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The twelve large colour prints of William Blake: a study on techniques, materials and context
No full textThe aim of this thesis is to study in entirety the group of large colour prints which William Blake made between 1795 and 1805. The series of prints represents the single most important and complete development of Blake’s skill as an innovative printmaker. Although they include some of Blake’s best-known images, they have not been studied before in their entirety or from the point of view of analysing the techniques and methods Blake had used. My study will show how Blake executed these truly impressive prints in terms of materials, method and motives. The first half of the thesis deals with the materialistic aspects of Blake’s colour printing. In chapter one tracing the controversial two-pull discussion to the root, I will make clear the focus points as well as revealing the early tradition of experimental criticism on Blake’s colour printing method. Focusing on two important critics, W. Graham Robertson and Ruthven Todd, and the periods they lived, I attempt to reveal the role they played in a wider context. Also I show how the tradition of Blake’s art was inherited directly through the Ancients to the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood, which leads to Robertson and Todd. In the second chapter I deal with the development of Blake’s colour printing experiments. It is obvious that the Twelve Large Colour Prints were produced as a result of Blake’s series of colour printing experiments, starting with monocolour simple prints, going through the illuminated books progressing with more colours and higher skills
William Blake The Critical Heritage
No full textThe Critical Heritage gathers together a large body of critical sources on major figures in literature. Each volume presents contemporary responses to a writer's work, enabling students and researchers to read for themselves, for example, comments on early performances of Shakespeare's plays, or reactions to the first publication of Jane Austen's novels. The carefully selected sources range from landmark essays in the history of criticism to journalism and contemporary opinion, and little published documentary material such as letters and diaries. Significant pieces of criticism from later periods are also included, in order to demonstrate the fluctuations in an author's reputation. Each volume contains an introduction to the writer's published works, a selected bibliography, and an index of works, authors and subjects. The Collected Critical Heritage set will be available as a set of 68 volumes and the series will also be available in mini sets selected by period (in slipcase boxes) and as individual volumes.Cover -- WILLIAM BLAKE: THE CRITICAL HERITAGE -- Copyright -- Contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- Note on the Text -- Preface -- Introduction: BLAKE'S CRITICAL REPUTATION 1780-1863 -- PART I BLAKE'S LIFE -- 1. General comments: 1826, 1827, 1855 -- (a) Crabb Robinson, 1826 -- (b) John Linnell, 1827 -- (c) Samuel Palmer, 1855 -- 2. External events: 1757-1812 -- 3. Politics: 1804, 1805 -- (a) Samuel Greatheed, 1804 -- (b) William Hayley, 1805 -- 4. Visions: 1761-1825 -- (a) Blake, 1761-1800 -- (b) Thomas Phillips, 1807 -- (c) Blake, 1819-25 -- 5. Madness: 1841, 1805, 1830 -- (a) W.C.Dendy, 1841 -- (b) Lady Hesketh, 1805 -- (c) Caroline Bowles, 1830 -- (d) Robert Southey, 1830 -- (e) James Ward, Edward Calvert, F.O.Finch, Cornelius Varley -- (f) Seymour KirKup -- 6. 