29 research outputs found
Jules Verne - a new polishing technique related to FJP
No full textA variation on the fluid jet polishing (FJP) technique, arbitrarily named Jules Verne (JV), will be described in this article. Jules Verne is a glass processing technique that removes material due to the fact that the tool and the surface are in close contact, and a slurry moves in between the tool and the surface. This approach has both advantages and disadvantages with respect to the original FJP modus: it enables a feed-controlled machining process, but deeper lying areas are harder to reach. A simulation model will be presented that predicts the flow of the slurry in the Jules Verne setup, which is followed by the computation of the trajectories of the particles in the flow. Furthermore, experimental data will be reported demonstrating the feasibility of the JV idea. A model will also be presented simulating the interaction between the surface and the impinging abrasives at a microscopic level, enabling the prediction of the final surface roughness.Optics Research GroepApplied Science
Fluid Jet Polishing
No full textThe goal of this thesis research was to investigate the possibilities and limitations of the Fluid Jet Polishing (FJP) technique. FJP is a new optical fabrication technique that is capable of making shape corrections and reducing the surface roughness of glass and other materials. The principle of operation is that a mixture of water and abrasives (the slurry) is sprayed on the surface at a low pressure. The experimental setup has been described in detail in this thesis. The advantage of FJP over existing techniques is the fact that it can both grind and polish and that areas can be reached that are not accessible with existing techniques. Measuring techniques are important in order to judge the effect of a shaping or polishing technique. Therefore, special attention has been given to in-process measurement techniques. One of the described techniques is iTIRM (intensity-detecting Total Internal Reflection Microscopy). iTIRM can be used for in-process monitoring of the total surface quality, which includes the surface roughness, sub-surface damage, and scratches in the surface. The iTIRM technique can measure the surface quality of both very rough and very smooth surfaces (total range from some m to 0.8 nm). Surface roughness improvements of 0.1 nm rms can be detected with this technique. The surface shape can also be measured in-process. A measurement technique is shown that is based on the interference of an object and a reference beam that both reflect from the inside of the surface to be measured at the total internal reflection condition. The information on the surface shape is obtained from the reflected beams via a temporal phase unwrapping method. Unwrapping problems are avoided by comparing successive images instead of comparing any image to the first image. In order to gain a better understanding of the FJP technique several models have been described. Some have been found in literature, others have been developed especially for FJP. The formation of cracks has been described with Lawn's model [law75]. The theoretical pressure distribution in the slurry has been described by the numerical calculation developed by Rehbinder [reh76] and Leach and Walker [lea66]. Based on the pressure distribution as developed by Rehbinder, a prediction of the stationary footprint that occurs in the case of a cylindrical nozzle has been computed for the FJP case. Based on a general description of flows by Milne-Thomson [mil77] the velocity of the flow in the case of FJP has been computed, the trajectory of the particles in the flow has been derived, and the position and velocity at the moment of impact with the surface has been determined. The interaction between the abrasive particle and the surface of impact has been considered at the microscopic level by a description of three different analysis: first of all, the finite element approach as developed by Woytowitz and co-workers [woy99], secondly, a very simple estimation derived in this thesis, based on the material removal as observed with a SEM, and finally, Finnie's estimation [fin58] which describes the material removal of a single impacting particle in air as a function of the angle of impact. Since the material removal should be known over an area larger than the footprint of the nozzle an analysis has been described that explains the material removal in the case of scanning or rotation of the work piece with respect to the nozzle. The shape inaccuracies that can occur in the center of a work piece have been described as well. In order to get a better understanding of the resulting surface roughness a model has been developed that predicts the roughness as a function of the initial surface and some process parameters. This model is based on the random impacts of particles on a surface. The effect of various process parameters on the material removal and the surface roughness has been investigated experimentally as well. These parameters include the slurry parameters such as the number of particles, the type and size of the particles, the particle velocity, and several process parameters such as the processing time, the processed material, the impact angle and the nozzle type. We also report on some relevant experiments that we carried out with the FJP setup, like the reproducibility of the process, the homogeneity of a translating spot, the degradation of the slurry over time, the formation and removal of mid-spatial frequencies, and the detection whether the FJP process is ductile or brittle. The shaping capabilities