11 research outputs found
Associação entre o papiloma vírus humano e o carcinoma epidermóide de orofaringe : um estudo de caso-controle
No full textIntrodução: A incidência do carcinoma epidermóide de orofaringe (CEO) aumentou em todo o mundo nos últimos 30 anos. Estudos identificaram o papiloma vírus humano (HPV) como um fator de risco para essa neoplasia. Objetivos: O objetivo do presente estudo foi verificar a frequência do HPV em pacientes com CEO e em pacientes sem neoplasia maligna e avaliar a existência de uma diferença estatisticamente significativa na frequência do HPV entre os dois grupos. O objetivo secundário foi estudar a correlação entre a infecção pelo HPV e a localização do tumor na orofaringe, o estadiamento clínico e o grau de diferenciação tumoral. Métodos: Foi realizado um estudo de caso-controle com 59 pacientes com CEO e 54 pacientes sem neoplasia, no qual foram analisados os blocos de parafina contendo material tumoral e tecido não neoplásico. Foram analisadas respectivamente a frequência do HPV e sua atividade viral utilizando a técnica de hibridização in situ cromogênica (CISH) para HPV de baixo risco (BR) e alto risco (AR) e a expressão imunoistoquímica da proteína P16. Resultados: A frequência do HPV foi maior no grupo caso em comparação ao grupo controle quando utilizamos a expressão imunoistoquímica da proteína P16 como método de detecção isolado (OR=10,3; P<0,001) e quando utilizamos a CISH e a expressão imunoistoquímica da proteína P16 em conjunto (OR=21,4; P<0,001). A CISH isoladamente não mostrou uma diferença estatisticamente significativa na frequência do HPV entre os grupos estudados (P=0,572). A localização tumoral na orofaringe e o estadiamento clínico não mostraram correlação com a infecção pelo HPV em nenhum dos métodos utilizados, assim como o grau de diferenciação tumoral (P>0,20). Conclusão: Utilizando-se a técnica de imunoistoquímica para P16 isolada ou combinada com a técnica de CISH, observou-se uma maior positividade para o HPV no grupo de pacientes com CEO. A localização do tumor na orofaringe, o estadiamento clínico e o grau de diferenciação tumoral não tiveram correlação com a positividade para o HPV.Introduction: The incidence of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) has increased worldwide over the last 30 years. Studies have identified human papillomavirus (HPV) infection as a risk factor for OSCC. Objectives: To compare the frequency of HPV infection in patients with OSCC and patients with benign oral or oropharyngeal disease and ascertain whether a statistically significant difference in HPV frequency exists between these two groups. As a secondary objective, to assess potential correlations between HPV positivity, anatomic site of OSCC, tumor staging, and degree of tumor differentiation. Methods: Case-control study. The sample comprised 59 patients with OSCC and 54 non-OSCC controls who underwent surgery for benign oral or oropharyngeal conditions. Paraffin-embedded specimens from cases and controls were tested for HPV positivity by chromogenic in situ hybridization (CISH) for low-risk (LR) and high-risk (HR) HPV, and HPV activity was assessed by P16 immunohistochemistry (IHC). Results: The frequency of HPV positivity was higher in the case group than in the control group when assessed by P16 IHC alone (OR=10.3, P<0.001) or by CISH and P16 IHC in combination (OR=21.4, P<0.001). CISH alone did not detect any significant between-group difference in HPV frequency (P=0.572). Tumor site, staging, and differentiation did not correlate with HPV positivity with any of the methods employed (P>0.20). Conclusion: Using a P16 IHC assay alone or combined with CISH, the authors showed a higher rate of HPV positivity among patients with OSCC, as compared with patients with benign disease. Tumor site within the oropharynx, tumor stage, and degree of differentiation did not correlate with HPV positivity
Estado nutricional de pacientes pediátricos con cáncer atendidos en el Instituto del Cáncer SOLCA Cuenca – Ecuador. 2016-2020
