1,721,262 research outputs found
Takwil ayat mutasha̅bihat menurut ‘Abd al- Rahma̅n al-Sulami
No full textAda dua hal yang hendak dikaji dalam skripsi ini yaitu: 1) penakwilan ayat-ayat mutashabihat menurut ‘Abd al-Rahman al-Sulami. 2) karakteristik takwil tafsir sufistik ‘Abd al-Rahman al-Sulami. Untuk mengungkap persoalan tersebut secara menyeluruh dan mendalam penelitian ini menggunakan metode analisis-deskriptif yang bersifat kulitatif. Sedangkan teknik pengumpulan data menggunakan metode dokumentasi yang merupakan kumpulan-kumpulan buku, kitab, dan lain sebagainya. Sehingga dapat diperoleh data-data yang berkaitan dengan penelitian. Dalam penulisan ini dapat diketahui bahwa: pertama al-Sulami dalam menjelaskan ayat-ayat Alquran sering kali menggunakan takwil, ditambah takwil al-Sulami ini tidak memiliki batasan, artinya semua ayat-ayat Alquran dijelaskan oleh al-Sulami dengan takwil. Kedua al-Sulami ketika menjelaskan ayat-ayat di atas, al-Sulami hanya menukil interpretasi bebarapa ulama’ tanpa memberikan pandangannya sendiri terhadap ayat tersebut, dengan kata lain al-Sulami tidak banyak memberikan ijtihadnya ketika menafsirkan, melainkan mencuplik pendapat dari para ulama’ yang dianggapnya sesuai dengan jalan pemikirannya. Dengan demikian alasan yang dapat menguatkan penelitian ini adalah karena ‘Abd al-Rahman al-Sulami termasuk tokoh sufi sekaligus mufassir yang banyak menimbulkan kontroversi atas penafsiranya, ‘Abd al-Rahman al-Sulami dalam menjelaskan ayat-ayat mutashabihat dengan menggunakan takwil yaitu metode untuk menjelaskan suatu ayat atau lafal dengan mengalihkan makna aslinya kepada makna yang sesuai dan alasan yang dapat diterima oleh akal manusia. Namun terkadang penggunaan takwil ini al-Sulami tidak hanya pada ayat-ayat mutashabihat dengan selain ayat-ayat mutashabihat pun juga menggunakan takwil. Al-Sulami dalam menggunakan takwil untuk menjelaskan suatu ayat atau lafal hanya mengutip pendapat dari beberapa ulama
Vees halvasti lahustuva indometatsiini tahkete dispersioonide valmistamine farmatseutilisel eesmärgil sulami kiirjahutamisel ja sulami elektrospinnimisel
No full textVäitekirja elektrooniline versioon ei sisalda publikatsiooneKirjanduse andmetel 40% turustatud ja 75% väljatöötamise või tootmise faasis olevatest raviainetest klassifitseeritakse vees halvasti lahustuvateks. Uudsed ravimvormide disaini ja valmistamise strateegiad, abiained ja tootmisemeetodid võimaldavad parandada raviainete vesilahustuvust, lahustumiskiirust ja seega ka biosaadavust organismis. Tahked dispersioonid on üks traditsiooniline viis/tehnoloogia, kuidas valmistada vees halvasti lahustuvatest raviainetest uusi ravimvorme ning ravimpreparaate, ning selle tehnoloogia eelised on hästi dokumenteeritud ning turustatud ravimite arv antud tehnoloogiaga järjest kasvab.
Käesolevas doktoritöös valmistati erinevate meetoditega amorfsed tahked dispersioonid Soluplus®-i ja ksülitooliga parandamaks raviaine (indometatsiini) lahustumiskiirust ja tema amorfse vormi stabiilsust. Tahked dispersioonid valmistati sulami kiirjahutamise meetodil. Uudse lähenemisena kasutati tahkete dispersioonide valmistamiseks sulami elektrospinnimise meetodit, mida võib käsitleda traditsioonilise sulami kiirjahutamise meetodi edasiarendusena. Uuriti põhjalikult valmistatud pulbrite ja sulami elektrospinnimise teel saadud fiibrite füsikokeemilisi omadusi. Peamiseks uurimisküsimuseks oli välja selgitada muutused raviaine lahustumiskiiruses ja füsikokeemilises stabiilsuses võrreldes raviaine käitumist puhta raviaine ning raviaine ning abiaine(te) füüsikaliste segudega.
