350 research outputs found
Gene loss and lineage specific restriction-modification systems associated with niche differentiation in the Campylobacter jejuni Sequence Type 403 clonal complex
No full textCampylobacter jejuni is a highly diverse species of bacteria commonly associated with infectious intestinal disease of humans and zoonotic carriage in poultry, cattle, pigs, and other animals. The species contains a large number of distinct clonal complexes that vary from host generalist lineages commonly found in poultry, livestock, and human disease cases to host-adapted specialized lineages primarily associated with livestock or poultry. Here, we present novel data on the ST403 clonal complex of C. jejuni, a lineage that has not been reported in avian hosts. Our data show that the lineage exhibits a distinctive pattern of intralineage recombination that is accompanied by the presence of lineage-specific restriction-modification systems. Furthermore, we show that the ST403 complex has undergone gene decay at a number of loci. Our data provide a putative link between the lack of association with avian hosts of C. jejuni ST403 and both gene gain and gene loss through nonsense mutations in coding sequences of genes, resulting in pseudogene formation
The Quest for Citations: Drivers of Article Impact
No full textWhy do some articles become building blocks for future scholars, while many others remain unnoticed? We aim to answer this question by contrasting, synthesizing and simultaneously testing three scientometric perspectives – universalism, social constructivism and presentation – on the influence of article and author characteristics on article citations. To do so, we study all articles published in a sample of five major journals in marketing from 1990 to 2002 that are central to the discipline. We count the number of citations each of these articles has received and regress this count on an extensive set of characteristics of the article (i.e. article quality, article domain, title length, the use of attention grabbers and expositional clarity), and the author (i.e. author visibility and author personal promotion). We find that the number of citations an article in the marketing discipline receives, depends upon “what one says†(quality and domain), on “who says it†(author visibility and personal promotion) and not so much on “how one says it†(title length, the use of attention grabbers, and expositional clarity). Our insights contribute to the marketing literature and are relevant to scientific stakeholders, such as the management of scientific journals and individual academic scholars, as they strive to maximize citations. They are also relevant to marketing practitioners. They inform practitioners on characteristics of the academic journals in marketing and their relevance to decisions they face. On the other hand, they also raise challenges towards making our journals accessible and relevant to marketing practitioners: (1) authors visible to academics are not necessarily visible to practitioners; (2) the readability of an article may hurt academic credibility and impact, while it may be instrumental in influencing practitioners; (3) it remains questionable whether articles that academics assess to be of high quality are also managerially relevant.Impact;Citation Analysis;Referencing;Scientometrics;Cite
Hippocampal activation for autobiographical memories over the entire lifetime in healthy aged subjects: An fMRI study
No full textInternational audienceWe used functional magnetic resonance imaging to determine the cerebral structures required during the recollection of episodic autobiographical memories according to 5 time periods covering the whole lifespan to test the 2 concurring models of memory consolidation, which propose either a temporary (standard model) or a permanent (multiple-trace model) role of the hippocampus in episodic memory retrieval. The experimental paradigm was specially designed to engage subjects (67.17 +/- 5.22 years old) in the retrieval of episodic autobiographical memories, whatever the time period, from personally relevant cues selected by questioning a family member. Moreover, the nature of the memories was checked at debriefing by means of behavioral measures to control the degree of episodicity. Behavioral data showed that recollected memories were characterized by specificity and details whatever their remoteness. Main neuroimaging data (Statistical Parametric Mapping 99) revealed the activation of a network including the left superior frontal gyri, bilateral precuneus/posterior cingulate and lingual gyri, left angular gyrus, and left hippocampus, although the subtraction analyses detected subtle differences between certain time periods. Small volume correction centered on the hippocampus detected left hippocampal activation for all time periods and additional right hippocampal activation for the intermediate periods. Further confirmation was provided by using a 3-way analysis of variance on blood oxygen level-dependent values, which revealed hippocampal activation whatever the time interval. The present data challenge the standard model of memory consolidation and support the multiple-trace model, instead. The comparison with previous literature stresses the idea that a bilateral involvement of the hippocampus characterizes rich episodic autobiographical memory recollection
Evapotranspiration Landfill Cover at Wollert, Victoria
No full textDifficulties associated with the construction and maintenance of conventional landfill barrier caps has prompted a number of alternative capping solutions. One particular example is an evapotranspiration (ET) landfill cap. These covers rely on the manipulation of water balance components rather than a barrier approach in order to minimise the infiltration of water into the landfill. The overall ET cover design philosophy and process is significantly different from that employed in the construction of conventional covers.
