6,653 research outputs found
Harmonizing Biodiesel Fuel Standards in East Asia: Current Status, Challenges and Way Forward
No full textAbstract: This paper discusses the development of and policy towards biodiesel fuel (BDF) in the East Asia Summit (EAS) Region (hereafter East Asia), with a focus on activities related to harmonizing BDF standards. It finds that the EAS countries have actively promoted the development of BDF for a variety of reasons. To minimize problems with engines arising from the use of BDF, most EAS countries have established their national BDF standards. However, these diverse standards cause barriers for BDF trade and act against the regional interest in maximizing benefits from BDF production and utilization. Therefore, the EAS policy makers decided to harmonize BDF standards, and a regional benchmark standard has been published. Through a comparative review of existing national standards against the benchmark, it finds that the harmonization is beneficial economically and environmentally, and is technically feasible but practically stalled due to the lack of political determination. Therefore, among a few policy implications, the key message to deliver is a call for political determination to implement the harmonization in the EAS region. Since harmonization of BDF standards has been tried in other regions, the findings of this paper may supplement the literature, enhance understanding of the EAS case, and provide lessons and implications that may be helpful in advancing similar harmonization elsewhere.
PENGGUNAAN MEDIAGAMBAR UNTUK MENINGKATKAN KEMAMPUANMENGUASAI KALIMAT PREDIKAT KATA KERJA “SHI...DE” PADASISWA SMP
No full textAbstractGrammar is one of the main contents of language teaching. The same is true of chinese. One of the main words of chinese grammar is the verb predicate statement “ Shi…De”. The verb predicate statement “Shi…De” is a difficult problem in chinese grammar,especially junior high school students. Most students don’t know how to use verb to predicate statement “Shi…De” usage. In order to help students more easily grasp the verb predicate statement “Shi…De” usage,the author did experiment. First of all,the author of LKIA second-year students carried out a pre-test,and then the use of picture teaching aids for the three hours verb predicate statement “Shi…De” teaching. Through the post-test, the author found that the use of picture teaching helped students to improve their ability on the verb predicate statement “Shi…De”. Keywords: grammar, picture teaching aids, predicate statement “Shi…De
Shi arrangements and low elements in affine Coxeter groups
No full textGiven an affine Coxeter group , the corresponding Shi arrangement is a refinement of the corresponding Coxeter hyperplane arrangements that was introduced by Shi to study Kazhdan-Lusztig cells for . In particular, Shi showed that each region of the Shi arrangement contains exactly one element of minimal length in . Low elements in were introduced to study the word problem of the corresponding Artin-Tits (braid) group and turns out to produce automata to study the combinatorics of reduced words in .
In this article, we show in the case of an affine Coxeter group that the set of minimal length elements of the regions in the Shi arrangement is precisely the set of low elements, settling a conjecture of Dyer and the second author in this case. As a byproduct of our proof, we show that the descent-walls -- the walls that separate a region from the fundamental alcove -- of any region in the Shi arrangement are precisely the descent walls of the alcove of its corresponding low element.v.2 30 pages, 6 figures; to appear in Journal of the CM
A Multivariate Surface-Based Analysis of the Putamen in Premature Newborns: Regional Differences within the Ventral Striatum
No full textMany children born preterm exhibit frontal executive dysfunction, behavioral problems including attentional deficit/hyperactivity disorder and attention related learning disabilities. Anomalies in regional specificity of cortico-striato-thalamo-cortical circuits may underlie deficits in these disorders. Nonspecific volumetric deficits of striatal structures have been documented in these subjects, but little is known about surface deformation in these structures. For the first time, here we found regional surface morphological differences in the preterm neonatal ventral striatum. We performed regional group comparisons of the surface anatomy of the striatum (putamen and globus pallidus) between 17 preterm and 19 term-born neonates at term-equivalent age. We reconstructed striatal surfaces from manually segmented brain magnetic resonance images and analyzed them using our in-house conformal mapping program. All surfaces were registered to a template with a new surface fluid registration method. Vertex-based statistical comparisons between the two groups were performed via four methods: univariate and multivariate tensor-based morphometry, the commonly used medial axis distance, and a combination of the last two statistics. We found statistically significant differences in regional morphology between the two groups that are consistent across statistics, but more extensive for multivariate measures. Differences were localized to the ventral aspect of the striatum. In particular, we found abnormalities in the preterm anterior/inferior putamen, which is interconnected with the medial orbital/prefrontal cortex and the midline thalamic nuclei including the medial dorsal nucleus and pulvinar. These findings support the hypothesis that the ventral striatum is vulnerable, within the cortico-stiato-thalamo-cortical neural circuitry, which may underlie the risk for long-term development of frontal executive dysfunction, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and attention-related learning disabilities in preterm neonates. © 2013 Shi et al
The Shi arrangement and the Ish arrangement
No full textThis paper is about two arrangements of hyperplanes. The first — the Shi arrangement — was introduced by Jian-Yi Shi to describe the Kazhdan-Lusztig cells in the affine Weyl group of type A. The second — the Ish arrangement — was recently defined by the first author who used the two arrangements together to give a new interpretation of the q,t-Catalan numbers of Garsia and Haiman. In the present paper we will define a mysterious "combinatorial symmetry'' between the two arrangements and show that this symmetry preserves a great deal of information. For example, the Shi and Ish arrangements share the same characteristic polynomial, the same numbers of regions, bounded regions, dominant regions, regions with c "ceilings'' and d "degrees of freedom'', etc. Moreover, all of these results hold in the greater generality of "deleted'' Shi and Ish arrangements corresponding to an arbitrary subgraph of the complete graph. Our proofs are based on nice combinatorial labellings of Shi and Ish regions and a new set partition-valued statistic on these regions.Cet article traite de deux arrangements d'hyperplans. Le premier — arrangement Shi — a été introduit par Jian-Yi Shi pour décrire les cellules de Kazhdan-Lusztig du groupe de Weyl affine de type A. Le deuxième — arrangement Ish — a été récemment défini par le premier auteur pour donner une nouvelle interprétation des nombres q,t-Catalan de Garsia et Haiman. Ici nous définissons une mystérieuse "symétrie combinatoire" entre les deux arrangements et nous montrons que cette symétrie conserve un grand nombre d'informations. Par exemple, les arrangements Shi et Ish ont le même polynôme caractéristique, le même nombre de régions, de régions bornées, de régions dominantes, de régions avec c "plafonds'' et d "degrés de liberté'', etc. En outre, ces résultats se généralisent aux arrangements Shi et Ish "deleted'' correspondant à un sous-graphe arbitraire du graphe complet. Nos preuves reposent sur des étiquetages combinatoires des régions Shi et Ish, et sur une nouvelle statistique associée
The United States and Iraq\u27s Shi\u27ite Clergy: Partners or Adversaries?