No full textAntecedentes: El cáncer es una de las principales causas de mortalidad entre niños y adolescentes en todo el mundo. El estado nutricional que incluye desnutrición, sobrepeso y obesidad; afecta los resultados clínicos del tratamiento. Objetivo: Evaluar el estado nutricional de niños con cáncer, atendidos en el Instituto SOLCA Cuenca, período 2016 -2020. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional descriptivo en 158 menores de 18 años ingresados con cáncer en Solca. La información se obtuvo de historias clínicas registradas en un formulario elaborado por la autora y analizada en el programa SPSS v.26. Se realizó análisis descriptivo por frecuencias, porcentajes y medias. Resultados: El 23,5% de pacientes presentó desnutrición al diagnóstico, el 19,6%; sobrepeso y el 0,6%; obesidad. Estos valores aumentaron a un 30,4%, 22,2% y 7% respectivamente al final del tratamiento. En las neoplasias hematológicas predomina el sobrepeso y obesidad mientras que en los tumores sólidos predomina la desnutrición. El 13,9% de los pacientes presentaron recaída, de los cuales, el 50% tuvo algún tipo de malnutrición. Cerca del 40% de los pacientes presentaron más de tres hospitalizaciones por neutropenia el primer año de tratamiento, de éstos el 39,7% presentó algún tipo de malnutrición, predominando la desnutrición. La media de hospitalización fue de 13,8 días. Conclusión: La desnutrición constituye el principal problema de malnutrición en el niño con cáncer que junto al sobrepeso y obesidad; determinan un mayor porcentaje de recaída de la enfermedad y mayor tiempo de hospitalizaciones por neutropenia.Background: Cancer is a leading cause of mortality among children and adolescents worldwide. The nutritional status, which includes undernutrition, overweight and obesity, affects the clinical outcomes of treatment. Objective: To evaluate the nutritional status of children with cancer, attended at the SOLCA Cuenca Institute, period 2016 -2020. Materials and methods: A descriptive observational study was conducted in 158 children under 18 years of age admitted with cancer at Solca. The information was obtained from clinical histories recorded in a form developed by the author and analyzed in the SPSS v.26 program. Descriptive analysis was performed by frequencies, percentages and means. Results: 23.5% of patients presented undernutrition at diagnosis, 19.6% were overweight and 0.6% obese. These values increased to 30.4%, 22.2% and 7% respectively at the end of treatment. In hematologic malignancies, overweight and obesity predominate, while in solid tumors undernutrition predominates. Of the patients, 13.9% presented relapse, of which 50% had some type of malnutrition. Nearly 40% of the patients presented more than three hospitalizations for neutropenia in the first year of treatment, of which 39.7% presented some type of malnutrition, with undernutrition predominating. The mean length of hospitalization was 13.8 days. Conclusion: Undernutrition constitutes the main problem of malnutrition in children with cancer, which together with overweight and obesity, determine a higher percentage of relapse of the disease and longer hospitalization time due to neutropenia.0000-0002-7976-1771Especialista en PediatríaCuenc
Detection of Phytophthora, Pythium, Globisporangium, Hyaloperonospora, and Plasmopara Species in High-Throughput Sequencing Data by In Silico and In Vitro Analysis Using Microbe Finder (MiFi)
No full textSpecies identification of plant pathogenic oomycetes based on morphology is challenging because of the limited number of variable characters available. Hence, pure culture isolation followed by internal transcribed spacer sequencing is routinely conducted for diagnostic purposes. E-probe Diagnostic Nucleic acid Analysis (EDNA), a pipeline that couples high-throughput sequencing and metagenomic sequence analysis, is a detection system used to identify targets without relying on often time-consuming serological and molecular approaches. The EDNA pipeline, implemented through the Microbe Finder (MiFi), was used to design short species-specific sequences (e-probes) with sizes from 40 to 80 nucleotides and to detect plant pathogenic oomycetes in metagenomic data. To avoid false positives and increase target specificity, we removed the e-probes with sequences similar to nontarget species in NCBI's nucleotide database. The designed e-probes were tested using in silico simulated metagenomes with different target pathogen and host sequence levels. E-probes of Phytophthora nicotianae were further tested with metagenomes generated using nanopore sequencing. In silico detection with 100% sensitivity was