51,332 research outputs found
Sanctioning "future crime": the problem of virtual child pornography
No full textŠtevilne mednarodne konvencije, kot tudi kazenskopravna zakonodaja držav po svetu, definira otroško pornografijo kot gradivo, ki prikazuje mladoletnika (osebo, mlajšo od osemnajst let) med spolnim dejanjem ali pa spolne organe te osebe z nekim spolnim namenom. Definicije med seboj nekoliko variirajo, vendar pa se še večja težava in razlikovanje pojavi pri pojmu virtualne otroške pornografije, ki jo identični pravni viri definirajo v veliki večini kot vsebine, ki prikazujejo mladoletnike (torej osebe mlajše od osemnajst let), ki pa niso resnične, ampak v celoti računalniško ustvarjene. To je vrsta otroške pornografije, ki se nahaja predvsem na spletu, najdemo pa jo tudi v fizični obliki (na primer japonski stripi – mange). Nekatere države sankcionirajo in v celoti prepovedujejo virtualno otroško pornografijo, spet druge jo dovoljujejo in v njej ne vidijo ničesar spornega. V veliki meri pa sankcioniranje te temelji na strahu pred \u27\u27prihodnjim zločinom\u27\u27. Oblasti se bojijo, da bi gledanje takih vsebin, čeprav slednje ne prikazujejo dejanskih otrok in s tem tudi nimamo dejanskih žrtev iz pravnega vidika, kljub temu negativno vplivalo na percepcijo posameznikov in kako ti vidijo otroke. Obstajajo raziskave, ki potrjujejo ta strah in kažejo, da so tisti pedofili, ki so bili izpostavljeni virtualni otroški pornografiji, nato bili motivirani na njeni podlagi, da napadejo in zlorabijo otroke v resničnem svetu, izven računalniškega zaslona. Na drugi strani pa obstajajo povsem nasprotujoče raziskave, ki trdijo, da ne obstaja povezava med tem, kaj nekdo gleda ter tem, kako se bo v prihodnosti obnašal. Vse naj bi bilo po njihovem mnenju odvisno od osebnosti vsakega posameznika, njegovih vrednot, odnosa do prava in tako naprej, ne pa od tega ali gledajo virtualno otroško pornografijo ali ne. Prav to je glavna problematika tega področja. Glede na med seboj nasprotujoče si raziskave, stoji argument strahu na izjemno tankem ledu, kar pomeni, da ne bi smel biti dovolj za sankcioniranje tako širokega pojma, kot je virtualna otroška pornografija, ki lahko obsega številne vsebine, ki morda sploh ne bi smele biti opredeljene kot takšne. Zakonodaje držav po svetu se razlikujejo med seboj glede tega, kaj sploh spada pod virtualno otroško pornografijo, ali naj bi se slednja sankcionirala, ali je sploh družbeno sporna, kako naj bi se jo sankcioniralo za najvišjo raven učinkovitosti in tako naprej. Težko najdemo določen del te problematike, kjer se med seboj strinjajo. To ne velja le za zakonodaje, ampak kot že omenjeno tudi za raziskave na drugih področjih izven pravne stroke, kot je na primer psihologija. Niti tam se ne morejo zediniti glede tega, kakšen vpliv ima gledanje določenih vsebin in izpostavljenost posameznika tem na njegovo vedenje in ali to povečuje možnost protipravnih ravnanj, povezanih s temi vsebinami, v prihodnosti. Vsa nasprotovanja, dileme in še zmeraj nerešena vprašanja nas lahko pripeljejo do zaključka, da dokler nimamo trdnejših dokazov o vplivu virtualne otroške pornografije na pedofile in tudi otroke, nimamo podlage za njeno pravno sankcioniranje.Numerous international conventions, as well as the criminal law of countries around the world, define child pornography as material that depicts a minor (a person under the age of eighteen) engaged in a sexual act or the sexual organs of that person for a sexual purpose. The definitions vary somewhat, but an even greater problem and distinction arises with the concept of virtual child pornography, which identical legal sources define in the vast majority as content that depicts minors (i.e. persons under the age of eighteen) who are not real, but entirely computer-generated. This is a type of child pornography that is found mainly online, but can also be found in physical form (for example, Japanese comics - manga). Some countries sanction and completely prohibit virtual child pornography, while others allow it and see nothing objectionable in it. To a large extent, however, the sanctioning of this is based on the fear of "future crime". The authorities fear that viewing such content, even though it does not depict actual children and therefore does not have any actual victims from a legal perspective, would nevertheless negatively affect individuals\u27 perceptions and how they see children. There is research that confirms this fear and shows that those pedophiles who were exposed to virtual child pornography were then motivated on the basis of it to attack and abuse children in the real world, outside the computer screen. On the other hand, there is completely contradictory research that claims that there is no connection between what someone watches and how they will behave in the future. In their opinion, everything depends on the personality of each individual, their values, attitude towards the law and so on, and not on whether they watch virtual child pornography or not. This is precisely the main problem in this area. Given the conflicting research, the fear argument stands on extremely thin ice, meaning that it should not be enough to sanction such a broad concept as virtual child pornography, which can encompass a wide range of content that perhaps should not be defined as such in the first place. The laws of countries around the world do not differ from each other in terms of what even falls under virtual child pornography, how it should be sanctioned, whether it is socially controversial at all, how it should be sanctioned for the highest level of effectiveness, and so on. It is difficult to find a specific part of this issue where they agree with each other. This applies not only to legislation, but, as already mentioned, also to research in other fields outside the legal profession, such as psychology. Even there, they cannot agree on what impact viewing certain content and an individual\u27s exposure to it has on their behavior and whether this increases the possibility of illegal actions related to this content in the future. All the contradictions, dilemmas, and still unresolved questions can lead us to the conclusion that until we have solid evidence about the impact of virtual child pornography on pedophiles and children, we have no basis for legally sanctioning it
Quiet-Sun variability observed with SUMER and CDS
No full textBrightness variations of solar features are investigated
using time series of images and spectra of quiet-Sun regions at disc
centre obtained with the Coronal Diagnostic Spectrometer (CDS) and
the Solar Ultraviolet Measurements of Emitted Radiation (SUMER)
instrument onboard the SOHO spacecraft. Ultraviolet emission lines
sampling temperatures of the chromosphere, transition region and corona
were recorded, with the \ion{He}{i} 584.3 Å and \ion{O}{v} 629.7 Å lines
being recorded simultaneously by both instruments. A comparison shows
that both instruments give similar results except that SUMER reveals a
factor of three higher absolute and relative variability than CDS.