Sulami kiirjahutamise teel saadud indometatsiini segud erinevate abiainetega näitasid olulisi erinevusi molekulaarse, osakese ja pulbri taseme omadustes, mis oluliselt mõjutasid ka nende segude füüsikalist stabiilsust. In vitro dissolutsioonikatsete tulemused näitasid, et tahked dispersioonid ja füüsikalised segud omavad abiainest sõltuvat raviaine vabanemis- ja lahustumisprotsessi pH 6.8 juures. Kiireim raviaine vabanemine ja lahustumine toimus raviaine tahketest dispersioonidest koos Soluplus®-ga, mis tuli eeskätt nende segude paremast märgumisest ja indometatsiini välja kristalliseerimise inhibeerimisest. Ksülitool on vees kergesti lahustuv polüalkohol, parandades lahustumiskiirust läbi parema märgumisprotsessi ja hüdrofiilse vesikeskkonna. Sulami elektrospinnimise teel valmistatud raviainega fiibrid olid füüsikaliselt stabiilsed ja tagasid kiire raviaine vabanemise. Kokkuvõtvalt, sulami elektrospinnimist võib käsitleda alternatiivina traditsioonilistele või modifitseeritud tahkete dispersioonide valmistamise meetoditele nagu sulami kiirjahutamine või kuumsulatus-ekstrusioon parandamaks raviainete lahustumiskiirust ja seega ka vees halvasti lahustuvate raviainete biosaadavust.It has been reported that 40% of marketed and 75% of drugs under the development or in the product pipeline are classified as poorly water soluble. The adoption of new formulation strategies, excipients and manufacturing methods will foster the understanding of how to improve the aqueous solubility and dissolution rate of drugs, and hence their bioavailability. The commonly used formulation approaches for poorly water-soluble drugs include solid dispersions, and to date the advantages of solid dispersions over other strategies are recognized and the number of commercially available such drug products are steadily increasing.
In the present PhD research work, amorphous solid dispersions were prepared with Soluplus® and xylitol with different methods to improve the dissolution rate and stabilize an amorphous drug (indomethacin). A common approach, quench cooling of the melt, was used for the preparation of solid dispersions. In addition to quench cooling, melt-electrospinning was used which can be regarded as another modification of traditional quench cooling of the melt method for solid dispersion preparation. Physicochemical characteristics and drug release of quench cooled mixtures and melt-spun fibers with different carriers were investigated. The melt-electrospun fibers with their unique properties were investigated, and the key question was, whether they could accelerate the dissolution rate of the drug and improve its physicochemical stability.
The quench cooled molten mixtures of indomethacin with two different matrix formers exhibited significant differences at the molecular level, in particle properties, bulk powder behavior and stability. The present solid dispersions and physical mixtures showed a carrier-controlled drug release mechanism at pH 6.8. The enhanced drug dissolution from the solid dispersions with Soluplus® was due to improved wetting and inhibited crystallization of indomethacin. Xylitol as a freely water-soluble polyalcohol advanced the dissolution rate of indomethacin most likely through improving the wetting properties and providing the hydrophilic environment in the solution. It was shown that the produced melt-electrospun fibers of a drug were physically stable and presented immediate drug release. In conclusion, the melt-electrospun fibers could be an alternative strategy to traditional or modified quench cooling and hot-melt extrusion in improving the dissolution rate, and consequently the oral bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs
Sulami, Femmes soufies
No full textSulami, Femmes soufies, suivi de La sainteté féminine dans l'hagiographie islamique de Michel Chodkiewicz, éditions Entrelacs, 2011. A la fois hagiographe, érudit et maître spirituel, Abû `Abd al-Rahmân Al-Sulamî est l'auteur d'une centaine de traités sur la spiritualité soufie, dont Tabaqât al-Sûfiyyah, une encyclopédie biographique dédiée aux maîtres soufis, oeuvre maîtresse qui le rendit célèbre. Issu d'une famille d'initiés, Sulamî est une des sources essentielles pour la connaissance de ..
