10 research outputs found
Judge Consideration on Nominal Determination Iddah and Mut'ah Lives in Epistemological Review
No full textDetermination of iddah and mut'ah living is a manifestation of one of the cases that must be resolved by a judge who comes to him by bringing justice to the parties. Of course, this cannot be separated from how a judge deeply examines the existing problems with his considerations. The purpose of this study is to find out how the judge's considerations in determining the nominal iddah and mut'ah income for the wife whom her husband divorces in a case, then how is the judge's consideration in determining the nominal iddah and mut'ah income when viewed epistemologically. The research method that the author does is to use empirical normative research methods with a qualitative approach. Based on the research results that the author did, there are at least 7 (seven) things that the judge can consider in determining the nominal iddah and mut'ah living. However, what if, in a case, all the things considered are in one case? Of course, a judge must choose his considerations, which should come first, the interests of the wife or husband. Therefore, it takes wisdom and wisdom from a judge in deciding while still realizing a sense of justice for the parties. Penentuan nafkah iddah dan mut’ah merupakan wujud dari salah satu perkara yang harus diselesaikan seorang hakim yang datang padanya dengan mewujudkan keadilan kepada para pihak. Hal ini, tentu, tidak terlepas dari bagaimana seorang hakim mengkaji lebih dalam terkait permasalahan yang ada dengan pertimbangan-pertimbangannya. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui bagaimana pertimbangan hakim dalam menentukan nominal nafkah iddah dan mut’ah bagi istri yang diceraikan suaminya pada suatu kasus. Kemudian bagaimana tinjauan epistemologi terkait dengan pertimbangan hakim dalam menentukan nominal nafkah iddah dan mut’ah. Adapun metode penelitian yang penulis lakukan adalah dengan menggunakan metode penelitian normatif empiris dengan pendekatan kualitatif. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian yang penulis lakukan, setidaknya ada 7 (tujuh) hal yang dapat dijadikan pertimbangan hakim dalam menentukan nominal nafkah iddah dan mut’ah. Namun bagaimana bila semua hal yang dipertimbangkan tersebut ada dalam satu kasus, tentu seorang hakim harus mampu memilih pertimbangannya, mana yang harus didahulukan, kepentingan istri atau suami. Oleh karena itu, memang dibutuhkan kearifan dan kebijaksanaan dari seorang hakim dalam menjatuhkan putusan dengan tetap mewujudkan rasa keadilan bagi para pihak
ANALISIS WILAYAH SENTRA PRODUKSI (UNGGULAN) KOMODITI UNGGULAN PERTANIAN TERPILIH DALAM LINGKUP SATUAN KERJA PERANGKAT DAERAH (SKPD) DINAS PERTANIAN, PETERNAKAN DAN PERIKANAN KABUPATEN SOLOK SELATAN
No full textPenelitian ini berjudul “Analisis Wilayah Sentra Produksi (Unggulan) Komoditi Unggulan Pertanian Terpilih Dalam Lingkup Satuan Kerja Perangkat Daerah (SKPD) Dinas Pertanian, Peternakan dan Perikanan Kabupaten Solok Selatan”. Dalam penelitian ini digunakan data primer dan sekunder dengan metode yang digunakan adalah metode survey. Data yang dikumpulkan adalah data rencana program jangka menengah daerah (RPJMD) tahun 2006-2010 dan 2011-2015, serta data jumlah produksi komoditi unggulan terpilih dan subsektornya dalam lingkup satuan kerja perangkat daerah (SKPD) yaitu komoditi padi, jeruk, manggis, sapi potong dan ikan nila/mujahir tahun 2006-2010. Alat analisis yang digunakan untuk menganalisi wilayah sentra produksi (unggulan) komoditi unggulan terpilih adalah analisis Location Quotients (LQ.)
Berdasarkan hasil penelitian dengan menggunakan analisis Location Quotients (LQ) diperoleh kecamatan yang menjadi wilayah sentra produksi (unggulan) komoditi unggulan terpilih Kabupaten Solok Selatan periode tahun 2006-2010 adalah Kecamatan Sangir merupakan wilayah sentra produksi (unggulan) untuk komoditi unggulan sapi potong, jeruk dan padi. Kecamatan Sangir Balai Janggo merupakan wilayah sentra produksi (unggulan) komoditi sapi potong. Kecamatan Sangir Batang Hari merupakan wilayah sentra produksi (unggulan) komoditi manggis. Kecamatan Sangir Jujuan merupakan wilayah sentra produksi (unggulan) komoditi padi dan manggis. Kecamatan Pauh Duo merupakan wilayah sentra produksi (unggulan) komoditi jeruk dan ikan nila/mujahir dan Kecamatan Sungai Pagu merupakan wilayah sentra produksi (unggulan) komoditi manggis, ikan nila/mujahir dan padi. Program-program pemerintah daerah kabupaten Solok Selatan terkait pengembangan komoditi unggulan terpilih adalah (1) Program peningkatan produksi, produktifitas, dan mutu tanaman pangan untuk mencapai swasembada berkelanjutan, (2) Program pengembangan komoditi jeruk dan perluasan areal tanam tanaman jeruk, (3) Program pengembangan kawasan daerah aliran sungai (DAS), (4) Program penyelamatan sapi betina produktif, (5) Program penembahan populasi (Restoking) ikan nila melalui pengembangan kawasan budidaya (6) Program integrasi ternak sapi dengan tanaman sawit dan (7) Program pengembangan perikanan berbasis budidaya mina padi.