obtained at 0.01 to 1% pathogen read abundances with the three e-probe lengths tested. MiFi also successfully identified Ph. nicotianae in the sequenced metagenomes with nanopore DNA sequencing. Thus, EDNA-MiFi could enable rapid detection (<24 h from sample collection to diagnosis) without requiring post-sequencing processing. EDNA, as implemented in the MiFi web application, is a powerful tool for detecting oomycetes from metagenomic samples. Our study shows the outstanding potential of EDNA-MiFi coupled with nanopore sequencing for plant and possible on-site pathogen diagnosis. [Figure: see text] Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license
Draft Genome Sequences of 11 Isolates of Ophiosphaerella spp., the Causal Agents of Several Turfgrass Diseases Including Spring Dead Spot of Bermudagrass and Necrotic Ring Spot of Kentucky Bluegrass
No full textOphiosphaerella herpotricha, O. korrae, and O. narmari are the causal agents of spring dead spot of warm-season grasses worldwide, and O. korrae is the causal agent of necrotic ring spot of cool-season grasses that primarily occurs in North and South America. All three species are considered important pathogens of turfgrasses, and there is limited genomic information about these ectotrophic, root-infecting fungi. Herein are reported the draft genome sequences of three isolates of O. herpotricha, five O. korrae, and three O. narmari isolates, furthering the knowledge about these three important turfgrass disease-causing species. [Figure: see text] Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license
Increased serum miR-193a-5p during non-alcoholic fatty liver disease progression: Diagnostic and mechanistic relevance
No full textBackground & Aims: Serum microRNA (miRNA) levels are known to change in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and may serve as useful biomarkers. This study aimed to profile miRNAs comprehensively at all NAFLD stages.Methods: We profiled 2,083 serum miRNAs in a discovery cohort (183 cases with NAFLD representing the complete NAFLD spectrum and 10 population controls). miRNA libraries generated by HTG EdgeSeq were sequenced by Illumina NextSeq. Selected serum miRNAs were profiled in 372 additional cases with NAFLD and 15 population controls by quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR.Results: Levels of 275 miRNAs differed between cases and population controls. Fewer differences were seen within individual NAFLD stages, but miR-193a-5p consistently showed increased levels in all comparisons. Relative to NAFL/non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) with mild fibrosis (stage 0/1), 3 miRNAs (miR-193a-5p, miR-378d, and miR378d) were increased in cases with NASH and clinically significant fibrosis (stages 2-4), 7 (miR193a-5p, miR-378d, miR-378e, miR-320b, miR-320c, miR-320d, and miR-320e) increased in cases with NAFLD activity score (NAS) 5-8 compared with lower NAS, and 3 (miR-193a-5p, miR-378d, and miR-378e) increased but 1 (miR-19b-3p) decreased in steatosis, activity, and fibrosis (SAF) activity score 2-4 compared with lower SAF activity. The significant findings for miR-193a-5p were replicated in the additional cohort with NAFLD. Studies in Hep G2 cells showed that following palmitic acid treatment, miR-193a-5p expression decreased significantly. Gene targets for miR-193a-5p were investigated in liver RNAseq data for a case subgroup (n = 80); liver GPX8 levels correlated positively with serum miR-193a-5p.Conclusions: Serum miR-193a-5p levels correlate strongly with NAFLD activity grade and fibrosis stage. MiR-193a-5p may have a role in the hepatic response to oxidative stress and is a potential clinically tractable circulating biomarker for progressive NAFLD.Lay summary: MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small pieces of nucleic acid that may turn expression of genes on or off. These molecules can be detected in the blood circulation, and their levels in blood may change in liver disease including non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). To see if we could detect specific miRNA associated with advanced stages of NAFLD, we carried out miRNA sequencing in a group of 183 patients with NAFLD of varying severity together with 10 population controls. We found that a number of miRNAs showed changes, mainly increases, in serum levels but that 1 particular miRNA miR-193a-5p consistently increased. We confirmed this increase in a second group of cases with NAFLD. Measuring this miRNA in a blood sample may be a useful way to determine whether a patient has advanced NAFLD without an invasive liver biopsy. (C) 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of European Association for the Study of the Liver (EASL)
