest IL-4 mean levels were 1,39 in the active TB group, compared to 0,88 in latent TB and 0,74 in healthy individuals, but were not significantly different. Conclusion. There were no significant differences in levels of TNF-α and IL-4 post-stimulation of rESAT-6-CFP-10 fusion antigens in all three group
Analisis Implementasi Kebijakan Pendayagunaan Sumber Daya Manusia Kesehatan di Puskesmas Daerah Tertinggal, Perbatasan, dan Kepulauan (DTPK)
No full textThe availability of health workers in the public health center (puskesmas) in underdeveloped,borders, and islands region (DTPK) areas is very diverse both in number and type. This studyaimed to analyze implementation of government policy towards the utilization of health humanresources based on competence and incentive in DTPK area. This research was cross sectionalstudy, the primary data was collected by interview to respondents and the secondary data was frompuskesmas reports and district health profiles. Research was conducted for 10 months startingfrom January to October 2011. This research was performed in 4 districts, which were Natuna,Nunukan, Sangihe Island, and Belu. The availability of the number and types of health personnelat DTPK health center were currently not in accordance to the ideal requirements of the Ministry ofHealth policy on the placement of health human resources at the DTPK health center. Competenceof health personnel at DTPK health center was still the basic competence of science accordingto the type of education. The placement of health personnel needs to obtain additional specialcompetencies tailored to the characteristics of the DTPK Puskesmas. The incentives of PTT healthworkers and special assigment is higher compare to the civil servant at DTPK area.AbstrakKetersediaan tenaga kesehatan di puskesmas Daerah Tertinggal, Perbatasan, dan Kepulauan(DTPK) sangat beragam baik jumlah dan jenisnya. Tujuan penelitian adalah menganalisisimplementasi kebijakan pemerintah berkaitan dengan penentuan standar sumber daya manusia(SDM) kesehatan berbasis kompetensi dan pemberian insentif tenaga kesehatan di puskesmasDTPK. Jenis penelitian cross sectional, pengumpulan data primer dengan wawancara kepadaresponden dan data sekunder dari laporan puskesmas dan profil kesehatan kabupaten. Waktupenelitian selama bulan Januari-Oktober 2011. Lokasi penelitian di Kabupaten Natuna, KabupatenNunukan, Kabupaten Kepulauan Sangihe, dan Kabupaten Belu. Ketersediaan jumlah dan jenistenaga kesehatan di puskesmas DTPK saat ini belum sesuai dengan syarat ideal kebijakanKementerian Kesehatan RI tentang penempatan SDM kesehatan di puskesmas DTPK. Kompetensitenaga kesehatan di puskesmas DTPK masih bersifat kompetensi dasar keilmuan sesuai jenispendidikan. Penempatan tenaga kesehatan perlu mendapatkan tambahan kompetensi khususyang disesuaikan dengan karakteristik di puskesmas DTPK. Insentif yang diterima petugaskesehatan PTT lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan gaji yang diterima oleh petugas PNS Puskesmas
PENGETAHUAN, SIKAP, DAN PERILAKU BIDAN PRAKTIK MANDIRI TERHADAP UPAYA KEWASPADAAN UNIVERSAL DI PROVINSI JAWA BARAT DAN KALIMANTAN TIMUR
No full textABSTRACT Healthcare Associated Infection (HAIs) is one of the health problems in the world, including Indonesia. HAIs have direct impacts as an economic burden which in principle, can be prevented if health service facilities consistently implement the program of Prevention and Control of Infection (PCI). Universal precaution is part of PCI efforts in health care facilities. This writing aims to determine knowledge, attitudes, and behavior of midwives related to universal precautions in the prevention of infection in an independent midwife practice. The research was conducted in West Java and East Kalimantan provinces. The research design was cross sectional with quantitative method. The sampling technique was purposive sampling whereas the number of samples was determined based on the minimum sample size of 30 for the correlational descriptive research, and the number of samples was 38 midwives. The results of this study indicate that there was a discrepancy between knowledge, attitude, and behavior of midwives towards the application of universal precautions. In terms of behavior, there are some components of universal precautions with very low percentages, such as using self-protective equipment completely when helping with labor (10.5%), and disposing of sharps collection containers such as syringes into temporary shelters just in time determined (18.4%). Need