Dalam usaha pengembangan komoditas unggulan terpilih pada periode-periode berikutnya, disarankan kepada pemerintah daerah Kabupaten Solok Selatan untuk mengembangkan komoditas unggulan terpilihnya sesuai dengan wilayah unggulan dari komoditas tersebut. Selain itu juga disarankan bahwa dalam proses perencanaan program-program pengembangan komoditas unggulan untuk mempertimbangkan dan memasukkan kembali program-program sebelumnya yang telah mencapai tujuan dan memberikan hasil yang positif pada perencanaan program-program pengembangan pada periode berikutnya
ANALISIS WILAYAH SENTRA PRODUKSI (UNGGULAN) KOMODITI UNGGULAN PERTANIAN TERPILIH DALAM LINGKUP SATUAN KERJA PERANGKAT DAERAH (SKPD) DINAS PERTANIAN, PETERNAKAN DAN PERINAKANAN KABUPATEN SOLOK SELATAN
Get PDFTaxing capital? : not a bad idea after all!
Get PDFIn this paper we quantitatively characterize the optimal capital and labor income tax in an overlapping generations model with idiosyncratic, uninsurable income shocks, where households also differ permanently with respect to their ability to generate income. The welfare criterion we employ is ex-ante (before ability is realized) expected (with respect to uninsurable productivity shocks) utility of a newborn in a stationary equilibrium. Embedded in this welfare criterion is a concern of the policy maker for insurance against idiosyncratic shocks and redistribution among agents of different abilities. Such insurance and redistribution can be achieved by progressive labor income taxes or taxation of capital income, or both. The policy maker has then to trade off these concerns against the standard distortions these taxes generate for the labor supply and capital accumulation decision. We find that the optimal capital income tax rate is not only positive, but is significantly positive. The optimal (marginal and average) tax rate on capital is 36%, in conjunction with a progressive labor income tax code that is, to a first approximation, a flat tax of 23% with a deduction that corresponds to about 35,000). We argue that the high optimal capital income tax is mainly driven by the life cycle structure of the model whereas the optimal progressivity of the labor income tax is due to the insurance and redistribution role of the income tax system. Klassifizierung: E62, H21, H2
Nanomechanics of Li-ion battery materials
No full textThis document deals with the research that the author, Hugues-Yanis Amanieu, carried out between 2012 and 2015 in order to obtain the academic grade of Doctor of Engineer- ing (Dr.-Ing.) delivered by the University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany. The present work was included in two larger projects: Nanomotion, funded by the European Commission through a Marie-Curie actions program, and ReLiOn, funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research. The goal of the former is to design new nanoscale characterization techniques to study electrochemical systems. The latter has for objective to better understand mechanical reliability of battery materials. The work described in this manuscript consequently had for objective to develop new characterization techniques in order to obtain material parameters which are fundamental to numerical simulations allowing a better understanding of mechanical failure in active particles of lithium-ion batteries.
In part I, there is a description of the functioning of lithium-ion batteries (LiB) and of the state-of-the-art of the most important characterization techniques.
As explained in section 1.1, LiB is an electrochemical system where two electrodes exchange ions within the system and electrons in an external circuit. These electrodes contain active particles where lithium can reversibly intercalate. The ions are extracted and reintroduced repeatedly which can lead to mechanical failure of the particles (see section 1.2). In fact the speed of ions in the host material controls the gradient of ionic concentration upon cycling. This gradient provokes tensile and compressive stresses. The former can reach a critical value where fracture or disordering occurs. This process depends on some key material parameters, namely the elastic modulus E, the fracture toughness K C , and the diffusion coefficient D Li . The material of study is spinel lithium manganese(III,IV) oxide (LiMn 2 O 4 ), which is described in section 1.3.
Instrumented indentation testing (IIT), or nanoindentation, is then outlined in section 2.1. It is a tool which consists in driving a stiff diamond tip into a sample surface. Using the Oliver and Pharr (1992) method, the elastic modulus and the hardness of a homogeneous sample can be quantified. It was extended by Ulm and Vandamme (2007) for heterogeneous materials by implementing statistical deconvolution on a large data set. Section 2.2 deals with atomic force microscopy (AFM)-based techniques. The first one consists of measuring the topography of a crack in order to determine its crack- opening displacement (COD) and subsequently estimate the fracture toughness using Irwin’s near field theory. Then contactresonance atomic force microscopy (CR-AFM) is introduced. The elastic properties can be estimated through the resonance frequency of the cantilever when in contact with the sample surface. Last electrochemical strain microscopy (ESM) is presented. Here the AFM cantilever vibration amplitude is measured during application of a AC excitation between the AFM tip and the sample. The vibration is mediated via a mechanism which depends on the lithium concentration.
Time spectroscopy measurements can be carried out by monitoring the signal after applying a DC pulse: a typical relaxation process is detected and its speed depends on the ionic diffusion coefficient D Li . However the underlying mechanisms are still unknown to quantify it. A Vegard’s deformation generated by ionic diffusion was first assummed but it seems unlikely as the displacement would not be detectable.
As listed in part II, the objectives of the work were to implement Ulm’s nanoindentation statistical method and to suggest alternative methods such as CR-AFM in order to quantify E, to propose new instruments to estimate the K C of micrometric particles, and last to suggest a new model in order to make ESM a quantitative technique.
Sample preparation and experiments are described in part III. LiMn 2 O 4 cathodes obtained from fresh cells and from aged cells at different states of charge were embedded in epoxy and then prepared as polished cross-sections. Laboratory-grade reference powders of SiO 2 , MnO 2 and LiMn 2 O 4 were also similarly prepared. A LiMn 2 O 4 -based wafer oriented in the {111} direction was synthesized (see chapter 3). The different instruments used in the course of the work are mentioned in chapter 4. Among these, AFM topography measurements of the COD were numerically modeled as described in chapter 5.
It is shown in part IV that Ulm’s statistical deconvolution technique cannot be directly used on the battery samples as many spurious peaks appear in the distribution of the measurements. This part therefore relates to a method, called selective nanoindentation, that was specifically developed in order to obtain reliable measurements of the elastic moduli and the hardnesses of each phase of heterogeneous samples. It consists of filtering each experimental data by checking its consistency with the Oliver and Pharr method. First it is checked if the load-displacement curve has a quadratic shape. Second it is checked if no structural compliance induced by the epoxy matrix influences the measured stiffness. Third the filtered data are deconvoluted and compared to scanning electron microscopy (SEM) micrograms of the indented surfaces. The SiO 2 -based sample was used to verify the reliability of the method.
