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KONSEP KEWALIAN IBN TAIMIYYAH (661-728 H/1263-1328 M) PERSPEKTIF EKSISTENSIALISME TEISTIK
Get PDFSainthood (al-walāyah) is a significant concept in Islam. Every Muslim aspires to attain the highest status in the sight of God, and the term given to someone who has reached this status is saint (al-walī). Sainthood is closely related to Sufism. This can be understood by the fact that, from the first generation of Sufis, such as Sahl at-Tustarī (d. 203 H), Ḥakīm at-Tirmiżī (d. 279/285/320 H), to Ibn ‘Aṭā’illah as-Sakandarī (d. 709 H), discussions on the concept of sainthood and its derivative concepts like karāmah (miracles), kashf (unveiling), fanā’ (annihilation), and others, have been explored. Over time, the notion of sainthood has been built with an increasingly essentialist narrative, with excessive sanctification in its concept. In contrast, Ibn Taymiyyah (d. 728 H) introduced a concept of sainthood characterized by existentialism, prioritizing faith and piety in the framework of the Shariah as its main reference, without solely focusing on the construction of sacred narratives. This is evident in his criticism of the Sufi thoughts, especially those of Ibn ‘Arabī (d. 638 H), whom he believed deviated from the Shariah. Thus, what is Ibn Taymiyyah’s concept of sainthood, and how does existentialism manifest in his understanding?
This research will outline Ibn Taymiyyah’s concept of sainthood and analyze it through the lens of theistic existentialism to understand his philosophical framework. This study employs a qualitative approach, specifically a document research method. Through descriptive-analytical methods and a philosophical approach to exploring his ideas, especially in the primary source text al-Furqān baina Auliyā’ ar-Raḥmān wa Auliyā’ asy-Syaiṭān (The Criterion Between the Friends of the Merciful and the Friends of Satan), the author further analyzes it philosophically through the theistic existentialism of Muhammad Iqbal, which includes three stages in the human journey toward authenticity: obedience to the law (iṭā‘āh), self-control (ḍabṭ an-nafs), and vicegerency of God (niyābah ilāhī).
The findings of this research are as follows: First, Ibn Taymiyyah introduced a new paradigm of sainthood, in which faith and piety serve as the foundation that distinguishes the friends of God from the friends of Satan, while emphasizing the importance of the existence of the Shariah of the Prophets and Messengers. Second, an existentialist pattern of thought is present in Ibn Taymiyyah's concept of sainthood, namely, his critique of the essentialist claims of the Sufis in their actions and thoughts, as well as his emphasis on the need for every saint (friend of God) to objectify their religious experiences in the concrete reality of daily life. Thus, Ibn Taymiyyah’s concept of sainthood highlights an existentialist characteristic of religious practice, as opposed to an essentialist one
TEOLOGI KERUKUNAN: BUYA SYAKUR DAN GAGASAN PENANGGULANGAN RADIKALISME BERAGAMA
Get PDFReligious radicalism is a serious problem because it can trigger conflicts between believers. This problem comes from certain religious groups that claim their beliefs are the most correct, such as radical Muslims. Negative behaviors such as the phenomena of blaming others, violence, and even terrorism, occur due to religious radicalism. This research discusses the thoughts of a Muslim scholar named Buya Syakur about the theology of harmony as an effort to overcome religious radicalism. This type of research is a document research with descriptive-analytical method. The primary sources are two videos of Buya Syakur's lectures, Moderasi Beragama Merajut Nasionalisme & Toleransi Beragama and Dialog Kerukunan Islam–Buddha, as well as two of his works entitled Merawat Pluralitas and Berbagi Kebahagiaan: Mengenal Maqom-Maqom Tasawuf. The research findings showed that the concept of theology of harmony perspective of Buya Syakur is divided into three aspects, reviewing the concept of kafir and taqwa, looking critically through the life history of the Prophet Muhammad, and the importance of maintaining plurality and cooperation between religious communities.