'He is always in Paradise': 1825-60 -- (a) Crabb Robinson, 1825 -- (b) Samuel Palmer -- (c) Thomas Woolner, 1860 -- (d) Seymour Kirkup -- (e) Crabb Robinson, 1826 -- (f) Frederick Tatham, 1832 -- PART II WRITINGS -- 7. Reviews of Malkin's account of Blake (1806): 1806, 1807 -- (a) Literary Journal, 1806 -- (b) British Critic, 1806 -- (c) Monthly Review, 1806 -- (d) Monthly Magazine, 1807 -- (e) Annual Review, 1807 -- 8. General comments: 1807-38 -- (a) George Cumberland, 1808 -- (b) Blake, 1808 -- (c) Wordsworth, 1807 -- (d) Crabb Robinson, 1812, 1813, 1838 -- (e) W.S.Landor -- 9. Poetical Sketches (1783): 1828, 1784 -- (a) J.T.Smith, 1828 -- (b) John Flaxman, 1784 -- 10. The Book of Thel (1789): 1839 -- J.J.G.Willinson's, 1839 -- 11. The French Revolution (1791) -- Samuel Palmer, 1827 -- 12. Songs of Innocence and of Experience (1789, 1794): 1811-63 -- (a) J.T.Smith, 1828 -- (b) Crabb Robinson, 1811 -- (c) William Hazlitt, 1826 -- (d) Coleridge, 1818 -- (e) Gilchrist, 1863 -- (f) Blake, 1827 -- (g) Edward FitzGerald, 1833 -- (h) J.J.G.Wilkinson, 1839(i) Edward Quillinan, 1848 -- (j) John Ruskin -- 13. America (1793) and Europe (1794): 1828 -- Richard Thomson, 1828 -- 14. Descriptive Catalogue (1809): 1809-47 -- (a) Blake, 1809 -- (b) Crabb Robinson, 1810 -- (c) Robert Southey, 1847 -- (d) George Cumberland, Jr, 1809 -- (e) George Cumberland, 1809 -- (f) Robert Hunt in the Examiner, 1809 -- (g) Blake -- 15. Jerusalem (1804-?20): 1811-28 -- (a) Crabb Robinson, 1811 -- (b) T.G.Wainewright, 1820 -- (c) J.T.Smith, 1828 -- PART III DRAWINGS -- 16. General comments: 1780-1865 -- (a) Crabb Robinson, 1825 -- (b) Blake, ?1820 -- (c) Gilchrist, 1863 -- (d) J.T.Smith, 1828 -- (e) Blake -- (f) Fuseli -- (g) George Richmond -- (h) Allan Cunningham, 1830 -- (i) Isaac D'Israeli, 1836 -- (j) William Hayley, 1803 -- (k) Gilchrist, 1863 -- (l) J.T.Smith, 1828 -- (m) Frederick Tatham, ?1832 -- (n) John Linnell, 1863 -- (o) Blake -- (p) George Cumberland, 1780 -- (q) John Flaxman, 1783 -- (r) Dr Trusler, 1799 -- (s) John Flaxman, 1800 -- (t) Blake, 1802 -- (u) T.F.Dibdin, 1836 -- (v) William Hayley, 1801 -- (w) Blake, 1801 -- (x) Nancy Flaxman, 1805 -- (y) Blake, 1808 -- (z) Ozias Humphry, 1808 -- (aa) George Cumberland, Jr, 1815 -- (bb) J.T.Smith, 1828 -- (cc) C.H.B.Ker, 1810 -- (dd) Seymour KirKup, 1865 -- (ee) George Cumberland, 1808 -- (ff) J.J.G.Wilkinson, 1838 -- (gg) John Ruskin, 1849 -- PART IV ENGRAVED DESIGNS -- 17. General comments -- (a) Blake, 1804 -- (b) Gilchrist, 1863 -- (c) John Flaxman, 1805 -- (d) Joseph Johnson, 1791 -- (e) John Flaxman, 1804, 1808, 1814 -- 18. Salzmann, Elements of Morality (1791): 1791 -- Analytical Review, 1791 -- 19. Burger, Leonora (1796): 1796 -- (a) British Critic, 1796 -- (b) Analytical Review, 1796 87 -- 20. Cumberland, Thoughts on Outline (1796): 1796 -- Reference to Blake in the text, 1796 -- 21. Stuart and Revett, Antiquities of Athens, 1794: 1803John Flaxman, 1803 -- 22. Young, Night Thoughts (1797): 1796-1830 -- (a) J.T.Smith, 1828 -- (b) Joseph Farington 1796-7 -- (c) Advertising flyer, 1797 -- (d) Advertisement in Night Thoughts, 1797 -- (e) T.F.Dibdin, 1824 -- (f) Bulwer Lytton, 1830 -- (g) Auction catalogue, 1821 -- (h) Auction catalogue, 1826 -- (i) Auction catalogue, 1828 -- 23. Hayley, Essay on Sculpture (1800): 1800 -- (a) William Hayley"s, 1800 -- (b) Blake, 1800 -- (c) William Hayley, 1800 -- 24. Hayley, Designs to a Series of Ballads (1802): 1802 -- (a) William Hayley, 1802 -- (b) Lady Hesketh, 1802 -- (c) John Flaxman, 1802 -- (d) Charlotte Collins, 1802 -- (e) Lady Hesketh, 1802 -- (f) Blake -- (g) John