Currently Hanson Australia, in collaboration with Melbourne University, is working through the design and research of an ET cover at Wollert landfill in Victoria. This paper presents the background and objectives of the project, a summary of the progress to date and intended future research. An insight is given into cover material and plant selection and required field, laboratory and glasshouse trials.Full Tex
PESI - a taxonomic backbone for Europe
No full textThis is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
The attached file is the published version of the article.NHM Repositor
Rate of telomere shortening and cardiovascular damage: a longitudinal study in the 1946 British Birth Cohort.
No full textCross-sectional studies reported associations between short leucocyte telomere length (LTL) and measures of vascular and cardiac damage. However, the contribution of LTL dynamics to the age-related process of cardiovascular (CV) remodelling remains unknown. In this study, we explored whether the rate of LTL shortening can predict CV phenotypes over 10-year follow-up and the influence of established CV risk factors on this relationship
Indispensability Arguments and Mathematical Explanation in Science
No full textThe aim of this thesis is to find a way to undermine the indispensability argument for mathematical platonism. In chapter 1 I provide a brief survey of the indispensability argument, arguing that the explanatory indispensability argument is stronger than earlier forms of the argument. This is because it has less controversial premises, appealing neither to confirmational holism nor to a strong naturalism but rather to inference to the best explanation, a principle of inference which both sides in the indispensability debate are taken to accept. Hence I take the explanatory indispensability argument as my target.
In chapter 2, I provide a more detailed account of the way in which inference to the best explanation, or IBE, is involved in the explanatory indispensability argument. I present two readings of the argument, rejecting the first reading and arguing that a second reading, which involves an instance of IBE, is the most plausible.
Chapter 3 considers whether there are genuine cases of mathematical explanation in science, focusing on an explanation from evolutionary biology provided by Alan Baker. I draw on the biological literature to argue that there is some reason to doubt that Baker's explanation meets the conditions for a successful application of IBE.
In chapter 4 I examine a number of restrictions on IBE recently suggested in the indispensability debate. Firstly, I argue that the indexing account suggests a reasonable restriction on IBE, but that proponents of the indexing account have not yet shown that this restriction is successful in undermining the explanatory indispensability argument. Secondly, I examine a restriction on IBE proposed by Pincock, arguing that this restriction is also unsuccessful in blocking the support of mathematical claims through IBE. Thirdly, I propose a restriction on IBE motivated by scientific practice and which, I argue, successfully undermines the explanatory indispensability argument
Tapahtumamarkkinointi Venäjällä : case: Canon Forte
No full textTämä opinnäytetyö käsittelee tapahtumamarkkinointia Venäjän markkinoilla case Canon Forten avulla. Opinnäytetyö erityisesti keskittyy markkinoinnin kilpailukeinoihin, markkinointiviestintään, tapahtumamarkkinointiin sekä Venäjän kulttuuriin.
Opinnäytetyö teoreettinen osuus on toteutettu kirjoituspöytätutkimuksena alan kirjallisuutta, Internet- aineistoa, haastatteluja sekä kirjoittajan omia ajatuksia käyttäen. Opinnäytetyön teoriaosuus jaetaan kahteen osaan. Teoriaosuus alkaa perustiedoista markkinoinnin kilpailukeinoista ja markkinointiviestinnästä. Tapah-tumamarkkinointia esitetään omana osa-alueena, mitä tuetaan erilaisilla vertailuilla sekä markkinointimalleilla. Seuraavaksi siirrytään Venäjän kulttuuriosuuteen, mikä erityisesti käsittelee Venäjän liiketapoja.