Part V deals with the modeling of the ESM system. A COMSOL model was developed to describe the change in the lithium concentration field in a LiMn 2 O 4 body during and after the application of a DC pulse. Its novelty is twofold. D Li is not constant but depends on the lithium concentration. More importantly, the ESM signal is not physically described like in previous work where Vegard’s deformation in the frequency domain is computed. Instead, the signal is estimated to be linearly dependent with the mean Lorentz electric force applied by the AC excitation on the lithium ions, denoted F AC .
All of the results are listed in part VI.
First, chemical analyzes of the samples are given in chapter 13. X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements showed that every sample contains a single spinel phase. This result was nuanced by energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX) and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) as cobalt oxide particles (up to 2 %) were detected but also other impurities. SEM showed also that these commercial particles can be porous agglomerates of nanoparticles as well as large single grains. The wafer exhibited two phases: the main one is spinel LiMn 2 O 4 as expected but also a Mn 2 O 3 bixbyite phase was found. Only the former was characterized by the other methods.
Nanoindentation results are reported in chapter 14. The particles are quite brittle: chipping occurs around the indents and cracks grow from them. Electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) qualitatively revealed that the mechanisms depend on the crystal orientation. IIT measurements reported an elastic modulus of around 90 GPa and a Berkovich hardness of 7 GPa. This is lower than what was previously reported on LiMn 2 O 4 thin films by Zhu and Zeng (2012), certainly because they did not take pile-up into account, hence overestimating the properties, but also because our samples are made of factory-grade particles of lower quality. These two properties increase of more than 10 % upon delithiation. We associated this behavior with Mn−O bonds which are stiffer when the valence of the transition metal increases. The average Mn valence goes from +3.5 for LiMn 2 O 4 to +4 for λ−MnO 2 . An exception was detected for the specimen obtained from a 25 % SoC cell where the hardness was much lower (6.5 GPa), which could be caused by a less hard non-stoichiometric LiMn 2 O 4 . Micro- Raman spectroscopy combined with CR-AFM revealed that neighboring particles can have different lithium concentrations, hence difference stiffnesses accordingly with the nanoindentation results. CR-AFM was also used on the reference LiMn 2 O 4 powder and it was shown that the spinel is isotropic, at least within the detection limit of the instrument. Quantitative implementation of CR-AFM was unsuccessful. Using the traditional crack-length measurement method on the wafer, a K C of 0.23 MPa·m 1/2 was found. As the unusual crack configuration around the indents of the particles do not allow this method to be used, COD measurements were carried out. A K C of about 0.9 MPa·m 1/2 was measured for the commercial particles and of about 0.8 MPa·m 1/2 for the wafer. It was also found by EBSD that cracks always propagate in the direction in the wafer. They open {101} planes just below the surface and deviate of 30 to 40 ◦ after about 100 nm. These data are given in chapter 15.
ESM measurements as well as data from the model are reported in chapter 16. It was demonstrated that the experimental signal is qualitatively similar to F AC . The concentration dependent D Li can explain the asymmetrical hysteresis loops. Using a constant D Li , it was established that time spectroscopy relaxation of F AC follows a power law of the form (at + 1) 1/p . Here p is only slightly dependent on the diffusivity 1/2 and the contact radius while a strongly depends on them and is linear with D Li /R tip . Experimentally, the relaxation process was much slower for the aged sample while no significant differences were reported for the fresh samples with different states of charge (SoCs).
Discussions of the different results are depicted in part VII.
A critique of the Ulm and Vandamme (2007) method of is discussed in chapter 17. Pavel Trtik et al. (2009) consider indeed that spurious peaks cannot be avoided when indenting heterogeneous materials. A response is given by Ulm and Vandamme (2010) which proves that their results are due to the three-dimensional configuration of their model. In our case, spurious peaks were detected nonetheless but could simply be eliminated using the selective nanoindentation method. An important drawback is that much more measurements must be performed to reach statistically significant numbers. In the same chapter, it was discussed that CR-AFM was a valuable extension to nanoindentation as qualitative stiffness maps with a nanoscale precision can be acquired within minutes. Nanoindentation still has the advantage of quantification as the AFM-based method was unreliable and much too slow. Last the COD measurements are discussed. It was shown that the user interpretation of the data is not so significant as a sample of 9 analysts found similar K IC and K IIIC on the simulated cracks as well as on two real measurements. However it is believed that the method greatly overestimates the toughness as one of the Irwin’s condition is not met: the crack walls are not traction-free due to residual tensile stresses originating from the indent plastic zone. This explains the discrepancy between the two values measured on the wafer. It was suggested to use instead the pillar splitting method developed by Sebastiani et al. (2014), as they found a likely K C of about 0.3 MPa·m 1/2 on our samples. The origin of the ESM signal is discussed in chapter 18. It is suggested that other electromechanical couplings, such as electrostriction or flexoelectricity, should be considered. Moreover, the AC electric field could hypothetically interact with the transition metals rather than with the lithium ions.
The coupling between the mechanical properties and the lithium concentration is compared with that of other similar ceramics in chapter 19. In general, a longer bond length lead to a more compliant material, whether it is induced by an increasing or decreasing lithium concentration. Then the fracture toughness is compared with that of LiCoO 2 . It was reported to be higher for the pristine material: 1 MPa·m 1/2 . But as soon as the material is electrochemically activated, the K C drops to similar values as ours, about 0.25 MPa·m 1/2 .