Johnson, 1802 -- (h) Lady Hesketh, 1802 -- (i) William Hayley, 1802 -- (j) Lady Hesketh, 1802 -- 25. Hayley, Life…of William Cowper (1803): 1801-4 -- (a) William Hayley, 1801 -- (b) Lady Hesketh, 1801 -- (c) William Hayley, 1801-2 -- (d) John Flaxman, 1802 -- (e) William Hayley, 1802 -- (f) Lady Hesketh, 1802-3 -- (g) Blake, 1803 -- (h) Lady Hesketh, 1803 -- (i) Samuel Greatheed, 1804 -- 26. Hayley, Triumphs of Temper (1803): 1803 -- John Flaxman, 1803 -- 27. Hoare, Academic Correspondence, 1803 (1804): 1804 -- Literary Journal, 1804 -- 28. Hayley, Ballads (1805): 1805, 1806 -- (a) William Hayley, 1805 -- (b) Lady Hesketh, 1805 -- (c) Samuel Greatheed, 1805 -- (d) Samuel Greatheed review, 1805 -- (e) Robert Southey review, 1806 -- 29. Blair, The Grave (1808): 1805-63 -- General comments, 1805-63 -- (a) John Flaxman, 1805 -- (b) Blake, 1805 -- (c) Prospectus, 1805 -- (d) R.T.Stothard, 1863 -- (e) John Flaxman, 1805 -- (f) R.H.Cromek, 1807 -- (g) Louis Schiavonetti, 1807 -- (h) John Hoppner, 1808 -- (i) Advertisement, 1808 -- (j) W.Walker, 1808 -- (k) William Bell Scott -- (l) David Scott, 1844 -- (m) James Montgomery -- Reviews -- (n) Review by Robert Hunt in the Examiner, 1808(o) Blake's reply in his Descriptive Catalogue, 1809 -- (p) Antijacobin Review, 1808 -- (q) Monthly Magazine, 1808 -- General comments, 1810-26 -- (r) W.P.Carey, 1817 -- (s) Repository of Arts, 1810 -- (t) C.H.B.Ker, 1810 -- (u) Quarterly Review, 1826 -- (v) J.J.de Mora, 1826 -- (w) Sir Edward Denny, 1826 -- 30. The Prologue and Characters of Chaucer's Pilgrims (1812): 1812 -- (a) Introduction -- (b) Gentleman's Magazine, 1812 -- 31. Virgil, Pastorals (1821): 1821-63 -- (a) Henry Cole, 1843 -- (b) Gilchrist, 1863 -- (c) Virgil, Pastorals, 1821 -- (d) Edward Calvert -- (e) Samuel Palmer -- 32. Remember Me! (1825, 1826): 1825 -- Introduction -- 33. Illustrations of The Book of Job (1826): 1826-45 -- (a) J.T.Smith, 1828 -- (b) E.T.Daniell, 1826 -- (c) Robert Balmanno, 1826 -- (d) Sir Edward Denny, 1826 -- (e) H.S.C.Shorts, 1827 -- (f) George Cumberland, 1827 -- (g) H.Dumaresq, 1828 -- (h) Bernard Barton, 1830, 1838 -- (i) F.T.Palgrave, 1845 -- 34. Blake's Illustrations of Dante (?1838): 1824-?32 -- (a) Samuel Palmer, 1824 -- (b) T.G.Wainewright, 1827 -- (c) Crabb Robinson, 1827 -- (d) Bernard Barton, 1830 -- (e) Frederick Tatham's, ?1832 -- PART V GENERAL ESSAYS ON BLAKE -- 35. B.H.Malkin, A Father's Memoirs of his Child: 1806 -- 36. H.C.Robinson, 'William Blake, artist, poet and religious mystic': 1811 -- 37. Obituary in Literary Gazette: 1827 -- 38. Obituary in Literary Chronicle: 1827 -- 39. Allan Cunningham Lives of. British Painters: 1830 -- 40. Anon., 'The inventions of William Blake, painter and poet': 1830 -- 41. Anon., 'The last of the supernaturalists': 1830 -- 42. Frederick Tatham, 'Life of Blake': ?1832 -- PART VI FORGOTTEN YEARS REFERENCES TO WILLIAM BLAKE: 1831-62 -- Bibliography -- Annotated index of namesThe Critical Heritage gathers together a large body of critical sources on major figures in literature. Each volume presents contemporary responses to a writer's work, enabling students and researchers to read for themselves, for example, comments on early performances of Shakespeare's plays, or reactions to the first publication of Jane Austen's novels. The carefully selected sources range from landmark essays in the history of criticism to journalism and contemporary opinion, and little published documentary material such as letters and diaries. Significant pieces of criticism from later periods are also included, in order to demonstrate the fluctuations in an author's reputation. Each volume contains an introduction to the writer's published works, a selected bibliography, and an index of works, authors and subjects. The Collected Critical Heritage set will be available as a set of 68 volumes and the series will also be available in mini sets selected by period (in slipcase boxes) and as individual volumes.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