Eskatologi Islam: Doktrin Surga dan Neraka Dalam Kitab Daqāiq al-Akhbār Fī Dzikri al-Jannat wa an-Nār
No full textEschatology is one of the most important discussions in the religious field. Eschatology discusses everything related to the state of humans on the last day such as; death, apocalypse, heaven, and hell. In Islam, eschatology is known as al-Ma'ād. Belief in al-Ma'ād is an obligation required by the shari’ah. This study aims to explain the concept of eschatology regarding hell (al-nār) and heaven (al-jannāt) in the book Daqā'iq al-Akhbār Fī Żikri al-Jannāt wa an-Nār by al-Imam Abd ar-Rahīm al-Qāḍi. The research method is descriptive-analytical with a theological approach. The finding of this research is that al-Qāḍī's explanation of the concepts of hell and heaven is narrated with interesting stories with his classification of the two even though there is an exclusive reasoning about the path of salvation in his book. This study still highlights the book in the chapter on hell and heaven only, so the potential for other researchers to explore the ideas in the book further is still wide open in the future.Salah satu pembahasan penting dalam bidang keagamaan adalah eskatologi. Eskatologi membahas segala hal yang berkaitan dengan keadaan manusia pada hari akhir seperti; kematian, kiamat,surga dan neraka. Dalam Islam, eskatologi dikenal dengan istilah al-Ma’ād. Keyakinan atas al-Ma’ād merupakan kewajiban yang diharuskan oleh syairat. Penelitian ini bertujuan memaparkan konsep eskatologi mengenai neraka (al-nār) dan surga (al-jannāt) pada kitab Daqā’iq al-Akhbār Fī Żikri al-Jannāt wa an-Nār karya al-Imam Abd ar-Rahīm al-Qāḍi. Metode penelitian ini adalah deskriptif-analitis disertai pendekatan teologis. Temuan penelitian ini adalah pemaparan al-Qāḍī mengenai konsep neraka dan surga dinarasikan dengan kisah-kisah menarik dengan klasifikasinya atas kedua tersebut secara mendalam meskipun terdapat nalar eksklusif perihal jalan keselamatan dalam karyanya tersebut. Penelitian ini masih menyoroti kitab tersebut dalam bab neraka dan surganya saja sehingga potensi para peneliti lain untuk mengeksplorasi gagasan dalam kitab tersebut lebih lanjut masih terbuka lebar kedepannya
Konsep Ittiḥād dalam Fabel Mantiq at-Ṭair: Pemikiran Tasawuf Falsafi Farīduddīn ‘Aṭār (1145-1221 M)
Get PDFThis article focuses on Farīduddīn ‘Aṭār \u27s philosophy of Sufism, namely the concept of ittihad. His thoughts on ittihad can be explored through his work in the form of a fable entitled Mantiq at-Ṭair (The Deliberation of Birds). The fable tells the story of birds that gather and deliberate to find their King named Simurgh. Everything contained in the work is a reflection of ‘Aṭār \u27s own Sufistic experience in seeking God which is retold through fables. In general, the concept of ittihad was initiated by Abu Yazid al-Bustami, ‘Aṭār developed the concept through his work. Regarding the process of ittihad, in his work ‘Aṭār tells the story of the seven valleys that birds must pass through in search of Simurgh; ṭalab (search), ‘isyq (love), ma\u27rifat (knowledge), istighnā (the absurdity of things around), tawhīd (unity), hīraṭ (confusion), and fana. The valleys are described as challenges that must be overcome by a Sufi who wants to find his God. The journey ends with the transience of the birds (Sufis) towards other than the Simurgh (God) to cause devotion to Him. This research uses descriptive-analytic method with data obtained from relevant literature sources to build structured and systematic findings. The findings in this article show that the concept of ittihad developed by ‘Aṭār emphasizes the aspects of ‘isyq and fana to find God
Female Sufi Authority: Sufi Ideas in Żikr an-Niswah al-Muta‘abbidāt aṣ-Ṣūfiyyāt by as-Sulamī
Get PDFThe ideas of Sufism actually do not recognize the identity of its followers, male or female. Women in Sufism have an important position so that their ideas need to be explored. One of the efforts to find the ideas of female Sufis is through Sufi hagiographic texts (ṭabaqāt). This research discusses the formation of the authority of female Sufis based on their ideas through one of the classic Sufi hagiographic texts by as-Sulamī. This type of research is qualitative, based on document research, and uses the analytical-descriptive method. The primary source is a female Sufi hagiography text by as-Sulamī entitled Żikr an-Niswah al-Muta'abbidāt as-Ṣūfiyyāt. Secondary sources are other classical Sufi hagiography texts such as those by al-Iṣfahānī, al-Harawī, al-Qusyairī, al-Hujwīrī, al-Jāmī, Ibn al-Jauzī, and 'Aṭṭār, as a well as supporting authoritative books and articles. The findings of this study show that, in addition to recognizing the existence of female Sufis, as-Sulamī managed to record their various statements that are full of Sufism ideas and this showed their authority in this tradition. The author collects their Sufism ideas in two main ideas; Tazkiyyah an-Nafs and Sufistic Ethics. The idea of Tazkiyyah an-Nafs is contained in their narratives which envision that humans can establish a positive relationship between themselves and their God. Meanwhile, the idea of Sufistic Ethics is contained in their narratives which discourse that the positive relationship between humans and their God, must form a similar thing between themselves and His creatures. 
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Integrating Sufism and Environmental Ethics: A Comparative Study of al-Qushayrī and Holmes Rolston III
Get PDFAbstract: The global environmental crisis intensifying in our era highlights the need for new conceptual approaches to address this existential issue. This study examines the relationship between environmental ethics and Sufism, based on systemic values inherent in Holmes Roston III and the Sufistic concept of self-purification. This qualitative research employs document analysis, focusing on al-Qushayrī's Subtle Allusions and Holmes Rolston III's Environmental Ethics, analyzed through a comparative framework and supported by secondary data. The study investigates the Sufistic concepts of ascetism, fear of God, and contentment alongside the systemic values of environmental ethics. It proposes the integrative concepts of prevent-repair, care-guard, and conviction-kindness as key outcomes. These findings underscore the importance of environmental ethics, personal spirituality, and intrinsic awareness, providing both theoretical and practical insights.
Contribution: Theoretically, this study advances the integration of Sufism and environmental ethics through combining Sufistic values (internal) with systemic values (external). It provides a framework for cultivating a balanced attitude and a conscious relationship with God, humans, and nature, grounded in Qur’anic principles and ecological awareness
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
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