Opinnäytetyön empiirisenä osuutena toimii tapahtuma Canon Forte. Tapahtumaa toteutettiin kahden yrityksen Canonin ja JM Corporationin voimin Venäjällä. Em-piirinen osuus alkaa ensin tapahtuman lyhyestä kuvauksesta sekä tapahtuman tavoitteista. Päätavoite oli saada riittävän määrän osallistujia tietystä kohderyhmästä Canon Forte- tapahtumaan. Tämän jälkeen syvennytään siihen, miten asetettuihin tavoitteisiin päästiin. Käytännön osio on pitkälle kirjoitettu opinnäytetyön laatijan omia ajatuksia ja mielipiteitä käyttäen, koska hän oli suorittanut työharjoittelua JM Tieto Oy:ssä ja auttoi hieman Canon Forte tapahtuman markkinoinnissa. JM Corporation on suomalaisen yrityksen JM Tieto Oy:n venäläinen tytäryhtiö.
Opinnäytetyön yhteenvedossa ja johtopäätöksissä yhdistetään teoriaa ja empiiristä osuutta.The study explores event marketing in the Russian market with the help of a case Canon Forte. The focus of this study is especially on competitive tools, marketing communication, event marketing and Russian culture.
The theory part of this study is conducted as desk research and the sources include literature related to the topic, internet publications, interviews, and the author’s own observations. The theory part of this thesis can be divided in two parts. The theory part begins with basic information about competitive tools and marketing communications. The study deals with event marketing as a separate sector and it is backed up with different comparisons and marketing models. The second part is about Russian culture especially about Russian business etiquette.
In the empirical part, this thesis focuses on an event Canon Forte. The event was carried out in Russia with the help of two companies Canon and JM Corporation. The empirical part begins with a short introduction about the event and the main goals of the event. The main issue was how to get enough people of that specific target group to participate in Canon Forte. Next it concentrates on how these companies reached those goals. The empirical part is mostly written by using the author’s own thoughts and opinions. The author of this thesis did her practical training in JM Tieto Ltd and helped a little bit in the arrangement of the event. JM Corporation is a Russian daughter company of the Finnish company JM Tieto Ltd.
In the summary and in the conclusion writer is putting together the theory and the empirical part
Did female prisoners with mental disorders receive psychiatric treatment before imprisonment?
No full text© 2015 Mundt et al.; licensee BioMed Central. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative
Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and
reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly credited. The Creative Commons Public Domain
Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article,
unless otherwise stated.BackgroundThroughout the world, high prevalence rates of mental disorders have been found in prison populations, especially in females. It has been suggested that these populations do not access psychiatric treatment. The aim of this study was to establish rates of psychiatric in- and outpatient treatments prior to imprisonment in female prisoners and to explore reasons for discontinuation of such treatments.Methods150 consecutively admitted female prisoners were interviewed in Berlin, Germany. Socio-demographic characteristics, mental disorders, and previous psychiatric in- and outpatient treatments were assessed by trained researchers. Open questions were used to explore reasons for ending previous psychiatric treatment.ResultsA vast majority of 99 prisoners (66%; 95% CI: 58¿73) of the total sample reported that they had previously been in psychiatric treatment, 80 (53%; 95 CI: 45¿61) in inpatient treatment, 62 (41%; 95 CI: 34¿49) in outpatient treatment and 42 (29%; 21¿39) in both in- and outpatient treatments. All prisoners with psychosis and 72% of the ones with any lifetime mental health disorder had been in previous treatment. The number of inpatient treatments and imprisonments were positively correlated (rho¿=¿0.27; p¿<¿0.01). Inpatient treatment was described as successfully completed by 56% (N¿=¿41) of those having given reasons for ending such treatment, whilst various reasons were reported for prematurely ending outpatient treatments.ConclusionThe data do not support the notion of a general `mental health treatment gap¿ in female prisoners. Although inpatient care is often successfully completed, repeated inpatient treatments are not linked with fewer imprisonments. Improved transition from inpatient to outpatient treatment and services that engage female prisoners to sustained outpatient treatments are needed
The Effect of Tenofovir on Vitamin D Metabolism in HIV-Infected Adults Is Dependent on Sex and Ethnicity
No full textPMCID: PMC3440360This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited
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