10 research outputs found
Homocystinuria presenting as a calcified right atrial mass
No full textHomocystinuria is a genetic inborn error of metabolism due to the deficiency of cystathionine β-synthase resulting in increased serum homocysteine and methionine and decreased cysteine which predisposes affected individuals to arterial and venous thromboembolic phenomena. We present a case of homocystinuria who presented to us as a calcified right atrial mass during the evaluation for lower respiratory tract infection. Our case reveals an unusual mix of findings using imaging with multiple detector computed tomography and radiographs
Social media and empowerment in hospitality and tourism decision-making:A study among UK Muslim women
No full textResearch that explores Muslim women’s hospitality and tourism decision-making is limited. This paper attempts to bring a new perspective to the literature on social media and consumption decisions in the hospitality and tourism sector by focusing on Muslim women as a consumer segment. Based on a survey of 791 Muslim women in the UK, it finds that autonomous self-expression, self-disclosure, and reciprocity to self-disclosure on Facebook were positively related to bonding and bridging social capital, which in turn related positively to their empowerment in hospitality and tourism decision-making. Employment status moderated some of these relations. The paper breaks new ground by bringing together two disparate research strands in the tourism literature: one that focuses on women but ignores religion, and the other that studies Islamic tourism but overlooks the role of women. The findings offer insights into hospitality and tourism marketing strategies aimed at Muslim women
Object-oriented and ontology-alignment patterns-based expressive Mediation Bridge Ontology (MBO)
No full text© The Author(s) 2015. The Semantic Web is dependent on extensive knowledge management by interlinking resources on the web using matching techniques. This role is played by the progressing domain of ontology matching, by introducing ontology-matching tools. The focus of these matching tools is limited to matching techniques and automation, rather than expressive formal representation of alignments. We propose Mediation Bridge Ontology (MBO), an expressive alignment representation ontology used to store correspondences between matching ontologies matched by our ontology-matching tool, System for Parallel Heterogeneity Resolution (SPHeRe). The MBO utilizes object-oriented design patterns and the proposed ontology-alignment design patterns to provide extendibility and reusability factors to SPHeRe system. We compared our proposed system with existing systems using Coupling Factor, Number of Polymorphic methods and Rate of Change metrics to support extendibility and reusability. These factors contribute to the overall objective of interoperability for knowledge management in the Semantic Web
Multi-Therapeutic Potential of Naringenin (4′,5,7-Trihydroxyflavonone): Experimental Evidence and Mechanisms
No full textExtensive research has been carried out during the last few decades, providing a detailed account of thousands of discovered phytochemicals and their biological activities that have the potential to be exploited for a wide variety of medicinal purposes. These phytochemicals, which are pharmacologically important for clinical use, primarily consist of polyphenols, followed by terpenoids and alkaloids. There are numerous published reports indicating the primary role of phytochemicals proven to possess therapeutic potential against several diseases. However, not all phytochemicals possess significant medicinal properties, and only some of them exhibit viable biological effects. Naringenin, a flavanone found in citrus fruits, is known to improve immunity, repair DNA damage, and scavenge