for capacity building to improve the ability of independent midwives in the application of universal precautions. Keywords: Universal precautions, knowledge, attitudes, behavior of midwives ABSTRAK Penyakit infeksi terkait pelayanan kesehatan atau Healthcare Associated Infection (HAIs) merupakan salah satu masalah kesehatan di berbagai dunia, termasuk Indonesia. HAIs berdampak langsung sebagai beban ekonomi yang secara prinsip, dapat dicegah bila fasilitas pelayanan kesehatan secara konsisten melaksanakan program Pencegahan dan Pengendalian Infeksi (PPI). Kewaspadaan universal (Universal precaution) merupakan bagian dari upaya PPI di sarana pelayanan kesehatan. Penulisan ini berrtujuan untuk mengetahui pengetahuan, sikap, dan perilaku bidan terkait kewaspadaan universal dalam pencegahan infeksi di bidan praktik mandiri. Penelitian dilakukan di Provinsi Jawa Barat dan Kalimantan Timur. Disain penelitian adalah potong lintang dengan metode kuantitatif. Teknik pengambilan sampel dengan cara sampling purposive sedangkan jumlah sampel ditentukan berdasarkan jumlah sampel minimal 30 untuk penelitian deskriptif korelasional, dan diperoleh jumlah sampel sebanyak 38 orang bidan. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa terdapat ketidak sesuaian antara pengetahuan, sikap, maupun perilaku bidan terhadap penerapan kewaspadaan universal. Dalam hal perilaku, terdapat beberapa komponen kewaspadaan universal dengan persentase sangat rendah, seperti menggunakan alat pelindung diri dengan lengkap ketika menolong persalinan (10,5%), dan membuang wadah penampungan sampah benda tajam seperti jarum suntik ke tempat penampungan sementara tepat pada waktu yang sudah ditentukan (18,4%). Perlu adanya capacity building untuk meningkatkan kemampuan bidan praktik mandiri dalam penerapan kewaspadaan universal. Kata kunci: Kewaspadaan universal, pengetahuan, sikap, dan perilaku bida
ISOLASI DAN IDENTIFIKASI SENYAWA KIMIA EKSTRAK HERBA MENIRAN (Phylanthus niruri L.) Isolation and identification of chemical compound from meniran (Phylanthus niruri L.) extract
No full textABSTRACTPhylanthus niruri (Euphorbiaceae) have been used traditionally for kidney disease and bladder failure also for antihepatitisproperties. The aim of the study was to isolate the chemical compound of meniran extract. The isolationwas done by extraction with n-hexane and further fraxination of extract by fast colom cromatography with Silika Gel60 GF254, eluation successively with hexane, toluene, etyl acetat, dichlormetane, by incresing polarity. The chemicalcompound was identified by spectroscopy-MS, IR and UV-Vis. Purity test was done with colom cromatographyuse silica Gel 60, and eluated by hexane-toluene on fraxy of 17-19 and 18-21, the purification fraction 136-137with Spadex column L-20 and eluted with methanol-chloroform. After being recrystalized, fraction 9-17 obtainedisolat A (Rf 0,60), in the form of white hablur with melting point of 60-62°C. Isolat A contains cluster of C=C-, -C=O,alkana with molecule weight of 278. The recrystalization of fraction 18-21 obtained isolat B (Rf 0,52), in the formof white hablur with melting point of 60-62°C, alkane with molecule weight of 418, contains cluster of –CH2, -C=O,-C-O-. From the fraction 136-137 were obtained isolat C (Rf 0,63) in the form of uncolored needle crystal, withmelting point of 94-96°C, having cluster of C-O-, -C=C, and alkane with molecule weight of 418.Key words: Phylanthus niruri L., chemical compound, isolation. ABSTRAKPhylanthus niruri L. (Euphorbiaceae) atau meniran sudah lama digunakan secara tradisional untuk mengobatipenyakit ginjal dan kerusakan kandung kemih, obat penyakit Hepatitis B. Penelitian ini bertujuan untukmelakukan isolasi senyawa kimia ekstrak herba meniran. Isolasi didahului dengan ekstraksi herba menirandengan pelarut n-heksana. Ekstrak yang diperoleh difraksinasi menggunakan kromatografi kolom cepat denganSilika Gel 60 GF254, dielusi dengan n-heksana, toluene, etil asetat, diklorometana dengan peningkatan polaritas.Senyawa yang diperoleh diidentifikasi dengan teknik spektroskopi, MS, IR, UV-Vis. Pemurnian dilakukan dengankromatografi kolom menggunakan silica Gel 60, dielusi dengan heksana-toluena untuk fraksi 17-19 dan fraksi18-21, fraksi 136-137 pemurnian dengan kolom Spadex L-20 dan dielusi dengan metanol-kloroform. Setelahdirekristalisasi fraksi 9-17 diperoleh isolat A (Rf 0,60), berupa hablur putih dengan titik leleh 60-62°C. Isolat Amengandung gugus –C=C-, -C=O, alkana dengan berat molekul 278. Rekristalisasi fraksi 18-21 diperoleh isolatB (Rf 0,52), berupa hablur putih dengan titik leleh 60-62°C, alkana dengan berat molekul 418, mengandunggugus –CH2, -C=O, -C-O-. Dari fraksi 136-137 diperoleh isolat C (Rf 0,63) berupa kristal jarum tidak berwarna,titik leleh 94-96°C, memiliki gugus C-O-, -C=C, alkana dengan berat molekul 418
