6 research outputs found
The First Mathematical Book in the Golden Horde State: A Masterpiece of Computational Mathematics (“et-Tuhfe fî ilmi’l-hisâb”) (1)
No full textThe author of this article represents the first example of the scientific activity in the Golden Horde, which began before Janibeg khan and during the reign of his father, Uzbek khan. The composition entitled “Masterpieces in Computational Science” (“et-Tuhfe fî ilmi’l-hisâb”), written in the Golden Horde on a mathematical topic, occupies a special place because of the information contained therein. This treatise, the contents of which will be described below, shows us the following: scientific activity in the Golden Horde, which began with the adoption of Islam, brought results in a short time and laid the foundations for the “breakthrough” during the reign of Janibeg khan.
In the future, the author plans to explore and learn the value of the text for the mathematical sciences from a historical point of view: the computational book “et-Tuhfe fî ilmi’l-hisâb”, whose author is unknown, was handed to the Crimean Governor and right hand’s bey, Ebul-Muzaffer Giyaseddin Tuluktemir bey, during the reign of Uzbek khan (1313–1342). After mentioning the distinguishing features of the work, the author will focus on the definition of numbers, which is attributed to Muhammad b. Musa Al-Khwarizmi, and which, at the moment, is not recorded in any other sources. The author will test ability to understand the evidence used in the calculation, surveying, and algebra, and will consider definitions regarding the theory of numbers. Subsequently, the author will analyze the formula of approximate values of square and cube roots of irrational numbers, proposed by Mohammed al-Khwarizmi, Abdulkadir al-Baghdadi, and a teacher of the author, Saduruddin al-Farazi.
In the first chapter, “Scientific and Philosophical Life in the Golden Horde State” (discussed in detail in this article), the author presents a brief description of the political, economic, and social life in the ulus of Jochi, to proceed to the consideration of the progress of scientific life developed in close connection with Islamic culture since the time of the formation of the Golden Horde. The author presents the writing under consideration in the context of this broad topic, briefly describing its contents. The purpose of this paper is to define scientific environment, which made possible the writing of the “et-Tuhfe fî ilmi’l-hisâb”
Kaynakları ve Etkileri Açısından Ali Kuşçu’nun Sayı Tanımı
No full textBu çalışmada Ali Kuşçu’nun ‘sayı tanımı’, birlik, çokluk, bir, çok, nicelik, toplam, sayma, vb. kavramlar etra- fında ele alınacaktır. Öncelikle konunun önemini tebarüz ettirmek için çağdaş matematik felsefesinde ‘sayı tanımı’ hakkındaki tartışmalara çok kısa bir göz atılacaktır. Akabinde Ali Kuşçu’nun konuyla ilgili yaklaşımı hem el-Mu- hammediyye fi’l-hisâb hem de Şerhu’t-Tecrîd adlı eserleri üzerinden takip edilecek ve düşünceleri çözümlenecektir. Ayrıca, Ali Kuşçu’nun yaklaşımıyla bir mukâyese için Şemseddin İsfehânî’nin Tesdîdü’l-kavâid fî şerhi Tecrîdi’l-akâid adlı şerhi ile Seyyid Şerîf’in Hâşiye’sindeki konuyla ilgili düşünceler kısaca serimlenecektir. Ali Kuşçu’nun temsil ettiği tutumun arka-planı, özellikle Tebriz matematik-astronomi okulu mensuplarının, Nizâmuddin Nîsâbûrî, İbn Havvâm, Kemâluddin Fârisî ile Cemâluddin Turkistânî, Ebü’l-Hasan Behmenî ve Ali b. el-Ğarbî’nin kaleme aldığı eserler ile Ali Kuşçu’nun da üyesi bulunduğu Semerkand matematik-astronomi okulu mensubu Cemşîd Kâşî’nin Miftâhu’l-hussâb adlı kitabı üzerinden inşa edilecektir. Daha sonra, Ali Kuşçu’nun İstanbul’da tetiklediği tartışmanın izleri sürülerek, Fenârîzâde Ali Çelebî gibi matematikçiler ile muhâsebe matematikçisi Kâtib Alâuddin Yusuf‘un konuyla ilgili değerlendirmeleri ele alınacak, tüm bunların Takiyuddin Râsıd’daki izdüşümleri göz önünde bulun- durularak kısa bir değerlendirmesi yapılacaktır
RecruitNet : A global database of plant recruitment networks
No full textPlant recruitment interactions (i.e., what recruits under what) shape the composition, diversity, and structure of plant communities. Despite the huge body of knowledge on the mechanisms underlying recruitment interactions among species, we still know little about the structure of the recruitment networks emerging in ecological communities. Modeling and analyzing the community-level structure of plant recruitment interactions as a complex network can provide relevant information on ecological and evolutionary processes acting both at the species and ecosystem levels. We report a data set containing 143 plant recruitment networks in 23 countries across five continents, including temperate and tropical ecosystems. Each network identifies the species under which another species recruits. All networks report the number of recruits (i.e., individuals) per species. The data set includes >850,000 recruiting individuals involved in 118,411 paired interactions among 3318 vascular plant species across the globe. The cover of canopy species and open ground is also provided. Three sampling protocols were used: (1) The Recruitment Network (RN) protocol (106 networks) focuses on interactions among established plants (“canopy species”) and plants in their early stages of recruitment (“recruit species”). A series of plots was delimited within a locality, and all the individuals recruiting and their canopy species were identified; (2) The paired Canopy-Open (pCO) protocol (26 networks) consists in locating a potential canopy plant and identifying recruiting individuals under the canopy and in a nearby open space of the same area; (3) The Georeferenced plot (GP) protocol (11 networks) consists in using information from georeferenced individual plants in large plots to infer canopy-recruit interactions. Some networks incorporate data for both herbs and woody species, whereas others focus exclusively on woody species. The location of each study site, geographical coordinates, country, locality, responsible author, sampling dates, sampling method, and life habits of both canopy and recruit species are provided. This database will allow researchers to test ecological, biogeographical, and evolutionary hypotheses related to plant recruitment interactions. There are no copyright restrictions on the data set; please cite this data paper when using these data in publications