free radicals. Despite the very low bioavailability of naringenin, it is known to exhibit various promising biological properties of medicinal importance, including anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. This review focuses on the various aspects related to naringenin, particularly its physicochemical, pharmacokinetic, and pharmacodynamic properties. Furthermore, various pharmacological activities of naringenin, such as anticancer, antidiabetic, hepatoprotective, neuroprotective, cardioprotective, nephroprotective, and gastroprotective effects, have been discussed along with their mechanisms of action
Simulation of modelling of turbulent trailing edge flow
No full textComputations of turbulent trailing-edge flow have been carried out at a Reynolds number of 1000 (based on the free-stream quantities and the trailing-edge thickness) using an unsteady 3D Reynolds-Averaged Navier–Stokes (URANS) code, in which two-equation (k–?) turbulence models with various low-Re near wall treatments were implemented. Results from a direct numerical simulation (DNS) of the same flow are available for comparison and assessment of the turbulence models used in the URANS code. Two-dimensional URANS calculations are carried out with turbulence mean properties from the DNS used at the inlet; the inflow boundary-layer thickness is 6.42 times the trailing-edge thickness, close to typical turbine blade flow applications. Many of the key flow features observed in DNS are also predicted by the modelling; the flow oscillates in a similar way to that found in bluff-body flow with a von Kármán vortex street produced downstream. The recirculation bubble predicted by unsteady RANS has a similar shape to DNS, but with a length only half that of the DNS.It is found that the unsteadiness plays an important role in the near wake, comparable to the modelled turbulence, but that far downstream the modelled turbulence dominates. A spectral analysis applied to the force coefficient in the wall normal direction shows that a Strouhal number based on the trailing-edge thickness is 0.23, approximately twice that observed in DNS. To assess the modelling approximations, an a priori analysis has been applied using DNS data for the key individual terms in the turbulence model equations. A possible refinement to account for pressure transport is discussed
AMPA receptor GluA2 subunit defects are a cause of neurodevelopmental disorders
No full textAMPA receptors (AMPARs) are tetrameric ligand-gated channels made up of combinations of GluA1-4 subunits encoded by GRIA1-4 genes. GluA2 has an especially important role because, following post-transcriptional editing at the Q607 site, it renders heteromultimeric AMPARs Ca2+-impermeable, with a linear relationship between current and trans-membrane voltage. Here, we report heterozygous de novo GRIA2 mutations in 28 unrelated patients with intellectual disability (ID) and neurodevelopmental abnormalities including autism spectrum disorder (ASD), Rett syndrome-like features, and seizures or developmental epileptic encephalopathy (DEE). In functional expression studies, mutations lead to a decrease in agonist-evoked current mediated by mutant subunits compared to wild-type channels. When GluA2 subunits are co-expressed with GluA1, most GRIA2 mutations cause a decreased current amplitude and some also affect voltage rectification. Our results show that de-novo variants in GRIA2 can cause neurodevelopmental disorders, complementing evidence that other genetic causes of ID, ASD and DEE also disrupt glutamatergic synaptic transmission. © 2019, The Author(s)
Biallelic MED27 variants lead to variable ponto-cerebello-lental degeneration with movement disorders
