675 research outputs found
industrial property rights and innovation in China droits de propriete industrielle et innovation en Chine
No full textLa progression du marché en Chine depuis la politique d’ouverture menée par Deng Xiaoping est allée de pair avec la définition de règles et de lois visant à encadrer l’activité de création scientifique et technique, c'est-à-dire de règles de respect de la propriété intellectuelle. Les années 1980 et 1990 ont été celles du rattrapage en matière de propriété intellectuelle, dans la mesure où ce pays s’est doté d’un cadre juridique comparable à celui des pays industriels en adoptant l’ensemble des accords internationaux signés dans ce domaine. Notre objectif est de mettre au jour les conséquences de l’adoption de ce cadre juridique. En particulier, quels en sont les impacts sur l’innovation chinoise ? Est-ce un moyen de favoriser l’investissement local et donc de stimuler l’innovation « endogène » ? Ou bien le respect des règles internationales en matière de propriété intellectuelle et plus particulièrement industrielle (nous nous centrons ici principalement sur le rôle des brevets) a-t-il pour conséquence première de favoriser l’investissement international en Chine ? Nous soulignons dans ce document l’intérêt que constitue une approche systémique du processus d’innovation. Celle-ci découle non pas de la prise en compte d’un seul paramètre - si important soit-il (par exemple le cadre légal de la propriété intellectuelle) - pour expliquer les résultats en termes d’innovation, mais de l’ensemble du fonctionnement du système national d’innovation y compris, dans un contexte de globalisation, ses relations avec les autres systèmes nationaux d’innovation. The market-oriented policy implemented by Deng Xiaoping since the end of the 1970s has led to the determination of laws ruling scientific and technical creation, i.e intellectual property rules. During the 1980s and 1990s, China developed a legal framework of intellectual property (IP) meeting international standards. Our aim in this paper is to discuss the consequences of the implementation of this legal framework. In particular, what are the impacts on Chinese innovation? Is it, as expected by the Chinese government but also as often stressed in the literature on innovation, a way to boost domestic investment and hence endogenous innovation? Or is the implementation of these international rules favouring first and foremost foreign investment in China, as also expected by the Chinese government? This paper supports the idea of the role of a systemic approach to the innovation process as well as the weakness of a too simplistic approach that would consist in linking the IP legal framework to the results in terms of innovation.industrial property rights, innovation, China
Potentialities and opportunities of the Euro as an international currency. Economic Papers No. 115, July 1996
No full textA REE-based zircon geothermometer based on improved lattice strain modeling of zircon-melt REE partition coefficients
No full textSeveral methods for tracing geological processes based on the rare earth element (REE) concentrations in zircon have been proposed in recent years. Application of these methods requires quantitative knowledge of the partition coefficients (D) for the REE between zircon and co-existing phases, which may be melt, fluid, or other minerals. Precisely determining the DREE of zircon, however, is challenging. This is especially true for the light rare earth elements, which generally occur in very low concentrations in zircon. This difficulty can be overcome by modeling DREE using a prediction function based on the crystal lattice strain model. The prediction function is defined by three empirically derived lattice strain parameters: the apparent Young's Modulus E of the Zr site in which the REE resides; the ionic radius r0 of a (fictive) REE optimally fitting into this site; and the maximum partition coefficient D0 of this optimally fitting REE. In principle, these three parameters can be determined by fitting the prediction function to sets of measured DREE. The ionic radii of the REE, however, are all larger than r0 for zircon, commonly resulting in strain model fits yielding physically unrealistic values of r0, in particular. Here, we use a compilation of zircon-melt REE partition coefficients from the literature to establish a new empirical relationship between r0 and E, which is used as an additional constraint during lattice strain model curve fitting. Lattice strain parameters for literature DREE data sets of natural and synthetic zircon samples are calculated using our constraint resulting in a new parametrization of the inverse temperature dependence of D0. This parametrization enables quantitative estimates of REE-based crystallization temperatures of magmatic zircons, complementing estimates based on Ti-in-zircon geothermometry