In the end a brief conclusion is given that first sums up the key results for people working with battery simulation. Secondly, an overview of the reliability of the different characterization methods is given.Thema dieser Dissertation ist die Forschungsarbeit, die der Verfasser Hugues-Yanis Amanieu von 2012 bis 2015 zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades eines Doktors der Ingenieurwissenschaften (Dr.-Ing.) an der Universität Duisburg-Essen durchführte. Die Arbeit fand im Rahmen zweier Projekte statt: Nanomotion, ein von der EU-Kommission durch eine Marie-Curie Maßnahme finanziertes Projekt, und das vom Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung geförderte Projekt ReLiOn. Das Ziel des erstgenannten ist es, neue Nano-Charakterisierungstechniken zur Untersuchung elektrochemischer Systeme zu entwerfen. Letzteres hat zum Ziel, die mechanische Zuverlässigkeit von Batteriematerial besser zu verstehen. Die hier beschriebene Arbeit bringt beide Projekte zusammen: ihr Ziel die Entwicklung neuer Charakterisierungstechniken für die Erlangung von Materialparametern, die grundlegend für numerische Simulationen sind. Diese Simulationen ermöglichen ein besseres Verstehen mechanischer Brüche in den aktiven Partikeln von Lithium-Ionen-Batterien (LiB).
Teil I enthält eine Beschreibung der Funktionsweise von LiB und der modernsten und wichtigsten Charakterisierungstechniken.
Wie in Abschnitt 1.1 erklärt wird, ist LiB ein elektrochemisches System, bei dem zwei Elektroden Ionen im Inneren der Batterie und Elektronen in einem äußeren Stromkreis austauschen. Diese Elektroden enthalten aktive Partikel, in denen Lithium in einem reversiblen Prozess interkalieren kann. Die Ionen werden wiederholt geladen und entladen, was zu mechanischen Brüchen der Partikel führen kann (siehe Abschnitt 1.2). Tatsächlich kontrolliert die Geschwindigkeit der Ionen im Interkalationsmaterial den Gradienten der Ionenkonzentration beim Zyklisieren der Zelle. Dieser Gradient verursacht Zug- und Druckspannungen. Sie können einen kritischen Wert erreichen, bei dem es zu Rissen oder Phasenumwandlungen kommt. Der Prozess ist abhängig von einigen entscheidenden Materialparametern, namentlich vom Elastizitätsmodul E, der Bruchzähigkeit K c und dem Diffusionskoeffizienten D Li . Das Untersuchungsmaterial LiMn 2 O 4 wird in Abschnitt 1.3 beschrieben.
In Abschnitt 2.1 wird die Nanoindentierung geschildert. Dabei handelt es sich um ein Werkzeug, welches eine harte Diamantspitze in eine Probenoberfläche bohrt. Durch die Oliver und Pharr (1992) Methode können das Elastizitätsmodul und die Härte eines homogenen Materials gemessen werden. Ulm und Vandamme (2007) erweiterten die Methode um heterogene Materialien. Hierbei wird eine statistische Entfaltung der Daten von großen Indentierungsmatrizen durchgeführt.
Verschiedene auf Atomkraftmikroskopie (AFM) basierende Techniken werden in Abschnitt 2.2 dargelegt. Die erste besteht in der Messung der Topographie eines Risses, um die Breite der Rissöffnung (COD) zu bestimmen und anschließend die Bruchzähigkeit K c durch die Nahfeld-Theorie von Irwin zu berechnen. Anschließend wird die Technik der Ultraschallkraftmikroskopie (CR-AFM) dargelegt. Wenn die Spitze des Cantilevers in Kontakt mit der Materialoberfläche ist, kann anhand der Resonanzfrequenz das Elastizitätsmodul berechnet werden. Zuletzt wird die Electrochemical Strain Microscopy (ESM) vorgestellt. Hierbei wird die Schwingungsamplitude des Cantilevers während einer Wechselspannungsanregung (AC-Anregung) zwischen AFM-Spitze und Probe gemessen. Die Schwingung wird durch einen Mechanismus hervorgerufen, der von der Lithiumkonzentration abhängig ist. Durch beobachten des Signals nach Anlegen eines DC-Puls können Zeitspektroskopy-Messungen durchgeführt werden: es lässt sich ein typischer Relaxations-Prozess feststellen, dessen Geschwindigkeit vom Li-Diffusionskoeffizienten D Li abhängt. Die der Methode zugrundeliegenden Mechanismen zur quantitativen Bestimmung von D Li sind aber immer noch unbekannt. Eine durch Li-Diffusion hervorgerufene Vegards Verformung wurde anfangs vermutet. Sie erscheint jedoch unwahrscheinlich, da die Verschiebung nicht messbar wäre. Wie in Teil II aufgeführt ist es das Ziel der Arbeit, die statistische Methode von Ulm zu verändern, alternative Methoden für die Quantifizierung von E, wie beispielsweise CR-AFM, zu finden und neue Geräte zur Messung der Bruchzähigkeit micrometrischer Partikel vorzuschlagen. Zudem sollen neue Modelle entworfen werden, um ESM zu einer quantitativen Technik zu machen.
In Teil III werden Probenvorbereitungen und Versuche beschrieben. Aus neuen und gealterten Zellen in verschiedenen Ladungszuständen gewonnene LiMn 2 O 4 Kathoden wurden in Epoxidharz eingebettet und als Schleifproben vorbereitet. Auf selbe Weise wurden laborreine Referenzproben von SiO 2 , M n O 2 und LiMn 2 O 4 erstellt. Ein Wafer aus LiMn 2 O 4 wurde in {111} Richtung synthetisiert. Die verschiedenen, im Laufe der Forschungsarbeit verwendeten Messgeräte werden in Kapitel 4 genannt, darunter AFM- Topologiemessungen der COD, deren numerische Modelle in Kapitel 5 beschreiben werden.