No full textMED27 is a subunit of the Mediator multiprotein complex, which is involved in transcriptional regulation. Biallelic MED27 variants have recently been suggested to be responsible for an autosomal recessive neurodevelopmental disorder with spasticity, cataracts, and cerebellar hypoplasia. We further delineate the clinical phenotype of MED27-related disease by characterizing the clinical and radiological features of 57 affected individuals from 30 unrelated families with biallelic MED27 variants. Utilizing exome sequencing and extensive international genetic data sharing, 39 unpublished affected individuals from 18 independent families with biallelic missense variants in MED27 have been identified (29 females, mean age at last follow-up 17±12.4 years, range 0.1-45). Follow-up and hitherto unreported clinical features were obtained from the published 12 families. Brain MRI scans from 34 cases were reviewed. MED27-related disease manifests as a broad phenotypic continuum ranging from developmental and epileptic-dyskinestic encephalopathy to variable neurodevelopmental disorder with movement abnormalities. It is characterised by mild to profound global developmental delay/intellectual disability (100%), bilateral cataracts (89%), infantile hypotonia (74%), microcephaly (62%), gait ataxia (63%), dystonia (61%), variably combined with epilepsy (50%), limb spasticity (51%), facial dysmorphism (38%), and death before reaching adulthood (16%). Brain MRI revealed cerebellar atrophy (100%), white matter volume loss (76.4%), pontine hypoplasia (47.2%), and basal ganglia atrophy with signal alterations (44.4%). Previously unreported 39 affected individuals had seven homozygous pathogenic missense MED27 variants, five of which were recurrent. An emerging genotype-phenotype correlation was observed. This study provides a comprehensive clinical-radiological description of MED27-related disease, establishes genotype-phenotype and clinical-radiological correlations, and suggests a differential diagnosis with syndromes of cerebello-lental neurodegeneration and other subtypes of "neuro-MEDopathies".</p
Amplimerlinius globigerus Siddiqi 1979
No full textAmplimerlinius globigerus Siddiqi, 1979 127 ♀: L = 710–1161 µm; a = 24–40; b = 4.3–6.3; c = 13–24; c' = 1.7–3.2; St = 20–25 µm; V = 50–60; Tail annuli = 26–48 39 ♂: L = 700–1182 µm; a = 26–43; b = 4.6–6.5; c = 14–21; St = 20.5 –25.0 µm; Spicules = 25–36 µm Associated plants and locality. sugar beet (Khorasan Razavi and Hamadan), grapevine (Hamadan and Kurdistan), alfalfa (Hamadan), castor bean (Qazvin), fourteen different vegetables (East Azerbaijan), strawberry (Kurdistan), walnut (Kerman and Hamadan), rapeseed (North Khorasan), fruit trees nursery (Kurdistan) and unidentified plants (Kerman and Semnan). During present study, from grass, almond, grapevine, peach, quince and walnut (Fars), fruit tree seedlings, apple, cherry, wild grapevine and strawberry (Kurdistan), walnut and pepper (Hamadan), wheat, corn, grapevine, apricot and forest trees (Kohgiloyeh and Boyer-Ahmad) and cucumber (Khuzestan). References. Mehdikhani Moghadam & Kheiri, 1995 [F]; Karegar et al., 1995 [F]; Hassanzadeh Khalifehkandi et al., 2005 [P]; Razzaz Hashemi, 2006; Ali Ramaji et al., 2006; Karegar, 2006; Jabbari & Niknam, 2008; Ghaderi et al., 2008; Gharakhani et al., 2010; Kashi et al., 2009; Harati et al., 2010; Ashrafi et al., 2012; Ghaderi et al., 2012 a; Ghorbani et al., 2012; Baadl et al., 2012 b [P]; Present study. Remarks. Andrássy (2007) noted that because stylet length is the only difference between A. globigerus and A. socialis, A. globigerus may be a junior synonym of A. socialis. However, stylet length in the Iranian populations overlaps with that of A. socialis, supporting the synonymy of these taxa as Andrassy’s contention. Amplimerlinius icarus (Wallace & Greet, 1964) Siddiqi, 1976 Syn: Merlinius icarus (Wallace & Greet, 1964) Siddiqi, 1970 Associated plants and locality. tea (Gilan) and saffron (South Khorasan). References. Kheiri, 1972 a; Mehdikhani Moghadam & Alvani, 2013. Amplimerlinius macrurus (Goodey, 1932) Siddiqi, 1976 25 ♀: L = 802–1048 µm; a = 23–31; b = 4.4–5.7; c = 13–17; c' = 2.1–2.7; St = 25–29 µm; V = 55–58; Tail annuli = 30–53 9 ♂: L = 802–1067 µm; a = 25–33; b = 4.7–5.5; c = 11–14; St = 25–30 µm; Spicules = 31–38 µm Associated plants and locality. cucumber, corn, melon, grapevine, sugar beet, apricot, sainfoin, wheat, apple, alfalfa, potato, walnut, bean, saffron, milk vetch and other plants (Esfahan, Markazi, West Azerbaijan, Qazvin, Alborz, Hamadan, Fars, Zanjan, Kurdistan, Kermanshah, East Azerbaijan, South Khorasan and Ardabil). From citrus (Mazandaran), present study. References. Mojtahedi et al., 1983 [P]; Barooti & Kheiri, 1989; Akhiani et al., 1993; Teymouri & Nouri, 1993; Barooti, 1998; Mohammad Deimi et al., 2008 a; Niknam et al., 2008 [P; restudy]; Ali Ramaji et al., 2010; Bahmani et al., 2013; Mehdikhani Moghadam & Alvani, 2013; Panahandeh & Pourjam, 2014 [P]; Present study. Remarks. Female stylet length was reported as 23 µm (21.4–26.3 µm) (Niknam et al., 2008); however, stylet length may be underestimated or the studied population may be a mixture of A. globigerus and A. macrurus. Amplimerlinius sikkimensis Shaw & Khan, 1992 7 ♀: L = 570–800 µm; a = 25–31; b = 4.5–6.6; c = 12–19; c' = 2.1–3.9; St = 15–19 µm; V = 50–60; Tail annuli = 30–32. Associated plants and locality. potato (Khorasan Razavi). References. Erfanipour Ghasemi et al., 2011 [F; restudy]. Remarks. In the discussion part of the related reference (Erfanipour Ghasemi et al., 2011), stylet length was reported as 22–24 µm, while given as 15–19 µm in table 1 of that paper and appears to be about 14 and 18 µm, based on calculations from fig. 1 A and 1 B, respectively, from the same paper. However, stylet length in the original description of A. sikkimensis is 24–26 µm (Shaw & Khan, 1992) and this species must be compared with the morphologically similar species, A. socialis. Amplimerlinius socialis (Andrássy, 1962) Siddiqi, 1976 ? ♀: L = 700–920 µm; St = 24–26 µm; Tail annuli = 35–45 Associated plants and locality. grapevine (Alborz), fruit trees (East Azerbaijan) and saffron (South Khorasan). References. Mojtahedi et al., 1983 [P]; Solouki et al., 2012; Mehdikhani Moghadam & Alvani, 2013. Geocenamus tenuidens Thorne & Malek, 1968 Associated plants and locality. tomato (North Khorasan) and saffron (South Khorasan). References. Fadavi Khalajlo et al., 2013 [F; restudy]; Mehdikhani Moghadam & Alvani, 2013 [restudy]. Remarks. Specimens should be reexamined in regard to some diagnostic characters such as perioral disc and conus length. Fadavi Khalajlo et al. (2013) described a population without perioral disc, a robust stylet having short conus and tail with 32–45 ventral annuli (vs. having distinct perioral disc, a slender stylet with longer conus and 45–80 ventral annuli on tail in G. tenuidens). Merlinius alboranensis (Tobar-Jiménez, 1970) Tarjan, 1973 Syn: Geocenamus alboranensis (Tobar-Jiménez, 1970) Brzeski, 1991 Associated plants and locality. pomegranate and apricot (Kerman), arborvitae (Kuhgiluyeh and Boyer Ahmad) and other plants (Sistan and Baluchistan). References. Seraji et al., 2000; Jahanshahi Afshar et al., 2006; Palashi et al., 2012. Remarks. Very similar to M. microdorus (see below); the ranges of stylet length and other diagnostic characters of these two species overlap each other. Merlinius bavaricus (Sturhan, 1966) Siddiqi, 1970 30 ♀: L = 694–1036 µm; a = 27–36; b = 4.8–6.6; c = 12–17; c' = 2.6–3.9; St = 20–22 µm; V = 54–59; Tail annuli = 38–52 18 ♂: L = 633–906 µm; a = 32–43; b = 4.5–6.6; c = 12–16; St = 18–21 µm; Spicules = 23–28 µm Associated plants and locality. beech (Gilan) and saffron (South Khorasan). References. Pourjam et al., 2011 a [F]; Mehdikhani Moghadam & Alvani, 