Home range and seasonal movements of Podocnemis expansa (Schweigger, 1812) females in the middle Meta river in the Colombian Orinoquia
No full textilustraciones, diagramas, fotografías, mapasEl estudio de la ecología espacial de especies amenazadas como la tortuga charapa (Podocnemis expansa) brinda información relevante acerca de la extensión de las áreas que ocupan los individuos y del uso de recursos en dichas áreas. El objetivo de este estudio fue conocer y describir las áreas de acción o home range y los patrones de movimientos de hembras anidantes de P. expansa en la cuenca media del río Meta en Colombia, para identificar elementos útiles para su conservación en esta región del país. Para esto, durante los años 2020 y 2021 capturamos 16 hembras adultas a las cuales se les instalaron transmisores sónicos y VHF. Realizamos monitoreos activos y pasivos durante 26 meses continuos para la ubicación de los individuos de estudio mediante el método homing. Con las localizaciones georreferenciadas en el tiempo, realizamos análisis espaciales para estimar las áreas de acción bajo dos métodos: distribución de utilización de Kernel con probabilidades del 95 y 50% (K-UD 95% y K-UD 50%, respectivamente) y el intervalo lineal de uso (ILU; mencionado en otros artículos como lineal home range). Además, analizamos los patrones de movimientos post-anidación y su variación espacio-temporal. El área de acción promedio de las hembras anidantes fue de 8.22 km2 y 1.23 km2 estimada mediante K-UD 95% y K-UD 50%, respectivamente. El ILU promedio fue de 35.10 km. Durante la época de sequía (aguas bajas) las áreas de acción y los movimientos se concentraron en el canal principal del río Meta, donde se forman grandes playas de arena, recurso importante para la anidación de las charapas. En contraste en la época húmeda (aguas altas), las áreas de acción y los movimientos se concentraron en los caños y zonas forestales inundadas como bosques de galería y tributarios de menor tamaño como el caño La Balsa. Estas zonas proporcionan recursos como alimento y refugio a las hembras de P. expansa que anidan en La Virgen, Cravo Norte Arauca. La información anterior sobre la ecología espacial puede ser base para la complementación y/o modificación de los programas de conservación de la especie. (Texto tomado de la fuente).The study of spatial ecology of threatened species such as the giant South American river turtle (Podocnemis expansa) provides relevant information about the extent of the areas occupied by individuals and the use of resources in those areas. The objective of this study was to estimate and describe the home range and movement patterns of nesting females of P. expansa in the middle basin of the Meta River in Colombia, in order to identify useful elements for their conservation in this region of the country. With this purpose, during the years 2020 and 2021 we captured 16 adult females to which sonic and VHF transmitters were installed. We conducted active and passive monitoring for 26 continuous months to locate the study individuals by homing method. With the locations georeferenced over time, we performed spatial analyses to estimate their home range under two methods: Kernel utilization distribution with 95 and 50% probabilities (K-UD 95% and K-UD 50%, respectively) and the linear interval of use (LIU; referred to in other articles as linear home range). In addition, we analyzed the post-nesting movement patterns and their spatiotemporal variation. The average action area of nesting females was 8.22 km2 and 1.23 km2 estimated by K-UD 95% and K-UD 50%, respectively. The average LIU was 35.10 km. During the dry season (low water), home ranges and movements were concentrated in the main channel of the Meta River, where large sandy beaches are formed, an important resource for nesting giant South American river turtle. During the wet season (high water), the home range and movements were concentrated in the streams and flooded forest areas such as gallery forests and smaller tributaries such as the La Balsa stream. These areas provide resources such as food and shelter to the females of giant South American river turtles that nest in La Virgen, Cravo Norte Arauca. The above information on spatial ecology can be the basis for the complementation and/or modification of conservation programs for the species.MaestríaMagíster en Ciencias - BiologíaManejo y conservación de vida silvestr
