20 research outputs found
Penggunaan Bahasa dalam Buku teks Bahasa Indonesia SMP Kelas VII Kurikulum 2013 Terbitan Kemendikbud
No full textABSTRAK Annane, Clary Esta. 2018. Penggunaan Bahasa dalam Buku Teks Bahasa Indonesia SMP Kelas VII Kurikulum 2013 Terbitan Kemendikbud. Skripsi, Jurusan sastra Indonesia. Prodi Pendidikan Bahasa, Sastra Indonesia dan Daerah, Universitas Negeri Malang. Pembimbing (I)Dr. Martutik, M.Pd.Kata Kunci: penggunaan bahasa, buku teks.Bahasa memiliki peranan penting dalam kehidupan sehari-hari. Terciptanya komunikasi dikarenakan adanya penggunaan bahasa antara penutur dan mitra tutur. Penggunaan bahasa diperlukan untuk memahami konteks pembahasan, begitu juga dalam penggunaan bahasa Indonesia.Pada situasi tertentu, pengguna bahasa dituntut untuk menggunakan bahasa yang baik dan benar. Penggunaan bahasa yang baik dan benar adalah penggunaan bahasa yang disesuaikan dengan situasi tertentu serta menggunakan kaidah bahasa Indonesia yang tepat.Salah satu situasi yang diwajibkan menggunakan bahasa yang baik dan benar adalah proses pembelajaran. Penggunaan bahasa yang baik dan benar digunakan guru untuk menyampaikan materi kepada siswa. Begitu pula pada penggunaan bahan ajar. Salah satu bahan ajar yang sering digunakan adalah buku teks. Penggunaan bahasa yang baik dan benar pada buku teks perlu diperhatikan. Jika terdapat kesalahan dalam penggunaan bahasa pada buku teks maka akan membuat siswa kesulitan untuk memahami isi materi.Penelitian ini memiliki tujuan untuk mendeskripsikan penggunaan bahasa dalam buku teks Bahasa Indonesia SMP kelas VII kurikulum 2013 terbitan Kemendikbud. Tujuan tersebut yaitu mendeskripsikan penggunaan kalimat efektif, mendeskripsikan penggunaan ejaan, dan tanda baca. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan metode deskriptif. Data penelitian berupa kalimat efektif, ejaan, dan tanda baca yang terdapat dalam buku teks Bahasa Indonesia SMP kelas VII kurikulum 2013 terbitan Kemendikbud. Prosedur pengumpulan data pada penelitian ini dilakukan dengan cara (1) membaca buku teks Bahasa Indonesia SMP kelas VII kurikulum 2013 terbitan Kemendikbud, (2) mengidentifikasi buku teks Bahasa Indonesia SMP kelas VII kurikulum 2013 terbitan Kemendikbud, (3) memberi kode pada penggunaan bahasa yang sesuai dan tidak sesuai dalam buku teks Bahasa Indonesia SMP kelas VII kurikulum 2013 terbitan Kemendikbud, dan (4) mencatat penggunaan bahasa yang sesuai dan tidak sesuai dalam buku teks Bahasa Indonesia SMP kelas VII kurikulum 2013 terbitan Kemendikbud. Analisis data yang dilakukan melalui proses reduksi data, analisis data, penyajian data, penarikan simpulan, dan pengecekan keabsahan temuan. Reduksi data yang dilakukan pada penelitian ini adalah identifikasi, klasifikasi, dan pengkodean. Tahap identifikasi data dilakukan dengan cara menentukan dan menetapkan data yang sesuai kriteria untuk dianalisis. Klasifikasi data dilakukan dengan cara mengelompokkan penggunaan bahasa pada buku teks bahasa Indonesia berdasarkan keefektifan kalimat dan ejaan. Kodefikasi data dilakukan dengan cara memberikan kode-kode pada kalimat, ejaan, dan tanda baca dalam buku teks bahasa Indonesia sesuai dengan klasifikasinya. Pengecekan keabsahan temuan dalam penelitian ini dilakukan dengan teknik ketekunan pengamatan membaca dan menelaah semua dokumen yang telah diperoleh, melakukan diskusi dengan teman sejawat, memanfaatkan bantuan dan saran yang diperoleh dari dosen pembimbing. Berdasarkan hasil analisis data diperoleh hasil penelitian sebagai berikut. Pertama, penggunaan kalimat efektiif dilihat dari aspek kegramatikalan, kehematan, kelogisan, dan ketaksaan (ambigu). Kedua, penggunaan kalimat tidak efektif dilihat dari aspek kegramatikalan dan kehematan. Ketiga, penggunaan ejaan yang tepat dilihat dari aspek pemakaian huruf, yaitu pemakaian huruf kapital dan huruf miring. Keempat, penggunaan ejaan yang tidak tepat dilihat dari aspek pemakaian huruf, yaitu pemakaian huruf kapital dan huruf miring. Kelima, penggunaan ejaan yang tepat dilihat dari aspek penulisan kata, yaitu pemenggalan kata yang bentuk dasarnya mengalami pelesapan, penggunaan tanda hubung pada bentuk yang diulang, penulisan imbuhan, dan partikel. Keenam, penggunaan ejaan yang tidak tepat dilihat dari aspek penulisan kata, yaitu bentuk dasar yang tidak mengalami pelesapan, penulisan awalan di, dan penulisan bilangan. Ketujuh, penggunaan ejaan yang tepat dilihat dari aspek tanda baca, yaitu penggunaan tanda baca di akhir kalimat, penggunaan tanda hubung, dan penggunaan garis miring. Kedelapan, penggunaan ejaan yang tidak tepat dilihat dari aspek tanda baca, yaitu tidak menggunakan tanda baca di akhir kalimat, tidak menggunakan tanda hubung, dan tidak menggunakan tanda petik. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian dikemukakan dua saran. Pertama, saran ditujukan kepada Kemendikbud sebagai penerbit buku teks Bahasa Indonesia SMP kelas VII kurikulum 2013. Kemendikbud diharapkan untuk lebih teliti dalam penulisan maupun penyuntingan mengenai bahasa yang digunakan. Sebelum buku diterbitkan, tentunya buku teks tersebut sudah melalui banyak penyuntingan, tetapi alangkah baiknya jika dilakukan lebih teliti lagi agar tidak menyulitkan siswa ketika dalam kegiatan pembelajaran. Kedua, Saran ditujukan kepada peneliti selanjutnya. Peneliti selanjutnya diharapkan dapat menjadikan penelitian ini sebagai acuan mengadakan penelitian sejenis dengan aspek yang lebih lengkap dan analisis yang lebih mendalam pada setiap aspek. Peneliti selanjutnya diharapkan dapat membuat kriteria setiap aspek secara lengkap dan jelas
Penggunaan Bahasa dalam Buku Teks Bahasa Indonesia SMP Kelas VII Kurikulum 2013 Terbitan Kemendikbud
No full textRINGKASAN Penelitian ini memiliki tujuan untuk mendeskripsikan penggunaan kalimat efektif dan ejaan. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif deskriptif. Data penelitian ini berupa penggunaan kalimat dan ejaan. Sumber data berupa buku teks Bahasa Indonesia kelas VII SMP kurikulum 2013 terbitan Kemendikbud. Hasil penelitian ini berupa penggunaan kalimat efektif dan tidak efektif, serta penggunaan ejaan yang tepat dan tidak tepat. Keefektifan kalimat disebabkan oleh urutan fungsi sintaksis membentuk urutan yang tepat, unsur-unsur yang tidak digunakan secara berlebihan, hubungan yang bernalar antar unsurnya, dan tidak menggunakan kata yang mengambigukan. Ketidakefektifan kalimat disebabkan oleh tidak hadirnya unsur wajib, adanya unsur-unsur yang berlebih dan penggunaan preposisi yang tidak perlu. Pada aspek penggunaan ejaan, ketidaktepatan paling banyak ditemukan pada pemakaian huruf dan diikuti dengan penggunaan tanda baca, sedangkan ketidaktepatan penulisan kata ditemukan paling sedikit
Correction to: Esmolol indirectly stimulates vagal nerve activity in endotoxemic pigs
No full textFollowing publication of the original article [1], the author reported these required corrections to Fig. 5 and Fig. 6
Research trends and hotspots on septic shock: a bibliometric study and visualization analysis
No full textBackgroundSeptic shock, the most severe stage of sepsis, causes potential circulatory failure and abnormal cell metabolism which are severe enough to affect prognosis, increase mortality, and impose significant burdens on the medical system. Despite a growing number of studies exploring the pathophysiology, epidemiology, and risk factors, research trends and hotspots in septic shock remain lacking. This study aims to create a visual knowledge map, identify research hotspots, and predict prospective trends based on bibliometric analysis.MethodsWe searched for publications related to septic shock in Web of Science Core Collection up to June 15, 2023. CiteSpace5.5 R2, VOS viewer and Pathfinder were used to evaluate the annual publications, countries, institutions, journals and keywords. We also analyzed the collaboration among countries, institutions and authors, and identified research hotspots and frontiers.ResultsA total of 4,208 English papers were included in the analysis, and the annual publication displayed a slow upward trend. In terms of publication volume, the top three countries were the United States, France, and Germany, and the University of Pittsburgh (the United States) ranked first (n = 85) among all institutions, with Jeanlouis Vincent from Erasmus Medical Center (Netherlands) as the most published author (n = 32). According to the collaborative network, the United States had the highest level of cooperation, and the University of Pittsburgh, the University of Toronto, and Columbia University were the institutions with the most foreign cooperation. Additionally, the co-author network revealed that scholars such as Jeanlouis Vincent, Rinaldo Bellomo, and Djillali Annane, had the strongest collaborations. The co-citation network showed that the top 3 most cited articles were: Singer M (2016), Rhodes A (2017), Dellinger RP (2013), and the top 3 most cited journals