2013. Merlinius brevidens (Allen, 1955) Siddiqi, 1970 Syn: Geocenamus brevidens (Allen, 1955) Brzeski, 1991 106 ♀: L = 485–728 µm; a = 25–36; b = 4.2–5.9; c = 11–16; c' = 2.5–4.6; St = 12–16 µm; V = 51–60; Tail annuli = 32–55 10 ♂: L = 506–653 µm; a = 29–40; b = 4.2–5.1; c = 10–14; St = 13–15 µm; Spicules = 17–22 µm Associated plants and locality. associated with many plants in different regions of Iran. References. reported by many authors; the first report by Kheiri, 1972 a. A full description was given by Hassanzadeh Khalifehkandi et al., 2005 and morphometrics by Mojtahedi et al., 1983; Niknam et al., 2008; Mohammad Deimi & Mitkowski, 2010; Panahandeh & Pourjam, 2014; Present study. Remarks. The above-mentioned morphometrics are only based on the populations collected during present study, because some measurements may be overestimated in the other reports. Merlinius graminicola (Kirjanova, 1951) Siddiqi, 1976 Syn: Geocenamus graminicola (Kirjanova, 1951) Geraert, 2011 ? ♀: L = 700–740 µm; St = 23–24 µm; Tail annuli = 27–29 Associated plants and locality. sugar beet (Fars and Esfahan) and saffron (South Khorasan). References. Mojtahedi et al., 1983 [P]; Akhiani et al., 1993; Mehdikhani Moghadam & Alvani, 2013. Merlinius indicus Zarina & Maqbool, 1995 9 ♀: L = 458–677 µm; a = 25–33; b = 4.4–5.5; c = 11–13; c' = 3.0– 3.7; St = 10–13 µm; V = 53–61; Tail annuli = 37–55 Associated plants and locality. rosemary (Khorasan Razavi). From alfalfa (Sistan and Baluchistan) and wheat (Fars and Boushehr), present study. References. Mehdikhani Moghadam & Mokrem Hassar, 2011 [F; restudy]; Present study. Remarks. In the Khorasan Razavi population, some characters, including head shape, vulval lips, position of phasmids and number of tail annuli differ from those reported elsewhere for M. indicus. Furthermore, the appearence of cuticular striations were not mentioned in description, an important character for separation of M. indicus from the very closely related M. nanus (shallow vs. deep cuticular striations). However, the above morphometrics are only for populations collected in the present study. Merlinius microdorus (Geraert, 1966) Siddiqi, 1970 Syn: Geocenamus microdorus (Geraert, 1966) Brzeski, 1991 96 ♀: L = 489–715 µm; a = 23–34; b = 3.9–5.9; c = 10–16; c' = 2.3–4.2; St = 12–16 µm; V = 51–59; Tail annuli = 31–62 19 ♂: L = 489–660 µm; a = 26–37; b = 4.1–5.4; c = 10–13; St = 11–15 µm; Spicules = 15–22 µm Associated plants and locality. wheat, cucumber, musk-melon, watermelon, sugar beet, grapevine, white poplar, clover, tobacco, sweet lemon, potato, almond, apricot, plum, alfalfa, soybean, walnut, rapeseed, saffron and rosemary (Alborz, Esfahan, Ardabil, Qazvin, Kerman, Golestan, West Azerbaijan, Fars, Hamadan, East Azerbaijan, Kurdistan, Sistan and Baluchistan, Mazandaran, North Khorasan, South Khorasan and Khorasan Razavi). During present study, from watermelon (Khorasan Razavi), clover (Mazandaran), grapevine, lettuce and white poplar (Fars), eucalyptus, wheat and alfalfa (Kohgiloyeh and Boyer-Ahmad) and date palm (Boushehr). References. Kheiri, 1972 a; Mojtahedi et al., 1983 [P]; Karegar et al., 1995 [P]; Barooti, 1998; Bahrami Kamangar et al., 2000; Gol Mohammadzadeh Khiaban & Barooti, 2002; Jamali et al., 2005; Hassanzadeh Khalifehkandi et al., 2005 [P]; Karegar, 2006; Najafpour et al., 2008; Kashi et al., 2009; Mehdikhani Moghadam & Mokrem Hassar, 2011 [P]; Baadl et al., 2012 a; Mehdikhani Moghadam & Alvani, 2013; Present study. Remarks. The population studied by Kheiri, 1972 a was considered as M. nanus by Saltukoglu et al., 1976. Merlinius nanus (Allen, 1955) Siddiqi, 1970 Syn: Geocenamus nanus (Allen, 1955) Brzeski, 1991 69 ♀: L = 433–872 µm; a = 25–41; b = 4.0– 6.5; c = 11–16; c' = 2.7–4.5; St = 11–15 µm; V = 52–60; Tail annuli = 32–60 14 ♂: L = 404–819 µm; a = 25–34; b = 4.2–5.6; c = 