General and abdominal adiposity and hypertension in eight world regions: a pooled analysis of 837 population-based studies with 7·5 million participants
No full textBackground: Adiposity can be measured using BMI (which is based on weight and height) as well as indices of abdominal adiposity. We examined the association between BMI and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) within and across populations of different world regions and quantified how well these two metrics discriminate between people with and without hypertension. Methods: We used data from studies carried out from 1990 to 2023 on BMI, WHtR and hypertension in people aged 20–64 years in representative samples of the general population in eight world regions. We graphically compared the regional distributions of BMI and WHtR, and calculated Pearson's correlation coefficients between BMI and WHtR within each region. We used mixed-effects linear regression to estimate the extent to which WHtR varies across regions at the same BMI. We graphically examined the prevalence of hypertension and the distribution of people who have hypertension both in relation to BMI and WHtR, and we assessed how closely BMI and WHtR discriminate between participants with and without hypertension using C-statistic and net reclassification improvement (NRI). Findings: The correlation between BMI and WHtR ranged from 0·76 to 0·89 within different regions. After adjusting for age and BMI, mean WHtR was highest in south Asia for both sexes, followed by Latin America and the Caribbean and the region of central Asia, Middle East and north Africa. Mean WHtR was lowest in central and eastern Europe for both sexes, in the high-income western region for women, and in Oceania for men. Conversely, to achieve an equivalent WHtR, the BMI of the population of south Asia would need to be, on average, 2·79 kg/m2 (95% CI 2·31–3·28) lower for women and 1·28 kg/m2 (1·02–1·54) lower for men than in the high-income western region. In every region, hypertension prevalence increased with both BMI and WHtR. Models with either of these two adiposity metrics had virtually identical C-statistics and NRIs for every region and sex, with C-statistics ranging from 0·72 to 0·81 and NRIs ranging from 0·34 to 0·57 in different region and sex combinations. When both BMI and WHtR were used, performance improved only slightly compared with using either adiposity measure alone. Interpretation: BMI can distinguish young and middle-aged adults with higher versus lower amounts of abdominal adiposity with moderate-to-high accuracy, and both BMI and WHtR distinguish people with or without hypertension. However, at the same BMI level, people in south Asia, Latin America and the Caribbean, and the region of central Asia, Middle East and north Africa, have higher WHtR than in the other regions. Funding: UK Medical Research Council and UK Research and Innovation (Innovate UK). © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 licens
Eco-etnoturismo como estrategia de sostenibilidad del delta del río Ranchería, La Guajira
No full textIncluye índice de tablas, gráficos y figurasEl estudio analizó al eco-etnoturismo sostenible en el Distrito de
Manejo Integrado (DMI) del delta del río Ranchería como herramienta
de gestión ambiental que coadyuve a conservar y proteger aspectos
ambientales y culturales del área protegida. Se diseñó una estrategia
metodológica mixta: documental y descriptiva. La técnica de la
investigación documental fue aplicada para estructurar el conocimiento
sobre el contexto del eco-etnoturismo, la ubicación y delimitación
geográfica, las investigaciones ambientales del delta del rio Ranchería
enmarcadas en la realidad del contexto, el escenario internacional del
eco-etnoturismo, los sustentos teóricos e instrumentos legales y los
antecedentes históricos del eco-etnoturismo en territorio colombiano.