INFEKSI SERKARIA PADA KEONG Oncomelania hupensis lindoensis DI DAERAH FOKUS DI DATARAN TINGGI NAPU
No full textSchistosomiasis di Indonesia disebabkan oleh cacing trematoda Schistosoma japonicum.Schistosomiasis di Indonesia hanya ditemukan di tiga daerah endemis, yaitu Dataran Tinggi Lindu, Dataran TinggiNapu dan Dataran Tinggi Bada, Provinsi Sulawesi Tengah. Schistosomiasis masih merupakan masalah kesehatan didaerah endemis Napu, Kabupaten Poso, Sulawesi Tengah. Keong Oncomelania hupensis lindoensis, tersebar luas didaerah Napu dan Lindu. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menentukan infection rate serkaria pada keongO.h.lindoensis. Penelitian dilakukan pada bulan Maret sampai Juni tahun 2012. Penelitian dilakukan dengan surveikeong O.h. lindoensis di daerah fokus, kemudian diidentifikasi untuk menentukan ukuran keong, selanjutnyadicrushing untuk menentukan jenis kelamin keong dan keberadaan serkaria dalam keong. Keong dinyatakanterinfeksi apabila di dalam tubuhnya ditemukan serkaria yang merupakan bentuk infektif dari schistosomiasis. Hasilpenelitian menunjukkan bahwa tingkat infeksi serkaria atau infection rate pada keong sebesar 7,3% dari 932 keongyang diperiksa. Berdasarkan ukuran, keong denga ukuran 5 mm pada survei ini menunjukkan angka infeksi palingtinggi dibandingkan ukuran lainnya, yaitu 3,00%. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan bahwa tingkatinfeksi serkaria pada keong O.h.lindoensis masih tinggi (di atas 1%) sehingga diperlukan program pengendaliankeong perantara schistosomiasis yang tepat di daerah tersebut
KAJIAN ASPEK EPIDEMIOLOGI SKABIES PADA MANUSIA
No full textTahun 2013 penyakit kulit infeksi menduduki posisi keempat dari sepuluh besar penyakit dengan jumlah 136.035 kasus di Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Timur. Skabies atau kudis merupakan salah satu jenis penyakit kulit infeksi,disebabkan oleh tungau Sarcoptes scabie.Kejadian skabies sering di jumpai di daerah tropis pada masyarakat yang tinggal di daerah dengan tingkat higiene, sanitasi dan ekonomi rendah. Tulisan ini merupakan kajian pustaka yang tersusun berdasarkan studi kepustakaan dan browsing internet berupa artikel ilmiah hasil penelitian dan artikel ilmiah populer yang ditulis dalam majalah/jurnal ilmiah atau ilmiah populer, laporan hasil penelitian dan survei dan buku teks yang terkait dengan skabies (epidemiologi dan pengendaliannya). Di Indonesia prevalensi skabies tiap daerah bervariasi. Di Pulau Jawa skabies di temukan pada daerah kumuh dan pondok pesantren sedangkan di Nusa Tenggara di temukan di keluarga miskin dan lembaga permasyarakatan.Penularan terjadi melalui kontak langsung dan tidak langung melalui alas tempat tidur dan pakaian penderita dan juga dapat ditularkan dari hewan ke manusia. Pencegahan dapat dilakukan dengan penyuluhan tentang skabies, penemuan dan pengobatan penderita serta menjaga sanitasi lingkungan dan perilaku hidup bersih dan sehat
PROPORSI KEJADIAN SCHISTOSOMIASIS DI DATARAN TINGGI BADA KABUPATEN POSO SULAWESI TENGAH TAHUN 2010
No full textSchistosomiasis di Indonesia disebabkan oleh Schistosoma japonicum dan hanyaditemukan di tiga daerah di Sulawesi Tengah yaitu di Dataran Tinggi Napu, Dataran TinggiLindu dan Dataran Tinggi Bada yang merupakan daerah endemis baru schistosomiasis.Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menilai proporsi kejadian schistosomiasis dan cakupanpegumpulan tinja di Kecamatan Lore Barat Dataran Tinggi Bada. Penelitian ini merupakanpenelitian observasional dengan rancangan cross sectional. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengansurvei tinja pada masyarakat umur dua tahun ke atas pada 6 desa yang ada di Kecamatan LoreBarat Dataran Tinggi Bada. Pemeriksaan tinja menggunakan metode Kato-Katz. Hasilpenelitian menunjukkan proporsi schistosomiasis di Kecamatan Lore Barat yaitu sebesar 5,9%dengan cakupan pengumpulan tinja sebesar 61,1%. Bila dibandingkan dengan proporsi diKecamatan Lore Barat, terdapat tiga desa yang mempunyai proporsi yang lebih tinggi yaitu diDesa Lengkeka sebesar 9,8%, Desa Lelio sebesar 8,2% dan Desa Tomehipi sebesar 6,8%.Cakupan pengumpulan tinja paling tinggi ditemukan di Desa Kageroa yaitu 85% dan palingrendah di Desa Kolori yaitu 49,9%