have been shown, by prescribing a surface and attempting to produce this surface shape. Some roughness experiments have been described, showing a.o. the roughness as a function of time, the effect of the initial roughness on the final roughness, the roughness as a function of the pressure, and the lowest roughness that could be obtained. Conclusions are drawn and two alternative setups are suggested. The conclusions concerning the shaping accuracy and the roughness reduction are that shape corrections are limited to an accuracy of 4% in depth in the setup that is used at this moment. The material removal is accurate to 1% when the effects of the pressure fluctuation and of the abrasive particle diameter average out by processing the surface several times. A roughness reduction on BK7 can be obtained in a one-step process (one slurry, one fixed pressure during the entire process) from a fine-ground surface (average roughness R a = 300 nm) to R a = 3.6 nm. The first suggestion for comparable techniques that has been described is chemically assisted FJP, the second alternative is a close contact version of FJP. Some initial experiments that have been conducted with this second alternative have been described as well. Fluid Jet Polishing is a new technique that is well suited for making shape alterations to glass surfaces, and for reducing the surface roughness of glasses to a few nanometers. Especially harder to reach areas can ideally be treated with FJP.Applied Science
Unconstrained springback behavior of Al-Mg-Si sheets for different sitting times
No full textIn this work, the springback behavior of the commercial 6022 aluminum alloy in temper aging (T4) is investigated taking into account that the sheets, prior to deformation process, are initially pre-strained and then submitted to various sitting times at room temperature. The unconstrained cylindrical bending test based on the NUMISHEET2002 proceedings as presented by Yoon et al. [Yoon JW, Pourboghtat F, Chung K, Yang DY. Springback prediction for sheet metal forming process using a 3D hybrid membrane/shell method. International journal of Mechanical Sciences 2002;44:2133-53] is selected as validation benchmark. For finite element simulations, the geometry is modeled by solid-shell finite elements using the formulation of Alves de Sousa et al. [Alves de Sousa RJ, Yoon JW, Cardoso RPR, Fontes Valente RA, Gracio JJ. On the use of a reduced enhanced solid-shell (RESS) element for sheet forming simulations. International journal of Plasticity 2007;23:490-515; Alves de Sousa RJ, Cardoso RPR, Fontes Valente RA, Yoon J-W, Natal Jorge RM, Gracio JJ. A new one-point quadrature enhanced assumed strain (EAS) solid-shell element with multiple integration points along thickness: Part I-Geometrically linear applications. International journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 2005;62:952-77; Alves de Sousa RJ, Cardoso RPR, Fontes Valente RA, Yoon JW, Gracio JJ, Natal Jorge RM. A new one-point quadrature enhanced assumed strain (EAS) solid-shell element with multiple integration points along thickness: Part II-Nonlinear applications. International journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 2006;67:160-88]. The material behavior is described based on the work of Correia et al. [Correia JPM, Simoes F, Gracio JJ, Barlat F, Ahzi S. A simple hardening rule accounting for time-dependent behavior in Al-Mg-Si alloys. Materials Science Engineering A 2007;456:170-9]. The results of conducted experiments and numerical simulations are compared. It can be concluded about the good agreement between experiments and simulations attesting the effectiveness of the material model utilized to describe the time-dependent hardening behavior. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.X117sciescopu
Mechanical behavior of an asymmetrically rolled and annealed 1050-O sheet
No full textIn this work, 1050-O aluminum alloy sheets are asymmetrically rolled and annealed. The asymmetric rolling process imposes intense shear deformations across the sheet thickness, leading to the development of shear texture and also grain refinement. The shear texture obtained is found to be retained after annealing. The improvements of the mechanical response and the texture evolution after heat treatment processing are inferred based on experimental shear tests and numerical simulations. It is proven that it is difficult to spread shear texture through the entire sheet thickness from a general asymmetric rolling process. Based on the fact, future research is discussed at closure. (c) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.X1121sciescopu
A randomized, multicenter study of G-CSF starting on day+1 vs day+5 after autologous peripheral blood progenitor cell transplantation
No full textIn order to assess the effect of delaying G-CSF administration after autologous peripheral blood progenitor cell (PBPC) transplantation on the duration of neutropenia, 87 patients were randomized to receive G-CSF 5 mug/kg/day starting on day +1 (n = 45) or +5 (n = 42) following PBPC transplantation, until recovery of the neutrophils. The duration of neutropenia (3.0 X 10(6)/kg. These patients had a later onset of neutropenia after transplant. There were no differences in time to neutrophil and platelet engraftment, or in the incidence of fever and documentation of infection. Although the duration of antibiotic therapy (7 vs 10.5 days; P = 0.01) and time to hospital discharge (13 vs 15 days; P = 0.02) were shorter in the day +1 group, these differences could not be predicted by the day of G-CSF initiation in multivariate analysis. Starting G-CSF on day +1 does not result in faster neutrophil engraftment but in later onset and consequently, slightly shorter duration of neutropenia in patients who receive melphalan 200 mg/m2 and CD34(+) cell doses >3.0 x 10(6)/kg.29974575