Blake and Kierkegaard Creation and Anxiety
No full textThis study applies Kierkegaardian anxiety to Blake's creation myths to explain how Romantic era creation narratives are a reaction to Enlightenment models of personality.Intro -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1 Blake and Kierkegaard: Shared Contexts -- The Sources of Kierkegaardian Anxiety and Creation Anxiety -- Denmark's and England's Shared Histories -- Denmark's and England's Cultural Anxieties -- Blake, Kierkegaard, and the Cultural Tensions -- 2 Blake, Kierkegaard, and the Socratic Tradition -- Human Personality and the Socratic Tradition -- Kierkegaard and the Socratic Tradition -- Blake and the Socratic Tradition -- 3 Blake, Kierkegaard, and the Classical Model of Personality -- Kierkegaard's Aesthetic Stage and Blake's Innocence -- Kierkegaard's Ethical Stage and Blake's Experience -- Kierkegaard's Religiousness A and B and Blake's Visionary Personality -- 4 Innocence, Generation, and the Fall in Blake and Kierkegaard -- Kierkegaard and the Problem of Generation -- Generation in Blake -- Urizen the Reflective-Aesthetic King -- Reason and Imagination in Blake and Kierkegaard -- 5 Creation Anxiety and The [First] Book of Urizen -- Urizen the Creator-Monarch -- Science and Religion in the Urizen Books -- Haufniensis, the Demonic, and Spiritlessness -- Conclusion: Nature, Artifice, and Creation Anxiety in William Blake -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- A -- B -- C -- D -- E -- F -- G -- H -- I -- J -- K -- L -- M -- N -- O -- P -- R -- S -- T -- U -- V -- W -- YThis study applies Kierkegaardian anxiety to Blake's creation myths to explain how Romantic era creation narratives are a reaction to Enlightenment models of personality.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
Faith, feeling and gender in the writing of Hartley, Wollstonecraft and Blake
No full textThis thesis examines David Hartley’s Observations on Man (1749) and elucidates how Hartley’s mechanical approach to mind, his conception of emotion, and the religious status he awards the body were newly relevant after 1791. In this way it identifies a ‘Hartlean culture’ within the Romantic period and seeks to explore how such an intellectual climate influenced the radical writers William Blake (1757–1827) and Mary Wollstonecraft (1759–1797). Blake and Wollstonecraft were acquainted with the famous bookseller Joseph Johnson, who republished Observations on Man in various forms and versions between 1775 and 1801. They also had an association with Johnson’s circle; the Hartlean concepts found throughout their work evidence Hartley’s latent popularity within intellectual culture, as well as the writers’ engagement with contemporary philosophical ideas. I propose that the renewed curiosity in Hartley during the 1790s reveals a specific religious and revolutionary culture wherein non-conformist views about Christianity and new ideas about the body, emotion and women flourished. Such a cultural moment renders Hartley a particularly important figure for debate since he integrated progressive values about equality and faith alongside advancing understanding