Simple tests suggest that the higher spatial resolution of SUMER compared
to CDS, and the broad slit used for the CDS observations, are responsible
for this difference. This points to the need for higher spatial resolution
for future variability studies. The SUMER results confirm and extend to
lower temperatures the trends deduced in an earlier paper from CDS
data
The astrochemical observatory: Computational and theoretical focus on molecular chirality changing torsions around O – O and S – S bonds
No full textThe observation of hydrogen peroxide in the interstellar medium represents a remarkable discovery for the astrochemistry community. The prototypical role that this molecule, arguably the simplest chiral molecule, plays in the evolution of life in biospheres, is related to the chirality change transitions associated with the torsional motions around the O - O and the S - S bonds. In this paper, we present an overview on the state-of-art of possible experiments to demonstrate chiral effects discrimination and computational tools applied to peroxides and persulfides
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
No full textThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Observations of Bºs→ψ(2S)η and Bº(s)→ψ(2S)π+π- decays
No full textFirst observations of the B0s
→ψ(2S)η, B0 →ψ(2S)π
+
π
− and B0s
→ψ(2S)π
+
π
− decays are made
using a dataset corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 1.0 fb−1 collected by the LHCb experiment in
proton–proton collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of
√
s = 7 TeV. The ratios of the branching fractions
of each of the ψ(2S) modes with respect to the corresponding J/ψ decays are
B(B0s
→ψ(2S)η)
÷
B(B0s
→J/ψη)
= 0.83± 0.14 (stat)±0.12 (syst) ±0.02 (B),
;
B(B0→ψ(2S)π
+
π
−
)
÷
B(B0→J/ψπ
+
π
−
)
= 0.56± 0.07 (stat)±0.05 (syst)± 0.01 (B),
;
B(B0s
→ψ(2S)π
+
π
−
)
÷
B(B0s
→J/ψπ
+
π
−
)
= 0.34± 0.04 (stat)±0.03 (syst)± 0.01 (B),
where the third uncertainty corresponds to the uncertainties of the dilepton branching fractions of the J/ψ
and ψ(2S) meson decays
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
No full textWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
Pattern Line Object(s)
No full textHet afstudeerproject Pattern_Line_Object(s) beslaat het inrichten van een restgebied gelegen tussen het spoor en de snelweg (A20). Beide infrastructurele banen zijn op een talud gelegen. Het gat in het stedelijke weefsel wordt opgevuld met een weloverwogen compositorische samenstelling: Pattern Line Object(s). Deze compositie maakt gebruik van de banaliteit van het perifere landschap en versterkt deze op verscheidene momenten. De bereikbaarheid van het gebied wordt uitgebuit, op een wijze waarbij een omschrijving als park & ride of transferium een understatement zouden zijn. Het gebied doorgaat een transformatie van een onbereikbaar en verwaarloosd stuk stadsrand tot entree gebied voor Schiedam en Rotterdam. Dit wordt niet alleen op infrastructureel maar ook op visueel niveau bewerkstelligd.Architectur
Transition region small-scale dynamics as seen by SUMER on SOHO
No full textHigh spectral, spatial and temporal resolution UV observations
of the quiet Sun transition region show a highly structured and dynamical
environment where transient supersonic flows are commonly observed.
Strongly non-Gaussian line profiles are the spectral signatures of these flows
and are known in the literature as explosive events.
In this paper we present a high spatial resolution ()
spectroheliogram of a area of the quiet
Sun acquired with SUMER/SOHO in the O v
Dibenzyl ferrocene-1,1′-dicarboxylate
No full textIn the title compound, [Fe(C13H11O2)2], there are markedly different orientations of the two phenylmethoxycarbonyl substituents [O—C—C—C torsion angles = 84.5 (3) and 139.6 (2)°]. These orientations are mediated by a number of intermolecular C—H...O interactions, which result in a one-dimensional hydrogen-bonded network of molecules
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