The role of natural solidification paths on REE partitioning between clinopyroxene and melt
No full textWe document for the first time the role played by natural solidification paths on the partitioning of rare earth elements (REE) between clinopyroxene and melt. To do this, we investigated the compositional variation of clinopyroxenes formed under increasing cooling rate conditions from core to rim of a dike at Mt. Etna volcano. As the rate of cooling increases, clinopyroxenes are progressively depleted in Si + Ca + Mg counter-balanced by enrichments in Al + Na + Ti. Consequently, the concentration of REE in clinopyroxene increases due to an increased ease of locally balancing the excess charge at the M2 site as the number of surrounding tetrahedral aluminium atoms increases. Since Aliv in clinopyroxene is a charge-balancing cation for REE, the partition coefficients (DREE) measured at the dike chilled margin are distinctly higher than those from the dike interior. We conclude that, in naturally solidifying magmas, kinetically controlled cation substitution reactions can be treated in terms of the energetics of the various charge-imbalanced configurations. This finding is corroborated by the near-parabolic dependence of DREE on cation radius due to charge-balance mechanisms described by the lattice strain model
An electron microprobe, LAM-ICP-MS and single-crystal X-ray structure refinement study of the effects of pressure, melt-H2O concentration and fO2 on experimentally produced basaltic amphiboles
No full textAmphiboles were crystallized in sub-liquidus experiments at 0.5-2.0 GPa and 1000-1050 °C from hydrous nepheline basanite and olivine basalt starting compositions. The amphiboles and coexisting (quenched) melts were analysed for major, minor and trace elements by a combination of electron microprobe, laser ablation microprobe and inductively-coupled plasma mass-spectrometry (LAM ICP-MS). Individual amphiboles were also characterized by single-crystal X-ray structure refinement, and empirical estimates of dehydrogenation were obtained based on M1-M2 distances. The amphiboles display compositional variation that can be interpreted as crystal-chemical responses to: (1) increasing pressure, and (2) changes in oxygen fugacity (fO2) and the activity of H 2O. As pressure increases, Al moves from the Tl tetrahedron (where it is replaced by Si) to the octahedral M2 site. This coupled substitution, which implies an increase in coordination number for Al, results in a decrease in the c and b unit-cell edges. The overall decrease in unit-cell volumes is kept small, however, by an increase in the B(Fe, Mg) content with increasing pressure, which in turn decreases the volume occupied by the B-cations but increases the sinß value. In this way, the entrance of minor K at the A site and CI at the 03 site (KdS for both increase with pressure) is allowed, resulting in a slight lengthening of the a edge. The degree of dehydrogenation at 03 correlates inversely with the H2O concentration in coexisting melts. Generally, dehydrogenation is locally balanced by M1Ti, with the Ti excess with respect to 1/2 0 2- ordered at the M2 site. In one sample, crystallized under more oxidizing conditions, 02- is > 2Ti, and local charge balance requires the presence of Fe3+ ordered at the M1 (and M3) sites. DAMPh/melt' values measured for the high field strength elements Ti, Zr, Hf, Nb and Ta (DHFSE) correlate positively with O2- and with [4] A1, suggesting that Ti, Zr, Hf, Nb and Ta (HFSE) are incorporated in both the M l and the M2 sites. Partition coefficients for rare earth elements (DREE) correlate positively with [4] Al and negatively with [6]A1. Increased /O2 results in increased Fe3+, [4])A1 and Dree, but does not produce a noticeable increase in O2- or in DHFSE. © 2007 E. Schweizerbart'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung
The Development of Methods to Estimate and Reduce Design Rework
No full textDesign rework includes unnecessary repetition in design tasks to correct design problems. Resolving design matters in advance, through in-depth understanding of the design planning and rework issues and development of effective predictive tools could contribute to higher business profit margins and a faster product time-to-market. This research aims to develop three novel and structured methods to predict the design rework occurrence and effort at the very early design stage, which may otherwise remain undiscovered until the testing and refinement phase.