were Crit Care Med (3,664 times), N Engl J Med (3,207 times), Intens Care Med (3,096 times) in this field. In the keyword co-occurrence network, the most frequent keywords were “septic shock” (2531), “sepsis” (1667), and “mortality” (569), indicating the current research hotspots. Pathobiology, fluid therapy, and endotoxic septic shock were emerging trends in research.ConclusionBy using bibliometrics, this study reviewed the studies in septic shock and revealed the hotspots and cutting-edge trends, including the pathogenesis of complications, the development of new biomarkers, the timing and methods of alternative treatments, and the rehabilitation trajectory, etc., which provided a reference for subsequent studies in septic shock
Free serum cortisol during the postoperative acute phase response determined by equilibrium dialysis liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry
No full textIn severely ill patients low concentrations of the corticosteroid binding globulin are typically found; the aim of this study was to quantify directly free bioactive cortisol concentrations in the sera of postoperative cardiosurgical patients. Serum samples of 12 consecutive patients undergoing aortocoronary bypass surgery taken preoperatively and on the postoperative days 1 to 4 were analyzed. Total serum cortisol was quantified using liquid chromatographytandem mass spectrometry with an online sample extraction system and trideuterated cortisol as the internal standard, and free serum cortisol was measured after overnight equilibrium dialysis. Whereas on the first postoperative day, the median total serum cortisol concentration was approximately twofold increased compared to preoperative samples (preoperatively, 245 nmol/l (interquartile range (IQR) 203293 nmol/l); first postoperative day, 512 nmol/l (IQR 410611 nmol/l)), median dialyzable free cortisol concentration was almost sevenfold increased (preoperatively, 14.2 nmol/l (IQR 10.920.7 nmol/l); first postoperative day, 98.3 nmol/l (IQR 81.3134 nmol/l)). On the fourth postoperative day, median free cortisol was still significantly increased compared to baseline sampling (p < 0.05), whereas median total cortisol was not. A median of 5.7% (IQR 5.47.0%) of total cortisol was found as free cortisol on the preoperative day, 21.2% (IQR 18.9 23.5%) on the first postoperative day and 10.5% (IQR 9.814.0%) on the fourth postoperative day. It is concluded that during the postoperative period the freeto bound ratio of cortisol is highly variable and that during the acute phase response direct quantification of free bioactive cortisol concentrations seems to be biologically more appropriate than the measurement of total cortisol concentrations
Corticosteroids for treating sepsis in children and adults
No full textInternational audienceBackground - Sepsis occurs when an infection is complicated by organ failure. Sepsis may be complicated by impaired corticosteroid metabolism. Thus, providing corticosteroids may benefit patients. The original review was published in 2004 and was updated in 2010 and 2015 prior to this update. Objectives - To examine the effects of corticosteroids on death in children and adults with sepsis. Search methods - We searched CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase, LILACS, ClinicalTrials.gov, ISRCTN, and the WHO Clinical Trials Search Portal, on 25 July 2019. In addition, we conducted reference checking and citation searching, and contacted study authors, to identify additional studies as needed. Selection criteria - We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of corticosteroids versus placebo or usual care (antimicrobials, fluid replacement, and vasopressor therapy as needed) in children and adults with sepsis. We also included RCTs of continuous infusion versus intermittent bolus of corticosteroids. Data collection and analysis - All review authors screened and selected studies for inclusion. One review author extracted data, which was checked by the others, and by the lead author of the primary study when possible. We obtained unpublished data from the authors of some trials. We assessed the methodological quality of trials and applied GRADE to assess the certainty of evidence. Review authors did not contribute to assessment of eligibility and risk of bias, nor to data extraction, for trials they had participated in. Main results - We included 61 trials (12,192 participants), of which six included