of anatomy and mind. Hartley identified how God and happiness could be found physically within each person. He did this by combining a complex theory of vibrations and theory of association, where the body and mind functioned mechanically through a person’s feelings of pleasure and pain. These feelings manifested as physical vibrations and eventually led every person to desire goodness until finally, they can become ‘Godlike’ themselves. Hartley’s amalgamation of Christian and new theoretical concepts appealed to Blake and Wollstonecraft, and was much unlike the approach of Joseph Priestley who abridged Observations in 1775 to promote a wholly ‘scientific’ text. In this way, we can see resonances between Hartley, Blake and Wollstonecraft, even if they existed in different cultural contexts. In rethinking Blake and Wollstonecraft through Hartley, I offer new insights into their feminism. In particular I attend to how Hartlean culture enabled these writers to re-imagine gender and emotion: Wollstonecraft reinstates the female experience back into Hartlean concepts in order to promote women’s emotional potential and what she understands as the special power of the female-female bond. Blake responds to both Wollstonecraft and Hartley with his elevation of the feminine, one that envisions new potential for both sexes, emotionally and spiritually. In both cases, the writers share a fascination for the image of the female saviour, and they use terminology and concepts found in Hartley’s work to communicate their views. In being attentive to the shared vocabulary and ideas of these three writers’ works, this thesis highlights the importance of David Hartley and Hartlean culture for the field of Romantic Studies. It also illuminates Observations on Man as a vital contribution to the intellectual context of the 1790s
Tradução comentada de Milton de William Blake
No full textTese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Comunicação e Expressão. Programa de Pós-graduação em Estudos da TraduçãoPartindo de uma análise do percurso da tradução das obras de William Blake no sistema literário brasileiro, esse trabalho discute uma proposta de tradução de Milton, uma das três maiores profecias do autor, como uma possibilidade de reescrita complementar às reescritas existentes do poeta inglês no Brasil. Fornecem dados para essa discussão a própria tradução de Milton e seu confronto com a tradução do mesmo livro realizada por Manuel Portela (Blake, 2009b). Na proposta de tradução apresentada neste trabalho, o ritmo, a pontuação, o uso de adjetivos, as repetições, as aliterações e consonâncias e os nomes próprios são identificados como algumas das características relevantes na totalidade do texto de Milton, e o estudo crítico sobre a obra e seu autor é considerado fundamental para determinar tanto as escolhas de tradução em nível textual como o perfil geral da reescrit
William Blake and the visionary poetry of the law.
No full textPhDThis dissertation examines the meaning of law in Blake's work. I argue that Blake's poetry
intersects with contemporaneous challenges to the traditional model of the ancient constitution,
a debate which I present as a conflict between custom and code. Blake's support for the French
Revolution's overthrow of the customary systems of the ancien regime is countered by his
nervousness about the rights-based discourse advanced by leading radical intellectuals such as
Thomas Paine, a belief that the new systems which they proposed merely re-stated those which
they sought to replace within an even narrower compass.