No full textThe author addressed the critical need to gain the cooperation or at least the passive tolerance of the Shi\u27ite clerics and community. Such an effort could become more challenging as time goes on, and one of the recurring themes of this monograph is the declining patience of the Shi\u27ite clergy with the U.S. presence. By describing the attitudes, actions, and beliefs of major Shi\u27ite clerics, the author underscores a set of worldviews that are profoundly different from those of the U.S. authorities currently in Iraq and Washington. Some key Shi\u27ite clerics are deeply suspicious of the United States, exemplified by conspiracy theories. These suggest that Saddam\u27s ouster was merely a convenient excuse, allowing the United States to implement its own agenda. Other clerical leaders are more open-minded but not particularly grateful for the U.S. presence, despite their utter hatred for Saddam and his regime.https://press.armywarcollege.edu/monographs/1776/thumbnail.jp
Simple-root bases for Shi arrangements
No full textIn his affirmative answer to the Edelman-Reiner conjecture, Yoshinaga proved that the logarithmic derivation modules of the cones of the extended Shi arrangements are free modules. However, we know very little about the bases themselves except their existence. In this article, we prove the unique existence of two distinguished bases which we call the simple-root basis plus (SRB+) and the simple-root basis minus (SRB-). They are characterized by nice divisibility properties relative to the simple roots
Shi arrangements and low elements in Coxeter groups
No full textGiven an arbitrary Coxeter system and a nonnegative integer , the -Shi arrangement of is a subarrangement of the Coxeter hyperplane arrangement of . The classical Shi arrangement () was introduced in the case of affine Weyl groups by Shi to study Kazhdan-Lusztig cells for . As two key results, Shi showed that each region of the Shi arrangement contains exactly one element of minimal length in and that the union of their inverses form a convex subset of the Coxeter complex. The set of -low elements in were introduced to study the word problem of the corresponding Artin-Tits (braid) group and they turn out to produce automata to study the combinatorics of reduced words in .
In this article, we generalize and extend Shi\u27s results to any Coxeter system for any : (1) the set of minimal length elements of the regions in a -Shi arrangement is precisely the set of -low elements, settling a conjecture of the first and third authors in this case; (2) the union of the inverses of the (-)low elements form a convex subset in the Coxeter complex, settling a conjecture by the third author, Nadeau and Williams.44 pages, 7 figures; to appear in Proceedings of the London Mathematical Societ
Carbon Footprint Labeling Activities in the East Asia Summit Region: Spillover Effects to Less Developed Countries
No full textAbstract: This paper discusses carbon footprint (CFP) labeling activities in the East Asia Summit (EAS) region with a focus on their spillover effects on less developed countries (LDCs). Due to increased and increasing economic integration, implementation of CFP labeling schemes in one country will have significant impact on others. The impact is particularly significant for LDCs in the EAS region because: the EAS production networks are highly integrated, which provide necessary condition for the spill-over effects to be generated; LDCs generally lack the capacity to measure and label CFP of their products; and exports from LDCs often produced by relatively small producers. However, the effective inclusion of LDCs in labeling schemes may offer more and cost-effective opportunities for carbon emission reductions. The presence of spillover effects means that countries that are implementing carbon labeling schemes need to take stakeholders outside of their boundaries into consideration. The disadvantages of LDCs can be reduced by well designed carbon labeling schemes, by innovative solutions to low cost data collection and certification, and by technical transfer, training and capacity building.
Zhen dui gao mi du cheng shi de cheng shi qi hou gui hua yu she ji zong he ce lüe: Xianggang an li
No full textYuan, Chao = 針對高密度城市的城市氣侯規劃與設計綜合策略 : 香港案例 / 袁超.Thesis Ph.D. Chinese University of Hong Kong 2014.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 124-134).Abstracts also in Chinese.Title from PDF title page (viewed on 10, November, 2016).Yuan, Chao = Zhen dui gao mi du cheng shi de cheng shi qi hou gui hua yu she ji zong he ce lüe : Xianggang an li
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