La investigación descriptiva, a través de entrevistas no estructuradas
a expertos, fue utilizada para indagar sobre las concepciones y
conceptos lúdicos para el empoderamiento del eco-etnoturismo para la
sostenibilidad del delta del rio Ranchería, La Guajira. Fueron abordados
aspectos como las características del pueblo Wayuu, su organización
social, historia ancestral, la ley en la sociedad Wayuu, la gobernabilidad,
los clanes, los mitos, las leyendas, las costumbres, el tejido y su riqueza;
y la pesca. Los resultados podrían constituirse en una herramienta de
la gestión y planificación de proyectos eco-etnoturísticos, que ayude
a fortalecer las acciones de conservación, uso y manejo sostenible de
manglares y capacidad adaptativa de las comunidades costerasThe study analyzed sustainable eco-ethnoturism in the Integrated
Management District (IMD) of the Ranchería river delta as an
environmental management tool that helps conserve and protect
environmental and cultural aspects of the protected area. A mixed
methodological strategy was designed: documentary and descriptive. The
documentary research technique was applied to structure the knowledge
about the context of eco-ethnoturism, the location, and geographical
delimitation, the environmental investigations of the Ranchería river
delta framed in the reality of the context, the international of eco-ethnoturism, the theoretical supports, and legal instruments
and the historical antecedents of eco-ethnoturism in Colombian
territory. Descriptive research, through unstructured interviews with
experts, was used to investigate the concepts and playful concepts
for the empowerment of eco-ethnoturism for the sustainability of the
Ranchería river delta, the Guajira. Aspects such as the characteristics
of the Wayuu people, their social organization, ancestral history, the
law in the Wayuu society, governability, clans, myths, legends, customs,
weaving and wealth, and fishing were addressed. The results could
constitute a tool for the management and planning of eco-ethnoturistic
projects, which helps to strengthen the actions of conservation, use and
sustainable management of mangroves and adaptive capacity of coastal
communities.Incluye figuras a colorPrimera edició
Eco-etnoturismo en el Distrito de manejo integrado delta del Río Ranchería, La Guajira: una opción de gestión ambiental sostenible
No full textIncluye tablas, figuras, imágenes y graficasEste estudio se realizó en el Distrito de Manejo Integrado (DMI) delta del río Ranchería,
una zona de gran interés ambiental por los servicios ecosistémicos que brinda, donde el propósito
es hacer un aporte desde la actividad ecoetnoturística para la preservación y/o recuperación de
este importante ecosistema y de la cultura indígena wayuu asentada en esta área y que el
resultado se constituya en una herramienta de la gestión y planificación de proyectos similares,
que ayuden a fortalecer las acciones de conservación, uso y manejo sostenible de la
biodiversidad, los manglares y la capacidad adaptativa de las comunidades costeras asentadas en
el área. Se propuso realizar un diagnóstico participativo que examine las características
ambientales y culturales del área, para poder definir los indicadores de sostenibilidad de la