Law is also a contested ground within radical political discourse of this period; although the
dominant proposals advocated the enshrinement of fundamental rights and the codification of
law, there was also a tendency towards a more enthusiastic radicalism These millenarian
groups, emerging from antinomian heresy, rejected the notion of life being framed within a set
of moral laws. I argue that Blake cannot easily be placed in either group; his work exhibits a
fidelity to the redemptive potential of law, coupled with a real concern that to define freedoms
in legal terms serves to limit rather than to liberate.
Blake's work thus engages with a problem of the period: how to understand the new
discourses of law. The customary account of the ancient English conunon law is predicated on
the idea that it is codified, yet not written down; secular, though grounded in divine principle.
These ambivalences are exploited by Blake in his poetic exploration of the law in the 1790s. In
his nineteenth-century epics, Blake finds increasing help in dissenting religion's reconstruction
of a radicalized Jesus. Through this radical prophetic voice, Blake is able to construct a
redemptive legality founded on a deinstitutio-nalized Christianity, a constitutionalism that is
also recovered from the conventional customary account
Evidence for the decay B0→J/ψω and measurement of the relative branching fractions of meson decays to J/ψη and J/ψη′
No full textFirst evidence of the B 0 → J / ψ ω decay is found and the B s 0 → J / ψ η and B s 0 → J / ψ η ′ decays are studied using a dataset corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 1.0 fb -1 collected by the LHCb experiment in proton-proton collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of sqrt(s) = 7 TeV. The branching fractions of these decays are measured relative to that of the B 0 → J / ψ ρ 0 decay:frac(B (B 0 → J / ψ ω), B (B 0 → J / ψ ρ 0)) = 0.89 ± 0.19 (stat) - 0.13 + 0.07 (syst),frac(B (B s 0 → J / ψ η), B (B 0 → J / ψ ρ 0)) = 14.0 ± 1.2 (stat) - 1.5 + 1.1 (syst) - 1.0 + 1.1 (frac(f d, f s)),frac(B (B s 0 → J / ψ η ′), B (B 0 → J / ψ ρ 0)) = 12.7 ± 1.1 (stat) - 1.3 + 0.5 (syst) - 0.9 + 1.0 (frac(f d, f s)), where the last uncertainty is due to the knowledge of f d / f s, the ratio of b-quark hadronization factors that accounts for the different production rate of B 0 and B s 0 mesons. The ratio of the branching fractions of B s 0 → J / ψ η ′ and B s 0 → J / ψ η decays is measured to befrac(B (B s 0 → J / ψ η ′), B (B s 0 → J / ψ η)) = 0.90 ± 0.09 (stat) - 0.02 + 0.06 (syst)
Job’s Gethsemane: tradition and imagination in William Blake’s illustrations for the book of job
No full textBlake created two versions of his Illustrations of the Book of Job, and it is now agreed that about twenty years separates his first watercolour series and the final engraved set of plates. The first chapter is biographical and technical: it establishes that the Butts series of water-colours was the product of the tumultuous and creative years 1805-10, following a time wh6n Blake experienced a strong sense of vision and Christian regeneration; whereas the engraved set was produced 1821-1826, at the end of his life. It also reviews all Blake's treatments of the Job theme. The friends-turned-accusers seem to have been a central pre-occupation. Blake's illustrations contain important elements which are not found in the Old Testament text. I have followed Bo Lindberg's principle that explanation should be sought in the artistic tradition, and in the work itself The second chapter concentrates on the tradition available to Blake, following and supplementing Lindberg's examination of the influence of the apocryphal Testament of Job, and of the artistic tradition of seeing Job as alter Christus and as Christian. Chapters three to five, interpreting Blake's imaginative use of this material, are new both in focussing on the Butts set, and in exploring the importance to Blake of St.Teresa, Fenelon, Mme. Guyon, Hervey and other people of prayer. Also discussed are Joseph