Wie in Teil IV gezeigt wird, kann die statistische Methode von Ulm und Vandamme (2007) nicht direkt auf Batterieproben angewendet werden, da mehrere unberechtigte Scheitelpunkte in der Verteilung der Messungen wirken. Deshalb verweist dieser Teil auf eine Methode, die selective Nanoindentierung, die speziell entwickelt wurde, um verlässliche Messungen des E-Moduls und der Härte zu erhalten. Sie besteht darin, jede Versuchsdatei mittels einer Überprüfung ihrer Kompatibilität durch die Oliver und Pharr Methode zu filtern. Zunächst wird überprüft, ob die Kraft-Eindringtiefe-Kurve quadratisch ist. Dann wird geprüft, ob keinerlei strukturelle Flexibilität die gemessene Steifheit beeinflusst. In einem dritten Schritt werden die gefilterten Daten entfaltet und mit Hilfe eines Rasterelektronenmikroskops (SEM) mit jeder Phase der heterogenen Probe verknüpft. Die SiO 2 -Probe wurde verwendet, um die Zuverlässigkeit der Methode zu testen.
Teil V behandelt die Modellierung des ESM-Systems. Um die Veränderung des Lithiumkonzentrationsfeldes eines LiMn 2 O 4 -Körpers während und nach Anlegen eines DC-Pulses zu beschreiben, wurde ein COMSOL-Modell entwickelt. Die Neuartigkeit im Vergleich zu anderen Modellen liegt darin, dass D Li keine Konstante darstellt, sondern von der Lithiumkonzentration abhängt. Darüberhinaus wird das ESM-Signal nicht physikalisch beschrieben wie bisher, wo Vegards Verformung im Frequenzbereich berechnet wird. Stattdessen nimmt man an, dass das Signal linear abhängig ist von der durchschnittlichen elektrischen Lorenztkraft, bezeichnet als F A C, die durch die AC-Anregung auf die Lithium-Ionen ausgeübt wird.
Sämtliche Ergebnisse werden in Teil VI aufgelistet.
In Kapitel 13 werden chemische Analysen der Proben gegeben. XRD-Messungen zeigen, dass jede Probe eine einzelne Spinellphase enthält. Das Ergebnis wurde durch EDX und ICP-OES ausdifferenziert, da Kobaltoxidpartikel (bis zu 2 %) aber auch andere Unreinheiten gefunden wurden. SEM-Abbildungen haben außerdem gezeigt, dass diese Partikel sowohl poröse Agglomerate von Nanopartikeln als auch große einzelne Körnchen sein können. Der Wafer wies zwei Phasen auf: die Hauptphase bildet wie erwartet der Spinell LiMn 2 O 4 , aber es wurde auch eine Mn 2 O 3 -Bixbyit-Phase gefunden.
Nur erstere wurde von den anderen Methoden charakterisiert.
Die Ergebnisse der Nanoindentierung sind in Kapitel 14 aufgeführt. Es wurde herausgefunden, dass die Partikel relativ brüchig sind: um die Eindrücke herum kommt es zu Absplitterungen und Risse gehen von ihnen aus. Die EBSD zeigte in qualita- tiver Hinsicht, dass die Mechanismen von der Ausrichtung der Kristalle abhängig sind. Nanoindentierungsmessungen zeigten ein E-Modul von etwa 90 GPa und eine Berkovich-Härte von 7 GPa an. Dieses Ergebnis ist niedriger als das zuvor auf LiMn 2 O 4 - Dünnschicht gemessene Ergebnis von Zhu und Zeng (2012). Das ist sicher deshalb der Fall, weil sie nicht die Aufstockung berücksichtigten und folglich die Eigenschaften überschätzten, aber auch weil unsere Proben aus weniger hochwertigen Partikeln bestehen. Das E-Modul und die Härte steigen um mehr als 10 % bei schwächeren Lithium- Konzentrationen. Wir brachten dieses Verhalten mit Mn−O-Bindungen in Zusammenhang. Diese sind steifer, wenn die Valenz des Übergangsmetalls zunimmt. Die durchschnittliche Mn-Valenz wächst um von +3,5 für LiMn 2 O 4 bis +4 für λ−MnO 2 . Eine Ausnahme bildet die aus einer 25 % SoC-Zelle gewonnene Probe, wo die Härte viel niedriger war (6,5 GPa). Dies könnte durch ein weniger hartes nicht-stöchiometrisches LiMn 2 O 4 verursacht werden. Wie die Micro-Raman-Spektroskopie in Kombination mit CR-AFM zeigte, können benachbarte Partikel unterschiedliche Lithium-Konzentrationen haben, folglich unterschiedliche Steifheit in Einklang mit den Ergebnissen der Nanoindentierung. CR-AFM wurde auch auf die Referenzprobe von LiMn 2 O 4 -Pulver angewendet. Wie sich herausgestellt hat, ist der Spinell isotrop, zumindest innerhalb der Nachweisgrenze des Messgeräts. Eine quantitative Durchführung von CR-AFM hat sich als erfolglos erwiesen.
Durch Anwendung einer traditionellen Technik, die darin besteht, die Länge der durch Indentierung ausgelösten Risse zu messen, hat sich für die Bruchzähigkeit des Wafers ein Wert von 0.23 MPa·m 1/2 ergeben. Da die ungewöhnliche Konfiguration der Risse um die Eindrücke der Partikel herum es nicht erlaubt, diese Methode anzuwenden, wurden COD-Messungen durchgeführt. Für die kommerziellen Partikel wurde eine Bruchzähigkeit von etwa 0,9 MPa·m 1/2 gemessen, für den Wafer eine Bruchzähigkeit von etwa 0,8 MPa·m 1/2 . EBSD hat außerdem gez
MISSIONARY ACTIVITY OF THE ORTHODOX CHURCH IN RUSSIA
No full textThe article discusses the missionary activities of the Orthodox Church in Russia. It has been revealed that the Christianization of the non-Russian peoples of Russia was a complex and controversial problem, since missionary activity affected the most important, defining aspects of the ethnos life, such as ideology, traditions, customs and way of life. Special attention is paid to the enlightenment of the Orthodox faith of many peoples of Siberia, who were representatives of various religious beliefs: paganism, Islam, Buddhism. To work with them, the Church developed a set of measures that contributed to the conversion of these peoples to Orthodoxy.I. INTRODUCTION
Religious education and missionary activities have become an important activity of the modern Orthodox Church. The goal of the Church, according to numerous statements by Orthodox hierarchs, is the moral education of believers, their acquaintance with a rich religious and cultural heritage. In addition, new religious (or pseudo-religious) antisocial or extremist movements are prohibited.