Verdú et al.'s datasets on plant recruitment networks
No full textPlant recruitment interactions (i.e., who recruits under whom) shape the composition, diversity and structure of plant communities. Despite the huge body of knowledge on the mechanisms underlying recruitment interactions between species, we still know little about the structure of the recruitment networks emerging in ecological communities. Modeling and analyzing the community-level structure of plant recruitment interactions as a complex network can provide relevant information on ecological and evolutionary processes acting both at the species and ecosystem levels. We report a data set containing 143 plant recruitment networks in 23 countries across five continents, including temperate and tropical ecosystems. Each network identifies the species under which another species recruits. All networks report the number of recruits (i.e., individuals) per species. The data set includes >850,000 recruiting individuals involved in 118,411 paired interactions between 3,318 vascular plant species across the globe. The cover of canopy species and open ground is also provided as a separated file. Three sampling protocols were used: 1) The Recruitment Network (RN) protocol (106 networks) focuses on interactions between established plants (“canopy species”) and plants in their early stages of recruitment (”recruit species”). A series of plots are delimited within a locality and all the individuals recruiting and their canopy species are identified; 2) The paired Canopy-Open (pCO) protocol (26 networks) consists in locating a potential canopy plant and identifying recruiting individuals under the canopy and in a nearby open space of the same area; 3) The Georeferenced plot (GP) protocol (11 networks) consists in using information from georeferenced individual plants in large plots to infer canopy-recruit interactions. Some networks incorporate data for both herbs and woody species, while others focus exclusively on woody species. The location of each study site, geographical coordinates, country, locality, responsible author, sampling dates, sampling method and life habit of both canopy and recruit species are provided. This database will allow researchers to test ecological, biogeographical and evolutionary hypotheses related to plant recruitment interactions
Global impoverishment of natural vegetation revealed by dark diversity
No full textAnthropogenic biodiversity decline threatens the functioning of ecosystems and the many benefits they provide to humanity . As well as causing species losses in directly affected locations, human influence might also reduce biodiversity in relatively unmodified vegetation if far-reaching anthropogenic effects trigger local extinctions and hinder recolonization. Here we show that local plant diversity is globally negatively related to the level of anthropogenic activity in the surrounding region. Impoverishment of natural vegetation was evident only when we considered community completeness: the proportion of all suitable species in the region that are present at a site. To estimate community completeness, we compared the number of recorded species with the dark diversity-ecologically suitable species that are absent from a site but present in the surrounding region . In the sampled regions with a minimal human footprint index, an average of 35% of suitable plant species were present locally, compared with less than 20% in highly affected regions. Besides having the potential to uncover overlooked threats to biodiversity, dark diversity also provides guidance for nature conservation. Species in the dark diversity remain regionally present, and their local populations might be restored through measures that improve connectivity between natural vegetation fragments and reduce threats to population persistence. [Abstract copyright: © 2025. The Author(s).
RecruitNet: A global database of plant recruitment networks.
No full textPlant recruitment interactions (i.e., what recruits under what) shape the composition, diversity, and structure of plant communities. Despite the huge body of knowledge on the mechanisms underlying recruitment interactions among species, we still know little about the structure of the recruitment networks emerging in ecological communities. Modeling and analyzing the community-level structure of plant recruitment interactions as a complex network can provide relevant information on ecological and evolutionary processes acting both at the species and ecosystem levels. We report a data set containing 143 plant recruitment networks in 23 countries across five continents, including temperate and tropical ecosystems. Each network identifies the species under which another species recruits. All networks report the number of recruits (i.e., individuals) per species. The data set includes >850,000 recruiting individuals involved in 118,411 paired interactions among 3318 vascular plant species across the globe. The cover of canopy species and open ground is also provided. Three sampling protocols were used: (1) The Recruitment Network (RN) protocol (106 networks) focuses on interactions among established plants ("canopy species") and plants in their early stages of recruitment ("recruit species"). A series of plots was delimited within a locality, and all the individuals recruiting and their canopy species were identified; (2) The paired Canopy-Open (pCO) protocol (26 networks) consists in locating a potential canopy plant and identifying recruiting individuals under the canopy and in a nearby open space of the same area; (3) The Georeferenced plot (GP) protocol (11 networks) consists in using information from georeferenced individual plants in large plots to infer canopy-recruit interactions. Some networks incorporate data for both herbs and woody species, whereas others focus exclusively on woody species. The location of each study site, geographical coordinates, country, locality, responsible author, sampling dates, sampling method, and life habits of both canopy and recruit species are provided. This database will allow researchers to test ecological, biogeographical, and evolutionary hypotheses related to plant recruitment interactions. There are no copyright restrictions on the data set; please cite this data paper when using these data in publications