The major contribution obtained from the Design Rework Probability of Occurrence Estimation method, DRePOE, is the development of design rework drivers. The developed drivers have been synthesised with data from interview results, direct observations, and archival records obtained from eleven world-class aerospace and automotive components manufacturers. To predict the probability of occurrence, the individual score of each driver was compared against historical records utilising the analogy-based method.
The Design Rework Effort Estimation method, DREE, was developed to interconnect functional structures and identify failure relationships among components. A significant contribution of The DREE method is its capability to assess the design rework effort at the component level under the worst-case scenario.
Next a Prioritisation Design by Design Rework Effort Based method, PriDDREB, was developed to provide a tool to forecast the maximum design rework given the constraint. This method provides a tool to determine and prioritise the components that may require a significant design rework effort.
The three methods developed were validated with an automotive water pump, a turbocharger, and a McPherson strut suspension system in accordance with the validation square method. It is demonstrated that DRePOE, DREE, PriDDREB methods can offer the product design team a means to predict the probability of design rework occurrence and assess the required effort during the testing and refinement phase at the very early design phase
Study of inclusive J / psi production in two photon collisions at LEP-2 with the DELPHI detector
No full textInclusive J/psi production in photon-photon collisions has been observed at LEP II beam energies. A clear signal from the reaction gammagamma → J/psi + X is seen. The number of observed N(J/psi → mu(+)mu(-)) events is 36+/-7 for an integrated luminosity of 617 pb(-1), yielding a cross-section of sigma(J/psi + X) = 45+/-9(stat) +/- 17(syst) pb. Based on a study of the event shapes of different types of gammagamma processes in the PYTHIA program, we conclude that (74+/-22) % of the observed J/psi events are due to 'resolved' photons, the dominant contribution of which is most probably due to the gluon content of the photon
Measurement of the differential cross-sections of inclusive, prompt and non-prompt J|ψ production in proton–proton collisions at √s =7 TeV
No full textThe inclusive J|ψ production cross-section and fraction of J|ψ mesons produced in B-hadron decays are measured in proton–proton collisions at √s =7 TeV with the ATLAS detector at the LHC, as a function of the transverse momentum and rapidity of the J|ψ, using 2.3 pb<sup>−1</sup> of integrated luminosity. The cross-section is measured from a minimum pT of 1 GeV to a maximum of 70 GeV and for rapidities within |y|<2.4 giving the widest reach of any measurement of J|ψ production to date. The differential production cross-sections of prompt and non-prompt J|ψ are separately determined and are compared to Colour Singlet NNLO⋆, Colour Evaporation Model, and FONLL predictions
De identificatie van ruimtelijke systemen voor de analyse van interregionale migratie : theoretische en methodisch-technische overwegingen
No full textAn experimental study of trace element partitioning between zircon and melt as a function of oxygen fugacity
No full textThe partitioning of P, Sc, Ti, Sr, Y, Nb, the rare earth elements (REE), Hf, Ta, Th and U between zircon and a synthetic andesitic melt was determined as a function of oxygen fugacity (fO2) over a range of fourteen log units, from QFM−8 to QFM+6 (where QFM is the quartz-fayalite-magnetite oxygen buffer) at ∼1300 °C and 1 atm, using SIMS and LA–ICP–MS. The partition coefficients of Ce and Eu were found to vary systematically with fO2, relative to those of the other REE, producing Ce and Eu anomalies similar to those that are characteristic of natural igneous zircon. These anomalies coexist at terrestrial fO2s and were used to quantify Eu3+/(Eu2+ + Eu3+) and Ce4+/(Ce3+ + Ce4+) in the melt. The partition coefficients of the redox invariant trivalent cations are in excellent agreement with lattice strain theory. The values of DREE are related to those determined for natural samples by the expected dependence on temperature. The incorporation of REE3+ in zircon was independent of the presence of P. DU/DTh was found to vary systematically with fO2 indicating the presence of U4+, U5+ and U6+ in the melt at terrestrial conditions. DTi was independent of fO2 despite an expectation of significant Ti3+ in the most reduced experiments.</p
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