NILAI-NILAI TAQARRUB DALAM PEMIKIRAN ABU ABDURRAHMAN AS-SULAMI: ANALISIS ISI TERHADAP KARYA-KARYA TASAWUFNYA
No full textPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengungkap nilai-nilai taqarrub ilallah (pendekatan diri kepada Allah) dalam pemikiran Abu Abdurrahman As-Sulami, seorang tokoh sufi abad ke-4 Hijriah yang dikenal melalui karya-karya monumental seperti Ṭabaqāt al-Ṣūfiyyah, Ādāb al-Ṣuḥbah, dan Zuhd al-Ṣūfiyyah. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan metode analisis isi (content analysis) terhadap teks-teks klasik tasawuf As-Sulami. Data diperoleh melalui studi pustaka dengan tahapan pengumpulan, kategorisasi, dan interpretasi makna spiritual yang terkandung dalam karya-karyanya. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa konsep taqarrub menurut As-Sulami dibangun atas lima nilai utama, yaitu ikhlas, zuhud, mujahadah, muraqabah, dan tawakal. Nilai-nilai tersebut mencerminkan proses penyucian jiwa (tazkiyatun nafs) dan pembentukan kedekatan eksistensial dengan Allah SWT. Selain itu, pemikiran As-Sulami memiliki relevansi signifikan terhadap penguatan pendidikan spiritual Islam di era modern, khususnya dalam pembinaan karakter religius dan kesadaran transendental umat. Dengan demikian, penelitian ini menegaskan bahwa taqarrub dalam perspektif As-Sulami bukan hanya dimensi ritual, tetapi merupakan jalan penyempurnaan diri menuju ma’rifatullah
Abu Abd ar-Rahman as-Sulami and his opinions on sufism
No full text4./10. asır Horasan sûfîlerinden Sülemî (öl. 412/1021), yaşadığı zaman itibariyle yazdığı eserlerin kahir ekseriyetle günümüze ulaşmasının yanı sıra tasavvufa dair ele aldığı konuların oldukça çeşitlilik arzetmesi, tasavvuf tarihinde yapılan araştırmalarda kendisini başvuru kaynağı haline getirmiştir. Bin dört yüz yılı aşkın tasavvuf tarihinin ilk dört asrına eserleriyle ve görüşleriyle ışık tutan Sülemî, "Ebû Abdurrahman esSülemî ve Tasavvufî Görüşleri" başlığı altında bu çalışmada ele alınmıştır. Söz konusu başlık altında; hicrî ilk asırdan başlayarak Sülemî'nin yaşadığı zamanı da kapsayan tasavvuf tarihinin genel bir seyri, Sülemî'nin yaşadığı çağ ve coğrafyanın hususî özellikleri, hayatı, eserleri, tasavvufî görüşlerine kaynaklık etmesi bakımından ilim anlayışı, tasavvufî görüşleri ve tesirlerine yer verilmiştir. Sülemî'nin tasavvufî görüşlerini oluşturan konular, tasavvufun ana konuları çerçevesinde oluşturulmuştur. Çalışmamız hazırlanırken öncelikle; Sülemî'nin kırkı aşkın eseri ve mümkün olduğu kadar söz konusu dönemde ve o döneme yakın bir zamanda telif edilen belli başlı İslâm ve tasavvuf tarihi kaynaklarından istifade edilmiştir. Sonuç olarak ifade etmek gerekir ki; Sülemî ve eserleri olmasaydı, tasavvuf tarihinin ilk dört asırlık birikimi ve Melâmetiyye bilinemezdi. Çünkü hicrî dördüncü asırda genelde tasavvuf özelde Melâmetiyye'ye dair birçok konu, yaptığımız tespitlerde görüldü ki, Sülemî'den başka bir müellif tarafından o denli ele alınıp hakkında bilgi verilmemiştir. Binâenaleyh Sülemî, tasavvufta ilim ve hâl bakımından ehl-i melâmet derecesinde olan bir sûfîdir. Bu itibarla onun tasavvufa dair bütün görüşleri (şerîathakîkat ilmi ve bunların temsilcileri, âdâb, ahlâk, mücâhedeler, ruhsatlar, melâmet, nefs, fütüvvet, semâ', zikir, makāmlar-hâller, galat vb.) bir melâmetînin görüşleri müvacehesinde değerlendirilmelidir.As-Sulami (d. 1021), one of the 10th century Khorasan sufis, is a reference source in the researches in the history of Sufism, it is because of the fact that the works he wrote have survived to the present day, and as well as the diversity of the subjects he dealt with on Sufism by the time he lived. Sulami, who sheds light on the first four centuries of the history of Islamic Sufism which is thousand and four hundred years old, with his works and thoughts, is discussed in this study under the title of "Abu Abd Ar-Rahman As-Sulamı And His Sufistic Thoughts". Under the aforementioned title; starting from the first century of the hijra, a general course of the history of Sufism including the time when Sulami lived, the special characteristics of the age and geography in which Sulami lived, his life, works and in terms of being a source for his mystical views, his understanding of knowledge and his sufistic thoughts are included. The subjects constituting Sulami's sufistic thoughts were formed within the framework of the main subjects of Sufism. While preparing our study, first of all; more than thirty works of Sulami and his sources of Islamic and Sufism, which were compiled during or close to that period, have been utilized as much as possible. In conclusion, it should be stated that; without Sulami and his works, the accumulation of the first four centuries of Sufi history and Malamatiyya would not have been known. Because according to our result in the fourth century of the hijra, many issues related to sufism in general and Malamatiyya in particular no information was given about it by any author other than Sulami. Therefore, in terms of knowledge and state Sulami is a sufi from the level of people who call ahl malamatis. In this respect, all his views on Sufism should be evaluated in terms of the views of a Malamatiyya
Proses pembuatan kipas batik di perusahaan kipas hias sulami desa Jetis kecamatan Jatiwiring, Klaten, Jawa Tengah.
No full textKarya tulis ini bertujuan untuk meneliti lebih jauh yang menjadi motivasi perajin sulami dalam pembuatan kipas hias, untuk memahami proses pembuatannya, menguak lebih jauh tentang fungsi dan kegunaan karya kipas hias dan untuk mengetahui sejauh mana karya-karya seni kerajinan penggrajin sulami dalam membuat seni kipas hias
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