10–14; St = 11–13 µm; Spicules = 18–24 µm Associated plants and locality. grapevine, alfalfa and tomato (Esfahan), cucumber (Esfahan, Kerman), rapeseed (Golestan and North Khorasan) and saffron (South Khorasan). During present study, from citrus and date palm (Hormozgan), pomegranate, sugar beet, eucalyptus, alfalfa, pepper and potato (Fars), corn (Kohgiloyeh and Boyer-Ahmad, Fars), cucumber and onion (Boushehr). References. Mojtahedi et al., 1983 [P]; Naseri et al., 2008 [F]; Niknam et al., 2008 [P]; Rafiee et al., 2010; Baadl et al., 2012 a; Mehdikhani Moghadam & Alvani, 2013; Present study. Merlinius nothus (Allen, 1955) Siddiqi, 1970 Syn: Geocenamus nothus (Allen, 1955) Brzeski, 1991; Merlinius paramonovi Volkova, 1972 Associated plants and locality. grapevine (Markazi, Esfahan), rapeseed (North Khorasan) and other plants (Semnan). References. Mojtahedi et al., 1983 [P]; Harati et al., 2010; Baadl et al., 2012 a [F]. Merlinius plerorbus Anderson & Ebsary, 1982 7 ♀: L = 490–568 µm; a = 19–24; b = 4.6–6.1; c = 11–13; c' = 2.7–3.4; St = 15–16 µm; V = 56–58; Tail annuli = 24–32 7 ♂: L = 501–601 µm; a = 25–31; b = 4.5–5.3; c = 11–12; St = 15–16 µm; Spicules = 20–22 µm Associated plants and locality. hawthorn (Ardabil). References. Pourjam et al., 2011 a [F]. Merlinius pseudobavaricus Saltukoglu, Geraert & Coomans, 1976 Syn: Geocenamus pseudobavaricus (Saltukoglu, Geraert & Coomans, 1976) Brzeski, 1991 7 ♀: L = 560–685 µm; a = 22–30; b = 4.5–5.1; c = 13–15; c' = 2.6 –3.0; St = 21–24 µm; V = 53–57; Tail annuli =? 6 ♂: L = 525–640 µm; a = 24–29; b = 4.3–4.8; c = 9–13; St = 15–23 µm; Spicules = 18–26 µm Associated plants and locality. alfalfa (East Azerbaijan), saffron (South Khorasan) and some plants and fruit trees (Zanjan). References. Niknam et al., 2008 [F]; Mousavi et al., 2012; Mehdikhani Moghadam & Alvani, 2013. Nagelus camelliae (Kheiri, 1972) Siddiqi, 1979 Syn: Merlinius camelliae Kheiri, 1972 2 ♀: L = 595–605 µm; a = 24–26; b = 4.3–4.9; c = 12–14; c' = 2.7–3.3; St = 20–21 µm; V = 55–58; Tail annuli = 50–55 3 ♂: L = 515–585 µm; a = 26–28; b = 3.6–4.4; c = 10–12; St = 20 µm; Spicules = 25–27 µm Associated plants and locality. tea (Gilan) and citrus (Mazandaran). References. Kheiri, 1972 b [F]; Mojtahedi et al., 1983 [P]. Remarks. This species was redescribed from Turkey (Saltukoglu, 1974) and is considered a synonym of N. obscurus by Brzeski, 1997. Nagelus leptus (Allen, 1955) Siddiqi, 1979 Syn: Merlinius leptus (Allen, 1955) Siddiqi, 1970 ? ♀: L = 640–1000 µm; St = 21–24 µm; Tail annuli = 50–60 Associated plants and locality. cucumber and alfalfa (Esfahan and Fars). References. Mojtahedi et al., 1983 [P]. Nagelus obscurus (Allen, 1955) Powers, Baldwin & Bell, 1983 Syn: Merlinius obscurus (Allen, 1955) Siddiqi, 1970 29 ♀: L = 619–907 µm; a = 24–35; b = 4.6 –6.0; c = 12–17; c' = 2.7–3.9; St = 20–27 µm; V = 53–58; Tail annuli = 42–70 14 ♂: L = 542–915 µm; a = 30–35; b = 4.0–6.0; c = 10–13; St = 19–27 µm; Spicules = 21–33 µm Associated plants and locality. grapevine and apple (Kermanshah), citrus (Mazandaran), hawthorn and an unspecified plant (Ardabil) and beech (Gilan). From forest trees (Golestan) and strawberry (Kurdistan), present study. References. Taymouri & Nouri, 1993; Divsalar et al., 2011; Ali Ramaji et al., 2012 [F]; Panahandeh & Pourjam, 2014 [P; restudy]; Present study. Remark. The morphometrics presented by Panahandeh & Pourjam (2014) were more consistent with those of N. leptus; thus they are not considered, here. Neodolichorhynchus judithae (Andrássy, 1962) Jairajpuri & Hunt, 1984 9 ♀: L = 903–1100 µm; a = 31–36; b = 5.6–6.5; c = 18–22; c' = 2.1–2.5; St = 21–23 µm; V = 53–56; Tail annuli = 32–47 5 ♂: L = 838–929 µm; a = 29–36; b = 5.3–5.7; c = 16–19; St = 20–23 µm; Spicules = 25–28 µm Associated plants and locality. grass (Ardabil). References. Panahandeh & Pourjam, 2014 [F]. Remark. The taxon was synonymized with N. microphasmis (Brzeski, 1991; 1998), a proposal not accepted by others (Siddiqi, 2000; Andrássy, 2007; Geraert, 2011). Neodolichorhynchus microphasmis (Loof, 1960) Jairajpuri & Hunt, 1984 Syn: Tylenchorhynchus microphasmis Loof, 1960 Associated plants and locality. unspecified agricultural and horticultural plants (Boushehr). References. Saiidi Naiini et al., 2000. Neodolichorhynchus phaseoli (Sethi & Swarup, 1968) Talavera & Tobar-Jiménez, 1997 23 ♀: L = 672–828 µm; a = 28–35; b = 4.8–5.9; c = 14–20; c' = 2.7–3.6; St = 18–20 µm; V = 51–57; Tail annuli = 27–38 9 ♂: L = 648–731 µm; a = 28–35; b = 4.8–5.5; c = 12–15; St = 17–19 µm; Spicules = 19–23 µm Associated plants and locality. turf grass (Boushehr and Hormozgan) and tomato (Boushehr). References. Present study. Neodolichorhynchus solani (Gupta & Uma, 1981) Siddiqi, 1986 Syn: Tylenchorhynchus solani Gupta & Uma, 1982 Associated plants and locality. alfalfa (East Azerbaijan) and tomato (North Khorasan). References. Niknam & Chenari Bouket, 2006; Fadavi Khalajlo et al., 2010. Neodolichorhynchus sulcatus (de Guiran, 1967) Jairajpuri & Hunt, 1984 9 ♀: L = 573–803 µm; a = 29–36; b = 4.8–6.3; c = 14–19; c' = 2.8–3.6; St = 17–20 µm; V = 54–56; Tail annuli = 22–35 5 ♂: L = 560–661 µm; a = 29–34; b = 4.9–5.2; c = 13–14; St = 18–19 µm; Spicules = 21–24 µm Associated plants and locality. pomegranate (Alborz). From onion (Boushehr), present study. References. Pourjam et al., 2011 b [F]; Present study. Paramerlinius affinis (Allen, 1955) Sturhan, 2012 Syn: Merlinius affinis (Allen, 1955) Siddiqi, 1970; Geocenamus affinis (Allen, 1955) Brzeski, 1991? ♀: L = 800–1000 µm; St = 26–27 µm; Tail annuli = 28–33 Associated plants and locality. rose, arborvitae, elm, cherry, peach, plum and apple (Ardabil) and some fruit trees (Alborz). References. Mojtahedi et al., 1983 [P]; Barooti, 1998; Mohammad Deimi et al., 2008 a. Paramerlinius grandis (Allen, 1955) Sturhan, 2012 Syn: Merlinius grandis (Allen, 1955) Siddiqi, 1970 ? ♀: L = 960–1110 µm; St = 26–30 µm; Tail annuli = 35–42 Associated plants and locality. grapevine (Alborz). References. Mojtahedi et al., 1983 [P]. Paramerlinius hexagrammus (Sturhan, 1966) Sturhan, 2012 Syn: Merlinius hexagrammus (Sturhan, 1966) Siddiqi, 1970; Geocenamus hexagrammus (Sturhan, 1966) Brzeski, 1991; Nagelus hexagrammus (Sturhan, 1966) Siddiqi, 1979 45 ♀: L = 1000–1456 µm; a = 24–36; b = 4.9–6.4; c = 14–25; c' = 1.7–3.4; St = 29–39 µm; V = 52–59; Tail annuli = 26–55 31 ♂: L = 1060–1380 µm; a = 29–39; b = 4.9–6.5; c = 11–19; St = 30–39 µm; Spicules = 32–44 µm Associated plants and locality. apple, elm, potato, tobacco, sugar beet, barley, corn, alder, beech, grass and non–mentioned plants (Ardabil, Golestan, Esfahan, Gilan and Semnan). References. Mojtahedi et al., 1983 [P]; Akhiani et al., 1993; Niknam & Kheiri, 1997; Harati et al., 2010; Ali Ramaji et al., 2012 [F]; Panahandeh & Pourjam, 2014 [P]. Paramerlinius neohexagrammus (Ivanova, 1978) Sturhan, 2012 Syn: Nagelus neohexagrammus (Ivanova, 1978) Kapoor, 1983 32 ♀: L = 987–1247 µm; a = 27–35; b = 5.6 –7.0; c = 14–23; c' = 1.8–2.9; St = 25–28 µm; V = 52–57; Tail annuli = 24–37 13 ♂: L = 1002–1186 µm; a = 30–35; b = 5.7–6.6; c = 12–19; St = 25–27 µm; Spicules = 30–35 µm Associated plants and locality. alder (Gilan). From eucalyptus (Kohgiloyeh and Boyer-Ahmad), present study. References. Ali Ramaji et al., 2012 [F]; Present study. Remarks. Asghari et al. (2012) confirmed the transfer of this species from genus Nagelus to Merlinius, based on detailed SEM examination of a population from Afghanistan. Paratrophurus costarricensis López, 1986 Associated plants and locality. rapeseed (North Khorasan). References. Baadl et al., 2010 [restudy]. Remark. Also must be compared with Tylenchorhynchus species (using the key developed by Geraert, 2011), because