Hallett's radical biblical commentary, of which Blake owned a copy, variant proofs discovered by Robert Essick of the first and last engraved plates, and the thirteenth century Job wall- paintings discovered in 1800 in St. Stephen's Chapel, Westminster. Blake's Job was unique in the corpus of his work. Previous studies have followed Wicksteed in concentrating on the engraved set, and no one has explored the implications of the earlier dating now agreed for the watercolour series. The thesis is essentially concerned with Blake's Christocentric theme, and Job's inner journey of prayer, in these illustrations. Conclusions drawn differ substantially from Wicksteed's
Measurement of the ratio of branching fractions B(B0→K∗0γ )/B(B0s→φγ ) and the directCP asymmetry inB 0→K∗0γ
No full textThe ratio of branching fractions of the radiative B decays B0→K⁎0γ and B0s→ϕγ has been measured using an integrated luminosity of 1.0 fb−1 of pp collision data collected by the LHCb experiment at a centre-of-mass energy of s√=7TeV. The value obtained is
B(B0→K⁎0γ)B(B0s→ϕγ)=1.23±0.06(stat.)±0.04(syst.)±0.10(fs/fd),
where the first uncertainty is statistical, the second is the experimental systematic uncertainty and the third is associated with the ratio of fragmentation fractions fs/fd. Using the world average value for B(B0→K⁎0γ), the branching fraction B(B0s→ϕγ) is measured to be (3.5±0.4)×10−5.
The direct CP asymmetry in B0→K⁎0γ decays has also been measured with the same data and found to be
ACP(B0→K⁎0γ)=(0.8±1.7(stat.)±0.9(syst.))%.
Both measurements are the most precise to date and are in agreement with the previous experimental results and theoretical expectations
Kirkegaardia franciscana Blake, 2016, new species
No full textKirkegaardia franciscana new species Figures 21–22 Monticellina sp. 2: Hilbig & Blake 2006: 262; Blake et al. 2009: 1796. Material examined. California continental slope west of the Farallon Islands, San Francisco Deep Ocean Disposal Site (SF-DODS) 2003 monitoring survey, R/ V Point Sur, Sta. 19, 37º37.97′N, 123º30.04′W, 2983 m, 24 September 2003, coll. J.A. Blake, holotype and 3 paratypes (LACM-AHF Poly 8921–2); 2004 monitoring survey, R/V Point Sur, Sta. 52, 37º44.00′N, 123º28.00′W, 2237 m, 0 3 October 2004, coll. J.A. Blake, 3 paratypes (LACM- AHF Poly 8923). Description. A small, elongate, threadlike species (Figs. 21 A–B, 22A); holotype complete, 1.5 mm long, 0.11 mm wide for 26 setigerous segments; most paratypes complete, similar in size and number of segments. Color in alcohol opaque white; no pigment present. Pre-setigerous region about 1.5x as long as wide; prostomium a conical lobe, narrowing to rounded tip (Figs. 21 A, 22A–D); eyes absent; nuchal organs observed in two paratypes as darkly pigmented areas at posterolateral margins (Fig. 22 C). Peristomium expanded, relatively smooth, with one partial lateral groove, but no distinct annulations (Fig. 21 A); dorsally with two narrow longitudinal grooves outlining a smooth, curved, broad dorsal surface with a weak narrow crest (Fig. 21 A). Dorsal tentacles inserted at posterolateral margins of peristomium, more widely separated than in related species. First pair of branchiae lateral to tentacles on peristomium; second pair of branchiae on posterior margin of setiger 1, dorsal to notosetae; subsequent branchiae in similar positions (Fig. 21 A). Thorax with 4–6 narrow segments about 2x as wide as long; parapodia not elevated over dorsum as in many related species; dorsal surface not enclosed in a groove formed by parapodia; thoracic segments abruptly transitioning to abdominal segments that are as long as wide (Figs. 21 A, 22A–D), then becoming longer than wide (Fig. 21 B), some moniliform 1.5x as long as wide (Figs. 21 B, 22A–D); far posterior segments narrowing to pygidium with a single lobe (Figs. 21 B, 22A). Parapodia reduced to simple conical lobes from which setae emerge. Thoracic and anterior abdominal parapodia with simple capillary setae only; middle and posterior abdominal neurosetae becoming shorter, broader, and with fine