Frontline therapy with early intensification and autologous stem cell transplantation versus conventional chemotherapy in unselected high-risk, aggressive non-Hodgkin's lymphoma patients: A prospective randomized GEMOH report
No full textThis prospective multicenter randomized trial compares conventional with early intensification with high-dose sequential chemotherapy (HDS) and autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) as frontline therapy in high-risk non-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHL). Newly diagnosed patients with aggressive high-risk [intermediate-high (HI) and high-risk (HR)] NHL according to the international prognosis index (IPI) were randomized to receive 12-week VACOP-B (arm A, 27 patients) or 6-week VACOP-B followed by HDS and ASCT (arm B, 29 patients). Complete remission rate was 52% in arm A and 55% in B. Nine patients (16%) died early due to progression. According to intention-to-treat, with a median follow-up of 23 months, the 5-year actuarial overall survival, progression-free survival and disease-free survival in arms A and B were 47 and 40% (p = nonsignificant), 47 and 30% (p = nonsignifi cant), and 97 and 47% (p = 0.02), respectively. Abbreviated chemotherapy followed by intensification with HDS-ASCT does not seem to be superior to conventional chemotherapy in HI/HR aggressive NHL. Copyright (C) 2006 S. Karger AG, Basel.11541671152
Emotional intelligence: The key to improving IT management in the U.S. government
No full textThe purpose of this study is to address gap in management literature on technology management in the public sector by studying the relationship between leader emotional intelligence (EI) and effective technology management.Emotional Intelligence: The Key to Improving IT Management in the U.S. Government
Tammy M. Borkowski
Doctoral Candidate
University of Maryland University College
[email protected]
July 2012
Keywords: Emotional Intelligence, Transformational Leadership, Chief Information Officer (CIO) Agenda
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Purpose and Scope
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Research Questions
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Significance for Management
•
Literature Themes
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Key Propositions
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Conceptual Framework
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Thesis Statement
•
Research Approach
•
Findings
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Implications for Management Practice
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Areas for Future Research Purpose and Scope
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Purpose
Address gap in management literature on technology management in the public sector by studying the relationship between leader emotional intelligence (EI) and effective technology management.
•
Scope
Study focuses on the performance effectiveness of U.S. Federal Chief Information Officers (CIOs) and their employees.
Twenty-eight studies representing the last decade of empirical research are analyzed.
Public, private and non-profit organizations are represented in the previous research studies.
2011 Federal Employee Viewpoint Survey triangulates previous empirical research findings. Research Questions
1.
How does Federal CIO EI affect their effectiveness?
2.
How does Federal CIO EI affect follower response behaviors?
Leader-member exchange (LMX) quality
Follower organizational commitment (FOC)
Follower job performance (FJP)
Follower job satisfaction (FJS)
Follower happiness (FH) Significance for Management
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U.S. Government spends more than $60 billion annually on IT, but fails to achieve the productivity gains that private industry has realized from IT (Kundra, 2010; Seifert, 2005).
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Given the current fiscal climate, the Obama Administration has a renewed focus on IT innovation to improve operational efficiencies and reduce costs in order to create a more efficient and effective government (Kundra, 2010; McClure, 2010)
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An opportunity for improving Federal IT management lies in Federal CIOs’ utilization of EI and transformational behaviors to build effective work relationships and positively affect strategic outcomes within U.S. Government agencies. Literature Themes
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CIO Role - History and Importance
Boyle & Burbridge (1991); Synnott (1985, 1987); Weaver (1981)
McClure (2000); U.S. Government Accountability Office (2000)
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Leadership & Contribution to Leader Effectiveness
Bass (1985, 1990); Burns (1978); House (1971, 1977)
Applegate & Elam (1992); Feeny & Willcocks (1998); Hagel & Brown (2001)
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EI & Contribution to Leader Effectiveness
Gardner (1983) ; Sternberg (1986, 1997); Thorndike (1920)
Bar-On (1997); Dulewicz & Higgs (2000); Goleman (1995); Mayer & Salovey (1990)
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CIO Effectiveness – Antecedents & Outcomes
Rockart (1982); Smaltz, Sambamurthy, & Agarwal (2006) Key Propositions
From the literature review, 25 propositions were derived. Five are integral to the study.