At the same time, however, the active implementation of Orthodox programs in the system of education, health, social security, in the army sometimes causes rejection by representatives of other faiths or non-believers. It is obvious that the activities of the religious, educational and missionary work of the Russian Orthodox Church in modern conditions should go without violating the rights of non-Orthodox citizens of the Russian Federation.
II. DISCUSSION
In the last quarter of the 20th century, with a revival of interest in the Orthodox Church, as an important component of the history of the Russian state, scholarly works began to appear on its missionary activity.
In the works of N. Yu. Khrapov "The place and role of the Altai spiritual mission in the process of colonization and economic development of Gorny Altai, 1828-1905" by W. Vanin on the topic: "The missionary activity of the Russian Orthodox Church in Northeast Asia from the Middle XVIII - the middle of the XIX century Razdolsky "Missionary activity of the Orthodox Church in the North Caucasus in the XIX - early XX centuries.".
Ipatiev in his book "Missionary activity of the Russian Orthodox Church in the south of the Far East in the 19th - early 20th centuries" emphasizes the positive role of elements of the missionary activity of the Church in the development of the social and political life of the peoples of these regions. In the last years of the 20th century The Orthodox Church in such a multi-ethnic and multi-religious region as the Urals.
In 1996, the international scientific-practical conference "Christian Missionary as a Phenomenon of History and Culture" was held in the central city of the Western Urals, dedicated to the 600th anniversary of the memory of the famous missionary and enlightener of Komi Stefan Velikopermsky. In the reports of scientists from Perm, Yekaterinburg and Moscow: N.A. Minenko, Chagina K.B. Kuzmina A.B. Chernykh, E.G. Glavatskoy, A. Marchenko, Semenov and discussed in detail the history of the Christianization of the Urals in the XV - XX centuries.
Missionary activities of the church in the period 1905-1916. analyzed in the work of the church historian MG Nechaev. This author comprehensively investigated the missionary system not only in the "external" mission, aimed at attracting "foreigners" to Orthodoxy, but also in the "internal" mission, the object of which was Old Believers, sectarians, representatives of non-Orthodox: Catholics and Protestants. Nevertheless, the strengthening of missionary activity at the stage of 1908-1914 is noted. through the involvement of ecclesiastical organizations: sober societies, fraternities, and circles of pious devotees.
The overall outcome of the conference was the identification of the positive contribution of Orthodox missionaries to education and familiarizing Russian civilization with non-Russian peoples living in this territory: Udmurts, Mari, Komi, Perm, Khanty and Mansi, an active position of the Church in the public life of Russia.
A review of the historiography on this issue reveals the existence of a relatively small number of special studies of secular historians on the missionary activities of the Russian Orthodox Church. Only in the last quarter of the 20th century, studies of Orthodox missionary work began to appear in different regions of Russia. However, to date, not a single special work on the history of the church has been published, devoted to Orthodox missionary work in the first third of the 20th century, in the period that is the boundary between the new and modern history of Russia.
III. RESULTS
The idea of missionary work was one of the main ones in Christianity; the local clergy continued their diligent educational work among the pagans. Thanks to parish priests, there were frequent cases of the baptism of pagans.
The principle of tolerance was proclaimed in Russia, and at the same time there was a process of strengthening administrative and religious measures to involve "foreigners" in the Orthodox faith. This was expressed in the creation of instructions, rules that established the procedure for preparing pagans for the adoption of the Orthodox faith.
The main activities of the missions were conversion to Orthodoxy, the approval of new converts in the faith and their education. The brotherhood that existed in the missions expanded their fields of activity, such as health care, charity and research.
Each mission had its own characteristics. The missionaries used various methods in their activities, such as conversation, preaching, and worship. For meetings with the indigenous population, they traveled to places of nomadism, in the summer by boat, in the winter by deer. The missionaries tried to take into account the psychology of the indigenous population, for example, used pictures from the New Testament during conversations.
The teaching method is widespread. Several schools were created for Aboriginal children, and after graduation, some graduates continued their studies in secondary schools. Pursuing enlightenment, the missionaries hoped that the children would become agents of the ideas of Christianity, but in general this was not achieved. Missionaries translated books into Aboriginal languages, which largely contributed to the emergence of national writing. In addition to liturgical literature, they created the alphabet, dictionaries. The first museum and libraries were created, the children of the Russian population studied in schools with the children of the aborigines. Cultural and educational activities of missionaries contributed to raising the educational level of the entire population of Russia.
Activity in missions, the appearance of positive results in the circulation and approval of new nations depended to a large extent on the personality of the missionary. There are several names of missionaries who worked in the XIX - early XX centuries. in Northwestern Siberia and who made the greatest contribution to the development of missionary work.
This is Archimandrite Arseny, rector of the Kondinsky Monastery; Archpriest Peter Popov, who served in the Obdorsk mission; Igumen Averky, head of the Obdorsk mission, previously served in the Kondinsky monastery; member of Obdorsk mission, teacher, translator I. Egorov. Hegumen Irinarkh, rector of the Obdorsk mission, who was called the educator of the North, is especially worth noting. He earned the respect and gratitude of not only his contemporaries, but of all subsequent generations of the inhabitants of Obdorsk North. As a result of the missionary activities of the Russian Orthodox Church in North-Western Siberia in the XIX - early XX centuries.
It was possible to convert the Ugrians, Selkup, part of Obdorsk Khanty and Nenets to Christianity. In our opinion, the number of converts to Orthodoxy is a formal result that cannot serve as an indicator of the success or failure of missionaries.