only children, two included children and adults, and the remaining trials included only adults. Nine studies are ongoing and will be considered in future versions of this review. We judged 19 trials as being at low risk of bias. Corticosteroids versus placebo or usual care Compared to placebo or usual care, corticosteroids probably slightly reduce 28-day mortality (risk ratio (RR) 0.91, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.84 to 0.99; 11,233 participants; 50 studies; moderate-certainty evidence). Corticosteroids may result in little to no difference in long-term mortality (RR 0.97, 95% CI 0.91 to 1.03; 6236 participants; 7 studies; low-certainty evidence) and probably slightly reduce hospital mortality (RR 0.90, 95% CI 0.82 to 0.99; 8183 participants; 26 trials; moderate-certainty evidence). Corticosteroids reduced length of intensive care unit (ICU) stay for all participants (mean difference (MD) -1.07 days, 95% CI -1.95 to -0.19; 7612 participants; 21 studies; high-certainty evidence) and resulted in a large reduction in length of hospital stay for all participants (MD -1.63 days, 95% CI -2.93 to -0.33; 8795 participants; 22 studies; high-certainty evidence). Corticosteroids increase the risk of muscle weakness (RR 1.21, 95% CI 1.01 to 1.44; 6145 participants; 6 studies; high-certainty evidence). Corticosteroids probably do not increase the risk of superinfection (RR 1.06, 95% CI 0.95 to 1.19; 5356 participants; 25 studies; moderate-certainty evidence). Corticosteroids increase the risk of hypernatraemia (high-certainty evidence) and probably increase the risk of hyperglycaemia (moderate-certainty evidence). Moderate-certainty evidence shows that there is probably little or no difference in gastroduodenal bleeding, stroke, or cardiac events, and low-certainty evidence suggests that corticosteroids may result in little to no difference in neuropsychiatric events. Continuous infusion of corticosteroids versus intermittent bolus We are uncertain about the effects of continuous infusion of corticosteroids compared with intermittent bolus administration. Three studies reported data for this comparison, and the certainty of evidence for all outcomes was very low. Authors' conclusions - Moderate-certainty evidence indicates that corticosteroids probably reduce 28-day and hospital mortality among patients with sepsis. Corticosteroids result in large reductions in ICU and hospital length of stay (high-certainty evidence). There may be little or no difference in the risk of major complications; however, corticosteroids increase the risk of muscle weakness and hypernatraemia, and probably increase the risk of hyperglycaemia. The effects of continuous versus intermittent bolus administration of corticosteroids are uncertain
Corticosteroids for treating sepsis
No full textInternational audienceBackground - Sepsis occurs when an infection is complicated by organ failures as defined by a sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) score of two or higher. Sepsis may be complicated by impaired corticosteroid metabolism. Giving corticosteroids may benefit patients. The original review was published in 2004 and was updated in 2010 and again in 2015. Objectives - To examine the effects of corticosteroids on death at one month in patients with sepsis, and to examine whether dose and duration of corticosteroids influence patient response to this treatment. Search methods - We searched the Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL; 2014, Issue 10), MEDLINE (October 2014), EMBASE (October 2014), Latin American Caribbean Health Sciences Literature (LILACS; October 2014) and reference lists of articles, and we contacted trial authors. The original searches were performed in August 2003 and in October 2009. Selection criteria - We included randomized controlled trials of corticosteroids versus placebo or supportive treatment in patients with sepsis. Data collection and analysis - All review authors agreed on the eligibility of trials. One review author extracted data, which were checked by the other review authors, and by the primary author of the paper when possible. We obtained some missing data from trial authors. We assessed the methodological quality of trials. Main results - We identified nine additional studies since the last update, for a total of 33 eligible trials (n = 4268 participants). Twenty-three of these 33 trials were at low risk of selection bias, 22 were at low