[P7]: Transformational leaders are more effective and have higher quality relationships with their followers.
[P8]: Transformational leadership style increases follower productivity, job satisfaction, and happiness.
[P15]: Followers respond to emotionally intelligent leaders by increasing their commitment to the organization.
[P19]: Emotional intelligence is an emotional competency that is often present in transformational leaders.
[P20]: Emotional intelligence is positively related to one’s effectiveness and has become increasingly popular as a measure for identifying potentially effective leaders.. 7
Conceptual Model Thesis Statement
A high degree of emotional intelligence positively affects Federal CIO effectiveness, the quality of the leader-member exchange, and follower response behaviors, including organizational commitment, job performance, job satisfaction, and happiness. Research Approach
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Research Synthesis
Developed seven search strings and six complex searches
Searched EBSCO’s Business Source Complete, ProQuest’s ABI/INFORM Complete, and Internet
Applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria resulted in the identification of 28 empirical studies
Qualitative analysis of previous study findings
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Triangulation with Secondary Data
Results from 2011 U.S. Federal Employee Viewpoint Survey (FEVS) validated previous empirical research findings
Department of Defense chosen as target population (high percentage of technology workers)
Ran Pearson correlation coefficient between independent and dependent variables Data Collection and Analysis – Previous Studies
Author (year)
Dependent
Variables
LE
LMX
FOC
FJP
FJS
FH
Bono et al. (2007)
X
Bushra et al. (2011)
X
X
Carmeli & Josman (2006)
X
Carmeli (2003)
X
Carter et al. (2009)
X
Chih & Lin (2009)
X
Cote & Miners (2006)
X
De Vries et al. (2010)
X
X
X
Dhawan & Mulla (2011)
X
Farahani et al. (2011)
X
Geer et al. (2008)
X
Jadhav & Mulla (2010)
X
Law et al. (2008)
X
Liang & Chi (2011)
X
Liu et al. (2010)
X
Lo et al. (2010)
X
Mohammad et al. (2011)
X
Mustafa & Amjad (2011)
X
X
X
Piccolo & Colquitt (2006)
X
Rangriz& Mehrabi (2010)
X
X
Rosete& Ciarrochi (2005)
X
Semadar et al. (2006)
X
Strauss et al. (2009)
X
Tse & Wing (2008)
X
X
Viator (2001)
X
X
X
Wang et al. (2005)
X
Weinberger (2009)
X
Wong & Law (2002)
X
X
Findings – Previous Studies
H1, H2, H3, H4, and H5 are supported.
None of the previous studies addressed H6. Data Collection and Analysis – Employee Survey
Hypothesis
Independent Variable
Dependent
Variables
LEI
LE
LMX
FOC
FJP
FJS
FJH
H1
SL
LKMI
H2
SL
EEI-IR
H3
SL
EEI-CO
H4
SL
EEI-EC
H5
SL
JSI
H6
SL
PWE
Study Variables
FEVS Analysis Areas
FEVS Questions
Leader EI (LEI)
Supervisor and leadership indices (SL)
42, 44, 47, 51, 52, 53, 55, 56, 57, 61
Leader Effectiveness (LE)
Leadership & Knowledge Management Index (LKMI)
10, 35, 36, 51, 52, 53, 55, 56, 57, 61, 64, 66
LMX
Interpersonal relationship index (EEI-IR)
47, 48, 49, 51, 52
Follower Organizational Commitment (FOC)
Communication index (EEI-CO )
53, 54, 56, 60, 61
Follower Job Performance (FJP)
Employee motivation & competency index (EEI-EC)
3, 4, 6, 11, 12
Follower Job Satisfaction (FJS)
Job Satisfaction Index (JSI)
4, 5, 13, 63, 67, 69, 70
Follower Happiness (FH)
Personal work experience index (PWE)
1, 4, 5, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 18, 19
r = Pearson Correlation CoefficientFindings – Employee Survey
r = 1
r = .95
r = 1
r = .86
r = .93
r = .91 Implications for Management Practice
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Study findings indicate that Federal CIO EI has a profound effect on their effectiveness, LMX quality, and the organizational commitment, job performance, job satisfaction, and happiness of their employees.