The real result was as follows: at the beginning of the 20th century, most of the baptized Khanty, Mansi, Nenets, Selkup were Christians "by name only". Christianity influenced the religious beliefs and traditional rituals of Aboriginal people in North-Western Siberia. In the process of the penetration of Orthodoxy, religious syncretism or dual faith developed.
Elements of Christianity manifested themselves in the external attributes of the cult, in the inner, spiritual world of the indigenous population. In many Aboriginal groups, baptismal, wedding, and funeral rites appeared. In general, the Aboriginal family ritual has retained its traditional features.
Missionaries sought reasons for the failure to spread Orthodoxy among Aboriginal people due to lack of financial support from the state, the lack of a permanent policy of spiritual authority on the ground, the lack of missionary personnel, a lack of knowledge of indigenous languages, a weak missionary initiative, etc.
We believe that the reasons for the low efficiency of the missionary activities of the Russian Orthodox Church among the Khanty, Mansi, Nenets and Selkup groups were that their traditional beliefs corresponded optimally to their way of life.
IV. CONCLUSION
Thus, the various historical periods of the missionary work of the Russian Church were characterized by the strengthening of the integration function of the missionary activity of the Church, the high degree of activity of the Orthodox population in religious, educational, social, charitable activities of all faiths in Russia. All these factors indicate an increase in the real status of the Russian Orthodox Church in Russian society.
REFERENCE LIST
Ashmarov I.A., Ershov B.A. (2018) Church as a social and economic institution of society in the XIX - early XX centuries. II International Scientific and Practical Conference "Orthodoxy and Society: the Edge of Interaction." Chita: Transbaikal State University. Pp. 33-41. (in Russian).
Ashmarov, I.A., Ershov, B.A., Bulavin, R.V., Shkarubo, S.N., Danilchenko, S. (2018) The Material And Financial Situation Of The Russian Orthodox Church In The XIX - early XX centuries. International Multidisciplinary Conference on Industrial Engineering and Modern Technologies "Far East Con" - 2018. https://www.dvfu.ru/schools/engineering/far_east_con/ (in English).
Ershov B. A., Ashmarov A. I., Drobyshev V. A., Zhdanova TA, Buravlev A. I. (2017) Property and Land Relations of Russian Orthodox Church and State in Russia The European Proceedings of Social and Behavioural Sciences Pp. 324-331. (in Russian).
Ershov B.A. (2012) State legal regulation of the activities of the Russian Orthodox Church in the provinces of the Central Chernozem region in the XIX -early XX centuries Historical, philosophical, political and legal sciences, culturology and arthistory. Questions of theory and practice №. 4. Pp. 75-78. (in Russian).
Ershov B.A. Ashmarov I.A., (2018) Interaction of the Orthodox Church and the state in Russia at the present stage.. Journal "Bulletin Social-Economic and Humanitarian Research". № 2. Pp. 19-24. URL: http://bulletensocial.com/index.php/archive.html (in English).
Ershov B.A., Ashmarov I.A. (2018) Interaction of the Orthodox Church and the State in Russia at the Present Stage Bulletin Social-Economic and Humanitarian Research. № 2. Pp. 19-24. (in Russian).
Ershov, B.A. (2013) Russian Orthodox Church in the structure of public administration in the XIX -early XX centuries: Monograph Voronezh State Technical University. 245 p. (in Russian).
Ershov, B.A., Ashmarov, I.A., Danilchenko, S. (2018) The development of Russian church architecture in the 1990s-2017: the state and prospects. Publisher: DataONE. https://doi.org/10.15146/R3FQ16 (in English).
Fedorov V.A. (2003) Russian Orthodox Church and State. Synodal period. 1700-1917. M. 280 p. (in Russian).
Freeze G.L. (1983) The Parish Clergy in Nineteenth-Century Russia. Crisis, Refrm, Counter-Reform. Princeton. 412 p. (in English).
Gromov M.N., Kozlov KS. (1990) Russian philosophical thought X-XVII centuries. Publishing House Mosk. state un-that. 286 p. (in Russian).
Krasnikov N.P. (1968) In pursuit of a century. M. 160 p. (in Russian).
Leontyeva T.G. (2002) Faith and progress: the Orthodox rural clergy of Russia in the second half of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. M. 258 p. (in Russian).
Missionary activity of the Kondinsky women's community (1897). Tobolsk diocesan statements. № 11. Pp. 179-180. (in Russian).
Nikolsky N.M. (1988) History of the Russian Church. M. 320 p. (in Russian).
Ostrovsky A.B. (2002) Forms of public recognition of the Old Believers after the adoption of the decrees of 1905-1906, which legitimized toleration. Old Believers: history, culture, modernity. Pp. 163-173. (in Russian).
Runkevich S.G. (1900) History of the Russian Church under the administration of the Holy Government Synod. SPb. 424 p. (in Russian).
Oswalt U. (1993) The clergy and parish life reform. 1861-1865. Voprosy istorii. №. 11-12. (in Russian).
Preobrazhensky I.K. (1903) On the question of the causes of "discouragement" in our clergy. Missionary Review. № 8. Pp. 1171-1181. (in Russian).
Report of the Diocesan Observer on the state of the church schools of the Kursk diocese for 1914-1915 (1916). 62 p. (in Russian).
Rimskii C.B. (1999) Russian Church in the era of great reforms. M. 612 p. (in Russian).
Vasily Biryukov (1907) The state of Orthodox missionary work in Western Siberia after Metropolitan Philotheos (Leshchinsky) until the beginning of the 19th century. Orthodox evangelist. № 3. Pp. 107-115. (in Russian).
Voronetz E. K. (1891) On the question of the state statement of Orthodox missions in Orthodox Russia (Open letter to the former Mentor). Wanderer. №. 6-7. Pp. 260-302. (in Russian).