denticles along one edge at about setiger 30 (Fig. 21 C), these best observed with 1000x magnification and with Phase Contrast optics; individual denticles short, pointed toward apex of seta. Some abdominal notosetae observed with long stiff fibrils or serrations along one edge (Fig. 21 D), these very regular in appearance. Methyl Green stain. A spectacular MG staining pattern characterizes this species. The prostomium and lateral and dorsal sides of the peristomium develop a deep reticulated turquoise pattern followed by similar staining on the ventral and lateral sides of the thoracic parapodia (Fig. 22 D); the two longitudinal grooves on either side of the peristomium stain a deep green; the thoracic parapodia are in effect banded (Fig. 22 D). The reticulated pattern is due to embedded glands that are also stained by MG on most abdominal segments although being sparse; the pattern is not as intense as on anterior segments. Etymology. The name franciscana refers to the proximity to the City of San Francisco of the sampling site, the San Francisco Deep Ocean Disposal Site. Remarks. Kirkegaardia franciscana n. sp. is a unique species in the very small size, expanded and rounded shape of the anterior end, narrow abdominal region with moniliform segments, and the distinctive MG staining pattern. The denticulated neurosetae are few, usually no more than two or three per abdominal neuropodium and with the fine denticles observed only with at least 1000x magnification. The serrated notosetae are also few and observed only with 1000x. The long pointed serrations of these setae were initially thought to be merely splayed fibrils sometimes observed on capillaries of other cirratulids. However, the regularity and consistent size of these serrations finally suggested they were a consistent type of tooth or denticle. It needs to be stated, however, that none of these specimens were sexually mature and it is entirely possible that they are juveniles. In a program during which more than 180 quantitative benthic samples were collected over a period of 13 years, K. franciscana n. sp. was rare, identified only three times, and either larger adults were never collected or were not recognized. The MG pattern was used to set them aside for further study resulting in this description as a new species. In checking other cirratulids from the study that are larger and might overlap with the morphology of smaller specimens of K. franciscana n. sp., two species of Aphelochaeta were described by Doner & Blake (2009); only one of which had a MG pattern and it was entirely different from that of K. franciscana. Other species of Aphelochaeta are also known from this area (Blake unpublished); none of these has a MG pattern as distinctive as that of K. franciscana. Kirkegaardia carinata n. sp. occurs throughout the study area and also has a distinctive, but different MG staining pattern and a very different morphology (see below). Biology. Kirkegaardia franciscana was collected only rarely over 13 years of monitoring at the San Francisco Deep-water Disposal site. The sediments where the species was collected are composed of fine silt. Throughout the study area the benthic fauna is dominated by a large suite of polychaetes of the families Paraonidae, Spionidae, Cossuridae, and cirratulids of the genus Chaetozone, most of which were described by Blake (2006). Ecology of the site was reported by Blake et al. (2009). Distribution. Known only from lower slope depths off northern California 2237–2983 m. Figures 21 and 22 about herePublished as part of Blake, James A., 2016, Kirkegaardia (Polychaeta, Cirratulidae), new name for Monticellina Laubier, preoccupied in the Rhabdocoela, together with new records and descriptions of eight previously known and sixteen new species from the Atlantic, Pacific, and Southern Oceans, pp. 1-93 in Zootaxa 4166 (1) on pages 44-47, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4166.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/27234
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