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Improve IT operational efficiencies and reduce costs, creating a more efficient and effective government.
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Unlike cognitive intelligence, EI can be improved with leadership training and development. Therefore, the study informs
Talent management practice in the U.S. Government
Federal CIO career planning
Higher education curriculum Areas for Future Research
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Employee happiness as a construct holds much promise for improving organizational performance outcomes by increasing employee productivity.
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Consistent methodology for measuring EI and transformational behaviors.
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Cultural influence on generalizability of results.
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Lack of LMX studies addressing the public sector.
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EI job-related moderators, such as follower job autonomy and follower job complexity.
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Degree to which CIO emotional competencies vary by agency, organization size, job or position type, job role, or gender. Trends
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Technology is continually evolving
Federal CIOs need to stay abreast of new and emerging technology
Federal CIOs must be able to cross the generational divide
Federal agencies need to be learning organizations
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IT budget control being centralized
IT requirements are decentralized within agencies
Agencies must manage this incongruence Conclusions
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This study is the first to explore the critical success factors for U.S. Federal CIOs and inform technology management in the public sector.
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Study highlights the organizational management challenges faced by public sector managers.
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Study results clearly affirm the utilization of EI and transformational leadership behaviors as a management tool for nurturing positive leader-follower work relationships, which have the potential to influence strategic outcomes, creating a more efficient and effective government
Hotspot volcanism close to a passive continental margin: The Canary Islands
No full textThe ideas presented in this paper have been greatly clarified and developed through our discussions with Uri ten Brink, Tony Watts, Tim Minshull, Robin Holcomb, Bruce
Nelson and Hubert Staudigel. Stimulating comments from Hans Schmincke also helped us to focus our arguments. We thank all of them for their assistance in various stages of the preparation of this paper.The Canarian Archipelago is a group of volcanic islands on a slow-moving oceanic plate, close to a continental margin. The origins of the archipelago are controversial: a hotspot or mantle plume, a zone of lithospheric deformation, a region of compressional bock-faulting or a rupture propagating westwards, from the active Atlas Mountains fold belt have been proposed by different author. However, comparison of the Canarían Archipelago with the prototypical hotspot-related island group, the Hawaiian Archipelago, reveals that the differences between the two are not as great as had previously been supposed on the basis of older data. Quaternary igneous activity in the Canaries is concentrated at the western end of the archipelago, close to the present-day location of the inferred hotspot. This is the same relationship as seen in the Hawiian and Cape Verde islands. The latter archipelago, associated with a welldefined but slow-moving mantle plume, shows anomalies in a plot of island age against distance which are comparable to those seen in the Canary Islands: these anomalies cannot therefore be used to argue against a hotspot origin for the Canaries. Individual islands in both archipelagoes are characterized by initial rapid growth (the 'shieldbuilding' stages of activity), followed by a period of quiescence and deep erosion (erosion gap) which in turn is followed by a 'post-erosional' stage of activity. The absence of post-shield stage subsidence in the Canaries is in marked contrast with the major subsidence experienced by the Hawiian Islands, but is comparable with the lack of subsidence evident in other island group at slow-moving hotspots, such as the Cape Verdes. Comparison of the structure and structural evolution of the Canary Islands with other oceanic islands such as Hawii and Réunion reveals many similarities. These include the development af triple ('Mercedes Star`) rift zones and the occurrence of giant lateral collapses on the flanks of these rift zones. The apparent absence of these features in the post-erosional islands may in part be a result of their- greater age and deeper- erosion, which has removed much of the evidence for their early volcanic architecture. We conclude that the many similarities between the Canary Islands and island groups whose hotspot origins are undisputed show that the Canaries have been produced in the same way.Peer reviewe
Lysophosphatidic acid-induced increase in adult hippocampal neurogenesis facilitates the forgetting of cocaine-contextual memory
No full textAuthor manuscriptErasing memories of cocaine-stimuli associations might have important clinical implications for addiction therapy. Stimulating hippocampal plasticity by enhancing adult hippocampal neurogenesis (AHN) is a promising strategy because the addition of new neurons may not only facilitate new learning but also modify previous connections and weaken retrograde memories. To investigate whether increasing AHN prompted the forgetting of previous contextual cocaine associations, mice trained in a cocaine-induced conditioned place preference (CPP) paradigm were administered chronic intracerebroventricular infusions of lysophosphatidic acid (LPA, an endogenous lysophospholipid with pro-neurogenic actions), ki16425 (a LPA1/3 receptor antagonist), or a vehicle solution, and they were tested 23 days later for CPP retention and extinction. The results of immunohistochemical experiments showed that the LPA-treated mice exhibited reduced long-term CPP retention and an
~two-fold increase in the number of adult-born hippocampal cells that differentiated into mature neurons. Importantly, mediation analyses confirmed a causal role of AHN in reducing CPP maintenance. In contrast, the ki16425-treated mice displayed aberrant responses, with initially decreased CPP retention that progressively increased across the extinction sessions, leading to no effect on AHN. The pharmacological treatments did not affect locomotion or general exploratory or anxiety-like responses. In a second experiment, normal and LPA1 receptor-deficient mice were acutely infused with LPA, which revealed that LPA1-mediated signaling was required for LPA-induced proliferative actions. These results suggest that the LPA/LPA1-pathway acts as a potent in vivo modulator of AHN and highlight the potential usefulness of pro-AHN strategies to treat aberrant cognition in those addicted to cocaine.This study was funded by grants from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (Agencia Estatal de Investigación), which is cofunded by the European Research Development Fund AEI/FEDER, UE- (PSI2013-44901-P and PSI2017-82604-R to LJS and PSI2015-73156-JIN to ECO); by the National System of Health-Instituto de Salud Carlos III, which is co-funded by AEI/FEDER, UE (Red de Trastornos Adictivos; RD16/0017/0001 to FRdF); and by the Andalusian R&D&I Programme, Regional Ministry of Economy and Knowledge (PAIDI CTS643 to GET).
DLGM and RDMF hold FPU grants from the Spanish Ministry of Education, Culture and Sports (FPU13/04819 and FPU14-01610, respectively). CRV received a ‘Plan Propio’ grant from the University of Malaga. FJP and AS hold ‘Miguel Servet’ grants (CP14/00212 and CP14/00173, respectively) from the National System of Health-Instituto de Salud Carlos III, which is co-funded by AEI/FEDER, UE. FRdF and GET are supported by Nicolas Monardes Programme, from the Andalusian Regional Ministry of Health. ECO holds a ‘Jóvenes Investigadores’ grant (code: PSI2015- 73156-JIN) from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (Agencia Estatal de Investigación) which is co-funded by the European Research Development Fund (AEI/FEDER, UE)
Eccentric exercise increases circulating fibroblast activation protein α but not bioactive fibroblast growth factor 21 in healthy humans
No full textThis is the author accepted manuscript. The final version is available from Wiley via the DOI in this record The primary aim of the investigation was to determine whether eccentric exercise would augment the release of the myokine fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) and/or its regulatory enzyme, fibroblast activation protein α (FAP), from skeletal muscle tissue into the systemic circulation of healthy human volunteers. Physically active young healthy male volunteers (age 25.0 ± 10.7 years; body mass index 23.1 ± 7.9 kg m-2 ) completed three sets of 25 repetitions (with 5 min rest in between) of single-leg maximal eccentric contractions using their non-dominant leg, whilst the dominant leg served as a control. Arterialized blood samples from a hand vein and deep venous blood samples from the common femoral vein of the exercised leg, along with blood flow of the superficial femoral artery using Doppler ultrasound, were obtained before and after each exercise bout and every 20 min during the 3 h recovery period. Muscle biopsy samples were taken at baseline, immediately and 3 and 48 h postexercise. The main findings showed that there was no significant increase in total or bioactive FGF21 secreted from skeletal muscle into the systemic circulation in response to exercise. Furthermore, skeletal muscle FGF21 protein content was unchanged in response to exercise. However, there was a significant increase in arterialized and venous FAP concentrations, with no apparent contribution to its release from the exercised leg. These findings raise the possibility that the elevated levels of FAP might play a role in the inactivation of FGF21 during exercise.This work was supported by the Biotechnologyand Biological Sciences Research Council (grantnumber BB/M001555/1) and by Lilly ResearchLaboratories, Indianapolis, IN, USA