some species of these two genera are very similar. Paratrophurus kenanae Decker & El Amin, 1978 11 ♀: L = 679–759 µm; a = 24–38; b = 4.6–5.3; c = 12–16; c' = 3.0– 4.1; St = 19–22 µm; V = 52–59; Tail annuli = 13–26 3 ♂: L = 632–780 µm; a = 26–38; b = 4.8–6.8; c = 13–14; St = 20–21 µm; Spicules = 21–22 µm Associated plants and locality. forest trees (Golestan). References. Mirbabaei Karani et al., 2012 [P]; Present study. Pratylenchoides crenicauda Winslow, 1958 9 ♀: L = 604–787 µm; a = 21–31; b = 4.8–5.8; c = 14–19; c' = 2.0– 3.4; St = 19–22 µm; V = 55–59; Tail annuli = 23–37 Associated plants and locality. grass (Esfahan). References. Present study. Remarks. The genus Pratylenchoides was reported for the first time in Iran, by Sturhan (1974). Two slides of that study including specimens collected from Esfahan and Kermanshah were kindly sent by the author and examined in present study. The specimens from Kermanshah were not so good for reliable identification. Pratylenchoides erzurumensis Yüksel, 1977 2 ♀: L = 616–670 µm; a = 23–25; b = 5.6–6.2; c = 16–21; c' = 1.7–2.4; St = 21–22 µm; V = 59–60; Tail annuli = 18–25 3 ♂: L = 529–683 µm; a = 24–27; b = 5.1–7.1; c = 13–16; St = 20 µm; Spicules = 20–21 µm Associated plants and locality. wild grapevine (Kurdistan). References. Present study. Remark. The population reported as P. variabilis (Ghaderi et al., 2012 a) is more similar to this species. Pratylenchoides leiocauda Sher, 1970 1 ♀: L = 694 µm; a = 24; b = 4.9; c = 15; c' = 2.4; St = 21 µm; V = 60; Tail annuli =? 2 ♂: L = 593–623 µm; a = 21–24; b = 5.2; c = 12–14; St = 18–21 µm; Spicules = 21–23 µm Associated plants and locality. alfalfa (Hamadan). References. Hassanzadeh Khalifehkandi et al., 2005 [F]. Pratylenchoides magnicauda (Thorne, 1935) Baldwin, Luc & Bell, 1983 4 ♀: L = 697–903 µm; a = 32–37; b = 4.0– 4.5; c = 13–21; c' = 2.4–3.5; St = 24–26 µm; V = 59–62; Tail annuli = 33 Associated plants and locality. apple (Ardabil). References. Ghahramani Nejad Mianeji et al., 2011 [F]. Pratylenchoides ritteri Sher, 1970 Syn: Pratylenchoides alkani Yüksel, 1977 147 ♀: L = 533–1180 µm; a = 23–39; b = 4.3–8.5; c = 10–19; c' = 2.1–3.7; St = 19–25 µm; V = 49–61; Tail annuli = 20–42 63 ♂: L = 554–1002 µm; a = 23–35; b = 5.3–8.3; c = 10–18; St = 17–22 µm; Spicules = 21–34 µm Associated plants and locality. sugar beet (Khorasan Razavi, East Azerbaijan and Hamadan), barley (Ardabil and Kermanshah), alfalfa (Ardabil, Kurdistan, Esfahan, Lorestan, Hamadan and Yazd), cotton (Golestan), wheat (Markazi, Lorestan, Kermanshah and Golestan), tobacco (Mazandaran), sunflower (Lorestan and Golestan), almond (Esfahan and Fars), chickpea (Khorasan Razavi, Lorestan and Kermanshah), tomato and peanut (Golestan), cherry and plum (Ardabil), box tree (Mazandaran), cauliflower and peach (Tehran), apple (Hamadan), soybean (Lorestan, Kermanshah, Golestan, Mazandaran and Ardabil), potato (Lorestan and Ardabil), grapevine (Lorestan and Markazi), clover (Lorestan), walnut (Lorestan), eggplant (Kermanshah), rapeseed (some provinces of Golestan, Semnan, East Azerbaijan, Markazi, Kurdistan and North Khorasan), walnut, strawberry and fruit trees nursery (Kurdistan), corn (Mazandaran), cereals (northwest, west and central provinces) and non-mentioned plants (Ardabil, Zanjan and West Azerbaijan). During present study, from almond and tomato (Kurdistan), wheat, eucalyptus and milk vetch (Fars). References. Mehdikhani Moghadam & Kheiri, 1995; Niknam & Kheiri, 1997 [F]; Ghanbarnia et al., 1998; Pourjam et al., 2000 [F]; Barooti et al., 2000 a, b; Davarian & Taheri, 2004; Hassanzadeh Khalifehkandi et al., 2005 [P]; Karegar, 2006 [P]; Khezrinejad et al., 2006; Shakeri & Tanha Maafi, 2006; Naseri et al., 2008; Ghaderi et al., 2008; Tanha Maafi et al., 2008; Najafpour et al., 2008; Mohammad Deimi & Mitkowski, 2010; Ghahramani Nejad Mi