Zubarev, E. (1910) Cheating and Heresy as the Beginning of Belokrinitsky Old Belief. Missionary Review. № 11. Pp. 1399-1401. (in Russian).When writing an article, the authors were guided by the principles of historicism, science and objectivity. In solving research problems, both general scientific methods (analysis and synthesis, deduction and induction, abstraction, concretization, idealization, generalization) and traditional methods of historical analysis (historical-genetic, historical-typological, comparative-historical, historical-functional). When collecting materials, the main role was played by the method of archival research
Taxing Capital? Not a Bad Idea After All!
Get PDFIn this paper we quantitatively characterize the optimal capital and labor income tax in an overlapping generations model with idiosyncratic, uninsurable income shocks, where households also differ permanently with respect to their ability to generate income. The welfare criterion we employ is ex-ante (before ability is realized) expected (with respect to uninsurable productivity shocks) utility of a newborn in a stationary equilibrium. Embedded in this welfare criterion is a concern of the policy maker for insurance against idiosyncratic shocks and redistribution among agents of different abilities. Such insurance and redistribution can be achieved by progressive labor income taxes or taxation of capital income, or both. The policy maker has then to trade off these concerns against the standard distortions these taxes generate for the labor supply and capital accumulation decision. We find that the optimal capital income tax rate is not only positive, but is significantly positive. The optimal (marginal and average) tax rate on capital is 36%, in conjunction with a progressive labor income tax code that is, to a first approximation, a flat tax of 23% with a deduction that corresponds to about 35,000). We argue that the high optimal capital income tax is mainly driven by the life cycle structure of the model whereas the optimal progressivity of the labor income tax is due to the insurance and redistribution role of the income tax system.Progressive Taxation, Capital Taxation, Optimal Taxation
Anti-Müllerian Hormone Signaling Regulates Epithelial Plasticity and Chemoresistance in Lung Cancer
No full textSummaryAnti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) and its type II receptor AMHR2, both previously thought to primarily function in gonadal tissue, were unexpectedly identified as potent regulators of transforming growth factor (TGF-β)/bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in lung cancer. AMH is a TGF-β/BMP superfamily member, and AMHR2 heterodimerizes with type I receptors (ALK2, ALK3) also used by the type II receptor for BMP (BMPR2). AMH signaling regulates expression of BMPR2, ALK2, and ALK3, supports protein kinase B-nuclear factor κB (AKT-NF-κB) and SMAD survival signaling, and influences BMP-dependent signaling in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). AMH and AMHR2 are selectively expressed in epithelial versus mesenchymal cells, and loss of AMH/AMHR2 induces EMT. Independent induction of EMT reduces expression of AMH and AMHR2. Importantly, EMT associated with depletion of AMH or AMHR2 results in chemoresistance but sensitizes cells to the heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) inhibitor ganetespib. Recognition of this AMH/AMHR2 axis helps to further elucidate TGF-β/BMP resistance-associated signaling and suggests new strategies for therapeutic targeting of EMT
Characterization of a geothermal system in the shallow structure of Seulawah volcano, Indonesia, using transient electromagnetic methods
Get PDFSeulawah volcano, located in Sumatra, Indonesia, is renowned for its geothermal potential, a crucial source of cleaner energy for Indonesia’s future growth and security. Available studies of Seulawah volcano primarily focus on its general geological, geochemical, and regional characteristics, with limited research on its shallow subsurface conditions. This study aimed to fill this research gap and enhance our understanding of the geothermal system of Seulawah volcano. There are two objectives of this study: (1) to conduct a transient electromagnetic (TEM) survey across the study area and (2) to better visualize and characterize the shallow subsurface conditions of the geothermal system of Seulawah volcano. The TEM method, which employed 60 stations (with distances between stations ranging from 0.5 to 1 km) and intersected several geothermal manifestations as well as local and regional faults, was used to achieve the objectives of this study. The Occam algorithm was applied for 1D inversion of TEM data, which was then validated using magnetotelluric data. The results of this study indicate that the geothermal system of Seulawah volcano has the potential to generate up to 230 Mwe of electrical energy. Moreover, the shallow depth (10 Ωm. At a depth of 500 m, a conductive layer with resistivity values <10 Ωm was observed, interpreted as a clay cap where fluids from the reservoir layer accumulate. Validation with magnetotelluric data shows results consistent with the TEM data, confirming that the findings of this study are reliable. These findings contribute to a deeper understanding of the geothermal system of Seulawah volcano and are expected to support the development of greener, renewable energy sources for Indonesia
Ultrafast time-evolution of chiral Néel magnetic domain walls probed by circular dichroism in x-ray resonant magnetic scattering
Get PDFThis is the final version. Available on open access from Nature Research via the DOI in this recordData availability:
The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.Code availability:
The code that supports the findings of this study is available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.Non-collinear spin textures in ferromagnetic ultrathin films are attracting a renewed interest fueled by possible fine engineering of several magnetic interactions, notably the interfacial Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction. This allows for the stabilization of complex chiral spin textures such as chiral magnetic domain walls (DWs), spin spirals, and magnetic skyrmions among others. We report here on the behavior of chiral DWs at ultrashort timescale after optical pumping in perpendicularly magnetized asymmetric multilayers. The magnetization dynamics is probed using time-resolved circular dichroism in x-ray resonant magnetic scattering (CD-XRMS). We observe a picosecond transient reduction of the CD-XRMS, which is attributed to the spin current-induced coherent and incoherent torques within the continuously varying spin texture of the DWs. We argue that a specific demagnetization of the inner structure of the DW induces a flow of spins from the interior of the neighboring magnetic domains. We identify this time-varying change of the DW texture shortly after the laser pulse as a distortion of the homochiral Néel shape toward a transient mixed Bloch-Néel-Bloch texture along a direction transverse to the DW.LAG-ERA SographMEMAgence Nationale de la Recherche, FranceEuropean Union Horizon 2020CNRS-MOMENTUMEngineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC
