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KEBIJAKAN KRIMINAL DALAM MENANGGULANGI DELIK-DELIK TERHADAP KERUKUNAN UMAT BERAGAMA DAN BERKEPERCAYAAN
Full text linkAbstrak
Perlindungan atas hak kebebasan beragama dan berkepercayaan
dalam konstitusi bertujuan supaya tercipta kehidupan masyarakat yang
berlandaskan moral atas dasar ketuhanan. Sebagai negara dengan tingkat
pluralitas yang tinggi dari aspek agama dan kepercayaan, maka
perlindungan terhadap kerukunan umat beragama dan berkepercayaan
mutlak dibutuhkan untuk mencapai tujuan tersebut.
Berdasarkan pokok pemikiran di atas, maka dapat dirumuskan
beberapa permasalahan, yaitu bagaimanakah kebijakan kriminal saat ini
dalam menanggulangi delik-delik terhadap kerukunan umat beragama dan
berkepercayaan. Dan bagaimanakah kebijakan kriminal yang akan datang
dalam menanggulangi delik-delik terhadap kerukunan umat beragama dan
berkepercayaan.
Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah pendekatan
yuridis normatif, dimana data yang digunakan adalah sumber sekunder
berupa bahan hukum primer, bahan hukum sekunder maupun bahan hukum
tersier. Adapun penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif analitis, yaitu
penelitian untuk mendeskripsikan masalah, menganalisis masalah dan
mengklasifikasi masalah untuk kepentingan penelitian yang disajikan secara
deskriptif.
Hasil dari penelitian ini memberikan fakta bahwa dalam kebijakan
penal saat ini, tindak pidana yang dirumuskan dalam KUHP sangatlah
terbatas, diantaranya belum melindungi kepercayaan yang dilindungi
konstitusi serta masih terdapat divergensi dengan memasukan delik agama
dalam Bab Ketertiban Umum. Dalam kebijakan non penal, regulasi yang
mengatur tentang kerukunan umat beragama masih kurang efektif serta
pemerintah saat ini tidak serius menciptakan harmonisasi antar umat
beragama dan berkepercayaan dengan tidak memasukannya ke dalam
program Pembangunan Jangka Menengah Nasional (RPJMN) 2010-2014.
Upaya penal yang akan datang dapat dilakukan dengan pembaharuan
KUHP. Saat ini dalam Konsep KUHP 2012 telah menempatkan bab khusus
yang mengatur tentang delik terhadap agama dan kehidupan beragama.
Selanjutnya, sebagai upaya penyempurnaan, maka Konsep KUHP dapat
memformulasikan ketentuan delik dengan melihat ketentuan delik yang
terdapat dalam RUU Kerukunan Umat Beragama.
Dalam upaya non penal, maka harus ada pembaharuan dengan
menggunakan beberapa pendekatan dalam penyusunan dan pelaksanaan
program pemerintah. Diantaranya dengan pendekatan pemahaman teologi,
pendidikan, dialog dan resolusi konflik.
Kata Kunci: Kebijakan Kriminal, Kerukunan, Umat Beragama dan
Berkepercayaan
Relevance of the Position of the Victims in Indonesian Positive Law and Islamic Criminal Law
Full text linkThe position of the victim in the criminal justice system is not considered as a subject or object. These problems are inseparable from the understanding that criminal law only regulates the relationship between the state and individuals. Positive laws governing the position of victims are contained in the Criminal Code and Criminal Procedure Code as well as regulations outside the criminal justice system. The regulation is very limited to the victim as a legal object, not a determinant. In the perspective of Islamic law, the position of the victim is regulated in the crime of qisas and takzir. Victims get the right to determine punishment for criminals by implementing qisas, forgiveness or diyat. In the takzir crime, the ruler or judge can determine to compensate the victim as a forgiving or reducing crime. This research is a normative juridical research with a comparative approach. The results of the study indicate that there are similarities and differences in the regulation regarding the position of victims in positive law and Islamic law. Equality lies in the types of rights received by victims in the form of material compensation, compensation, restitution and rehabilitation except in takzir in the form of a decision to marry a rape victim. The difference lies in the position of the victim in positive law which does not include the victim as part of the criminal justice system, while in Islamic law as in qisas, the victim is an inseparable part of the criminal justice system.Kedudukan korban dalam sistem peradilan pidana tidak dianggap sebagai subjek ataupun objek. Permasalahan tersebut tidak terlepas dari pemahaman bahwa hukum pidana hanya mengatur hubungan antara negara dan individu. Hukum positif yang mengatur tentang kedudukan korban terdapat dalam KUHP dan KUHAP serta regulasi di luar sistem peradilan pidana. Pengaturannya sangat terbatas kepada korban sebagai objek hukum bukan penentu. Dalam perspektif hukum Islam kedudukan korban diatur dalam tindak pidana qisas dan takzir. Korban mendapatkan hak sebagai penentu hukuman bagi pelaku tindak pidana dengan pelaksanaan qisas, pemaafan atau diyat. Pada tindak pidana takzir penguasa atau hakim dapat menentukan mengganti kerugian korban sebagai pemaaf atau pengurang tindak pidana. Penelitian merupakan penelitian yuridis normatif dengan pendekatan perbandingan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat persamaan dan perbedaan pengaturan tentang kedudukan korban dalam hukum positif maupun hukum Islam. Persamaan terletak pada jenis hak yang diterima korban berupa pengganti kerugian materi, konpensasi, restitusi dan rehabilitasi kecuali dalam takzir berupa putusan untuk menikahi seorang korban perkosaan. Perbedaan terletak pada kedudukan korban dalam hukum positif yang tidak memasukan korban bagian dalam sistem peradilan pidana, sedangkan dalam hukum Islam sebagaimana qisas, korban merupakan bagian yang tidak terpisahkan dari sistem peradilan pidan
Islamic Political Law in Economic Warfare: Indonesian Economic Policy in the Global Economic Struggle
No full textThe era of globalization has shifted the form of military warfare to hybrid warfare involving economic warfare. The contribution of Islamic political law thinking is needed for Indonesia in addressing these issues. This paper is prepared using a qualitative-descriptive method. Data collection is done using desk research and annotated bibliography methods. Three approaches are utilized: textual-contextual, Islamic legal sociology, and comparative. The research results explain that Islamic Political Law is an instrument of political policy for Islamic countries in governance, including in both wartime and peacetime situations. For the Indonesian context, Islamic political law adapts to the development of the nation-state, where Indonesia is considered a state based on agreements or peace, positioning it similarly to Islamic countries. Therefore, Islamic political law thinking is currently needed in building civilization in the era of globalization, especially in dealing with new-style colonization or neo-colonialism. Islamic political law can contribute to the formulation of Indonesian economic policies in facing global economic warfare. The concept of "Indonesian Economic" refers to the result of ijtihad in Islamic political law in the economic field. Thus, a mechanism of synergy is needed for the values embedded in the Pancasila economic system and the Sharia economic system. The five basic principles of Islamic economic values, when synergized with the basic values of Pancasila, are applied in Indonesia, considering social, cultural, political, geographical, and all other aspects.
Criminal Policy to Treat Delices Against Religion and Beliefs Harmony
Full text linkThe protection of the rights to freedom of religion and belief in the constitution aims to create a community life based on morals based on divinity. As a country with a high level of plurality from the aspects of religion and belief, protection of religious harmony and belief is necessary to achieve this goal. Based on the above points of thought, several problems can be formulated, namely how is the current criminal policy in overcoming offenses against religious and belief harmony. And what will the future criminal policy be in overcoming offenses against religious harmony and belief. The method used in this research is a normative juridical approach, where the data used are secondary sources in the form of primary legal materials, secondary legal materials and tertiary legal materials.This research is a descriptive analytical study, namely research to describe the problem, analyze the problem and classify the problem for research purposes which are presented descriptively. The results of this study indicate that the criminal acts formulated in the Criminal Code are very limited, including not protecting beliefs protected by the constitution and there is still a divergence by including religious offenses in the Chapter on Public Order. In the non-penal policy, the regulations governing religious harmony are still ineffective and the current government is not serious about creating harmony between religious and believers. Future penal efforts can be made by updating the Criminal Code. As an effort to improve, the concept of the Criminal Code can formulate the provisions of offenses by looking at the provisions of offenses contained in the Draft Law on Religious Harmony. In non-penal efforts, the approach is through the formulation and implementation of government programs. Among them are approaches to understanding theology, education, dialogue and conflict resolution.Perlindungan atas hak kebebasan beragama dan berkepercayaan dalam konstitusi bertujuan supaya tercipta kehidupan masyarakat yang berlandaskan moral atas dasar ketuhanan. Sebagai negara dengan tingkat pluralitas yang tinggi dari aspek agama dan kepercayaan, maka perlindungan terhadap kerukunan umat beragama dan berkepercayaan mutlak dibutuhkan untuk mencapai tujuan tersebut. Berdasarkan pokok pemikiran di atas, maka dapat dirumuskan beberapa permasalahan, yaitu bagaimanakah kebijakan kriminal saat ini dalam menanggulangi delik-delik terhadap kerukunan umat beragama dan berkepercayaan. Dan bagaimanakah kebijakan kriminal yang akan datang dalam menanggulangi delik-delik terhadap kerukunan umat beragama dan berkepercayaan. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah pendekatan yuridis normatif, dimana data yang digunakan adalah sumber sekunder berupa bahan hukum primer, bahan hukum sekunder maupun bahan hukum tersier. Adapun penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif analitis, yaitu penelitian untuk mendeskripsikan masalah, menganalisis masalah dan mengklasifikasi masalah untuk kepentingan penelitian yang disajikan secara deskriptif. Hasil dari penelitian ini bahwa tindak pidana yang dirumuskan dalam KUHP sangatlah terbatas, diantaranya belum melindungi kepercayaan yang dilindungi konstitusi serta masih terdapat divergensi dengan memasukan delik agama dalam Bab Ketertiban Umum. Dalam kebijakan non penal, regulasi yang mengatur tentang kerukunan umat beragama masih kurang efektif serta pemerintah saat ini tidak serius menciptakan harmonisasi antar umat beragama dan berkepercayaan. Upaya penal yang akan datang dapat dilakukan dengan pembaharuan KUHP. Sebagai upaya penyempurnaan, Konsep KUHP dapat memformulasikan ketentuan delik dengan melihat ketentuan delik yang terdapat dalam RUU Kerukunan Umat Beragama. Dalam upaya non penal, pendekatan melalui penyusunan dan pelaksanaan program pemerintah. Diantaranya dengan pendekatan pemahaman teologi, pendidikan, dialog dan resolusi konflik
Hate Speech During the Caliphate of ‘Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib and Its Relevance to Regulations in Indonesia: The Study of the Islamic Law History
Full text linkThis paper aims to describe the process of overcoming hate speech crimes during the caliphate of 'Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib in the perspective of the history of Islamic law. The important question to be answered in this paper is how did the caliph 'Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib contribute to handling the problem of hate speech? This paper finds three essential things. First, the death of Caliph 'Uthmān became the cause of the emergence of various slander. The main perpetrators were the Sabā’iyyah, Khawarij, and Shia groups. The form of slander is in the form of hate speech, such as insulting, defaming, inciting, spreading hoaxes which are violations of human rights and have discriminated against certain entities and individuals. Second, the policy of overcoming hate speech is pursued by a criminal and social law approach. Third, the relevance between ‘Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib's policy and existing regulations in Indonesia lies in the form of actions, punishments, and protection of human rights from discrimination
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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