actividad ecoetnoturística y participativamente con los pobladores poder establecer el potencial
ecoetnoturístico; tendiente a la gestión ambiental sostenible.This study was carried out in the Integrated Management District (DMI) of the Ranchería delta,
an area of great environmental interest due to the ecosystem services provided, where the
purpose is to make a contribution from the eco-ethnotourism activity for the preservation and / or
recovery of this important ecosystem and the indigenous Wayuu culture based in this area and
that the result will be a tool for the management and planning of similar projects that will help to
strengthen actions for the conservation, sustainable use and management of biodiversity,
mangroves And the adaptive capacity of coastal communities based in the area. It was proposed
to carry out a participatory diagnosis that examines the environmental and cultural characteristics
of the area, in order to be able to define the indicators of sustainability of the ecotourism activity
and participatory with the inhabitants to be able to establish the ecotourism potential; Towards
sustainable environmental management.Introducción
Resumen
Abstract
1. Generalidades
1.1. Problema
1.2. Justificación
1.3. Objetivo
1.4. Supuesto
2. Estado del arte
2.1. La preocupación internacional y nacional por los recursos naturales
3. Marco Teórico
3.1. Instrumentos de soporte legal
3.2. Etnoturismo
3.3. Ecoturismo
3.4. Planteamiento conceptual de la sostenibilidad del eco-etnoturísmo
3.5. Gestión ambiental y la preservación del medio ambiente
3.6. Enfoque del ordenamiento territorial
3.7. Distrito de manejo integrado (DMI)
4. Área de estudio
4.1. Río Ranchería: escenarios y características
4.2. Delta del Río Ranchería
43
4.3. Características biofísicas del delta del Río Ranchería
4.3.1. Clima
4.3.2. Brillo solar
4.3.3. Suelo
4.3.4. Flora
4.3.5. Fauna
5. Metodología
5.1. Enfoque investigativo
5.2. Método de la investigación
5.3. Técnicas de la Investigación
5.3.1. Primer encuentro con la comunidad: acuerdo de participación
5.3.2. Observación
5.3.3. Encuesta
5.3.4. Entrevistas
5.3.5. Talleres
5.3.6. Historia de vida
5.4. Fuentes de la información
5.4.1. Fuentes primarias
5.4.2. Fuentes Secundarias
5.4.3. Fuentes documentales
5.5. Población Objeto de estudio
5.6. Muestra
5.7. Instrumentos
5.8. Análisis e interpretación de la información
5.8.1. Recolección de la Información
5.8.2. Las visitas
5.8.3. Tabulación, Interpretación y análisis de los datos
5.8.4. Reflexión en torno a lo encontrado
6. Características socioculturales de la etnia wayuu
6.1. Aspectos fundamentales del etnoturísmo
6.2. El pueblo Wayuu
6.3. Su organización social
6.4. Historia ancestral
6.4.1. La guerra de las perlas
6.5. Tradición wayuu
6.6. La ley en la sociedad wayuu
6.7. La gobernabilidad
6.8. Los clanes
6.9. Mitos y leyendas
6.10. Las costumbres
6.11. El tejido y su riqueza
6.12. La pesca
7. Antecedentes históricos del eco-etnoturísmo en la Guajira
7.1. La biodiversidad de Colombia
7.2. La diversidad Cultural en Colombia
7.3. Riqueza inmaterial de la diversidad cultural
7.4. Historia de la guajira y sus grupos étnicos
7.5. Características socioeconómicas del distrito de Riohacha
7.6. Características socioeconómicas de las comunidades asentadas en el delta del Río
Ranchería.