risk of performance and detection bias, 27 were at low risk of attrition bias and 14 were at low risk of selective reporting. Corticosteroids reduced 28-day mortality (27 trials; n = 3176; risk ratio (RR) 0.87, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.76 to 1.00; P value = 0.05, random-effects model). The quality of evidence for this outcome was downgraded from high to low for imprecision (upper limit of 95% CI = 1) and for inconsistency (significant heterogeneity across trial results). Heterogeneity was related in part to the dosing strategy. Treatment with a long course of low-dose corticosteroids significantly reduced 28-day mortality (22 trials; RR 0.87, 95% CI 0.78 to 0.97; P value = 0.01, fixed-effect model). The quality of evidence was downgraded from high to moderate for inconsistency (owing to non-significant effects shown by one large trial). Corticosteroids also reduced mortality rate in the intensive care unit (13 trials; RR 0.82, 95% CI 0.68 to 1.00; P value = 0.04, random-effects model) and at the hospital (17 trials; RR 0.85, 95% CI 0.73 to 0.98; P value = 0.03, random-effects model). Quality of the evidence for in-hospital mortality was downgraded from high to moderate for inconsistency and imprecision (upper limit of 95% CI for RR approaching 1). Corticosteroids increased the proportion of shock reversal by day seven (12 trials; RR 1.31, 95% CI 1.14 to 1.51; P value = 0.0001) and by day 28 (seven trials; n = 1013; RR 1.11, 95% CI 1.02 to 1.21; P value = 0.01) and reduced the SOFA score by day seven (eight trials; mean difference (MD) -1.53, 95% CI -2.04 to -1.03; P value \textless 0.00001, random-effects model) and survivors' length of stay in the intensive care unit (10 trials; MD -2.19, 95% CI -3.93 to -0.46; P value = 0.01, fixed-effect model) without inducing gastroduodenal bleeding (19 trials; RR 1.24, 95% CI 0. 92 to 1.67; P value = 0.15, fixed-effect model), superinfection (19 trials; RR 1.02, 95% CI 0.87 to 1.20; P value = 0.81, fixed-effect model) or neuromuscular weakness (three trials; RR 0.62, 95% CI 0.21 to 1.88; P value = 0.40, fixed-effect model). Corticosteroid increased the risk of hyperglycaemia (13 trials; RR 1.26, 95% CI 1.16 to 1.37; P value \textless 0.00001, fixed-effect model) and hypernatraemia (three trials; RR 1.64, 95% CI 1.28 to 2.09; P value \textless 0.0001, fixed-effect model). Authors' conclusions - Overall, low-quality evidence indicates that corticosteroids reduce mortality among patients with sepsis. Moderate-quality evidence suggests that a long course of low-dose corticosteroids reduced 28-day mortality without inducing major complications and led to an increase in metabolic disorder
Terminal Complement Inhibitor Ravulizumab in Generalized Myasthenia Gravis
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Expiratory obstruction in patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy under non-invasive ventilation: A step-by-step analysis of a new obstructive pattern
No full textInternational audiencePurpose: Non-invasive ventilation (NIV) is the reference standard for managing chronic hypoventilation in patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). In these patients, upper airway obstruction under NIV may compromise efficacy and adherence. We aim to describe a novel pattern of expiratory obstructive events occurring during nocturnal barometric NIV. Methods: We retrospectively included all patients with DMD who underwent full-night polygraphy during NIV as part of their usual follow-up between May 2018 and July 2019. Results: We provide a step-by-step description of this previously undescribed pattern of obstruction. Expiratory obstructions lead to end-inspiratory breath-holding and impossibility to take another inspiratory breath with a barometric mode until expiration occurs. These events were observed in 4 (36%) of 11 DMD patients under barometric NIV. Conclusion: Expiratory obstructions may be common in DMD patients receiving NIV and should be sought out routinely. This previously undescribed variant of obstructive event must be identified
Publisher Correction: Effect of hydrocortisone on mortality in patients with severe community-acquired pneumonia
No full textWhen this article was first published, the corresponding author of the Institutional Author “The REMAP-CAP Investigators” was given as additional author by mistake. The Original Article has been corrected. The Publisher apologises for this mistake