7.7. Los sitios de interés ecoturístico en la guajira
7.8. Los sitios de interés cultural en la guajira
8. Aspectos fundamentales del ecoturismo
8.1.1. El bajo impacto ambiental
8.1.2. La conservación de la biodiversidad
9. Aspectos Fundamentales del etnoturísmo
9.1. Conservación de la cultura
9.2. Aculturación
10. Aspectos fundamentales de la gestión ambiental
10.1. Gestión ambiental para el delta del río ranchería
10.2. La institucionalidad en la gestión ambiental del ecoetnoturísmo
11. Aspectos fundamentales de la sostenibilidad
11.1. La sostenibilidad ambiental en la actividad del ecoturismo
11.2. Los principios de sostenibilidad ambiental de ecoturismo
11.2.1. Planificación
11.2.2. Articulación, integración y participación de los actores involucrados
11.2.3. Formación y sensibilización
11.3. Dimensiones de la sostenibilidad ambiental
11.3.1. Dimensión humana
11.3.2. Dimensión social
11.3.3. Dimensión natural
11.3.4. Dimensión cívica e institucional
12. Resultados obtenidos: lo analizado, interpretado y extraído de lo hallado
12.1. Diagnóstico participativo
12.2. Indicadores de Sostenibilidad
12.2.1. Indicadores de la Sostenibilidad ecoturística
12.2.2. Indicadores de la Sostenibilidad etnoturística
12.3. Análisis de los impactos generados por la actividad del turismo
12.3.1. Impacto ambiental
12.3.2. Impacto socioeconómico
12.3.3. Impacto sociocultural
12.4. Potencial del ecoetnoturísmo en el delta del Río Ranchería
12.4.1. Porque es un potencial el ecoetnoturísmo?
12.5. Visión del eco y etnoturísmo en el DMI delta del rio Ranchería
12.6. Características de la promoción del turismo
12.7. Análisis comparativo: Lo encontrado en la investigación, una confrontación teórica 123
12.8. Socialización de los resultados a la Comunidad
12.9. Construcción participativa del potencial ecoetnoturístico del DMI
13. Conclusiones
14. Recomendaciones
15. Bibliografía
16. Anexos
16.1. Acta de concertación con las autoridades
16.2. Registro de asistencia a las reuniones y talleres
16.3. Formato de la encuesta
16.4. Formato de las entrevistas
16.5. FotografíasMaestríaMagíster en Ciencias Ambientale
Worldwide trends in hypertension prevalence and progress in treatment and control from 1990 to 2019: a pooled analysis of 1201 population-representative studies with 104 million participants
No full textZhou B, Carrillo-Larco RM, Danaei G, et al. Worldwide trends in hypertension prevalence and progress in treatment and control from 1990 to 2019: a pooled analysis of 1201 population-representative studies with 104 million participants. LANCET. 2021;398(10304):957-980.Background Hypertension can be detected at the primary health-care level and low-cost treatments can effectively control hypertension. We aimed to measure the prevalence of hypertension and progress in its detection, treatment, and control from 1990 to 2019 for 200 countries and territories. Methods We used data from 1990 to 2019 on people aged 30-79 years from population-representative studies with measurement of blood pressure and data on blood pressure treatment. We defined hypertension as having systolic blood pressure 140 mm Hg or greater, diastolic blood pressure 90 mm Hg or greater, or taking medication for hypertension. We applied a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate the prevalence of hypertension and the proportion of people with hypertension who had a previous diagnosis (detection), who were taking medication for hypertension (treatment), and whose hypertension was controlled to below 140/90 mm Hg (control). The model allowed for trends over time to be non-linear and to vary by age. Findings The number of people aged 30-79 years with hypertension doubled from 1990 to 2019, from 331 (95% credible interval 306-359) million women and 317 (292-344) million men in 1990 to 626 (584-668) million women and 652 (604-698) million men in 2019, despite stable global age-standardised prevalence. In 2019, age-standardised hypertension prevalence was lowest in Canada and Peru for both men and women; in Taiwan, South Korea, Japan, and some countries in western Europe including Switzerland, Spain, and the UK for women; and in several low-income and middle-income countries such as Eritrea, Bangladesh, Ethiopia, and Solomon Islands for men. Hypertension prevalence surpassed 50% for women in two countries and men in nine countries, in central and eastern Europe, central Asia, Oceania, and Latin America. Globally, 59% (55-62) of women and 49% (46-52) of men with hypertension reported a previous diagnosis of hypertension in 2019, and 47% (43-51) of women and 38% (35-41) of men were treated. Control rates among people with hypertension in 2019 were 23% (20-27) for women and 18% (16-21) for men. In 2019, treatment and control rates were highest in South Korea, Canada, and Iceland (treatment >70%; control >50%), followed by the USA, Costa Rica, Germany, Portugal, and Taiwan. Treatment rates were less than 25% for women and less than 20% for men in Nepal, Indonesia, and some countries in sub-Saharan Africa and Oceania. Control rates were below 10% for women and men in these countries and for men in some countries in north Africa, central and south Asia, and eastern Europe. Treatment and control rates have improved in most countries since 1990, but we found little change in most countries in sub-Saharan Africa and Oceania. Improvements were largest in high-income countries, central Europe, and some upper-middle-income and recently high-income countries including Costa Rica, Taiwan, Kazakhstan, South Africa, Brazil, Chile, Turkey, and Iran. Interpretation Improvements in the detection, treatment, and control of hypertension have varied substantially across countries, with some middle-income countries now outperforming most high-income nations. The dual approach of reducing hypertension prevalence through primary prevention and enhancing its treatment and control is achievable not only in high-income countries but also in low-income and middle-income settings. Copyright (C) 2021 World Health Organization; licensee Elsevier
